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Compendium of World History

Compendium of World History (92)

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

by Dr. Herman L. Hoeh

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

Note : I have published this book for educational purposes only. This publication will be removed on first request of the rightful owner's of the copyright. L.C.Geerts, earth-history.com


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Discoveries at Nineveh

Discoveries at Nineveh (15)

Discoveries at Nineveh

by

Austen Henry Layard, Esq., D.C.L.

A Popular Account of Discoveries at Nineveh.

Austen Henry Layard. J. C. Derby.

New York. 1854.


 

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Myths of Babylonia and Assyria

Myths of Babylonia and Assyria (32)

MYTHS OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA

 By DONALD A. MACKENZIE

With Historical Narrative & Comparative Notes.

Illustrations in Colour and Monochrome.

THE GRESHAM PUBLISHING COMPANY

34 SOUTHAMPTON ST. STRAND LONDON

[1915]

Cover

Cover

Frontispiece: THE TEMPTATION OF EA-BANI<br> <i>From the Painting by E. Wallcousins</i>.

Frontispiece: THE TEMPTATION OF EA-BANI
From the Painting by E. Wallcousins.

Title Page

Title Page

NOTICE OF ATTRIBUTION

Scanned at sacred-texts.com, November 2005. Proofed and formatted by John Bruno Hare. This text is in the public domain in the United States because it was published prior to January 1st, 1923. These files may be used for any non-commercial purpose, provided this notice of attribution is left intact in all copies.


 

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Volume 2 Appendix

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

APPENDIX A

THE ENIGMA OF DYNASTY I AND II OF KISH RESOLVED

The lengths of reigns assigned to the rulers of Dynasties I and II of Kish are clearly not the true lengths of reign. They are all too long. Yet they cannot be explained merely by scribal errors. The figures are intentionally long.

The Babylonian priestly scribes at an early period intentionally lengthened the original figures to make Babylon excessively ancient.

The question is: Can the true lengths of reign still be deduced from the figures now preserved? The answer is Yes!

What the Babylonians did was very clever. To preserve the original figures which they had in their possession -- and yet hide them -- they resorted to a clever mathematical trick.

To understand, let's look at the Sumerian and Babylonian method of numbering. Today we are familiar with the use of decimals -- multiples of ten. But we are generally unfamiliar with the Babylonian use of multiples of sixes and sixties. Samuel Kramer explains it for laymen in 'The Sumerians, Their History, Culture and Character,' p. 92. To express the number 60, for example, the Sumerians used a particular symbol. But to express 600 they used another symbol, not 10 x 60. To express 3,600, they used another symbol, not 6 x 600.

Now what the clever priest-kings did was this: They took for example, a man whose length of reign was 14 years and altered the figures the following way. They multiplied the 4, the first figure to the left of the decimal point by 60. The result was 240. Then they multiplied the 1, the second figure to the left of the decimal point by 600. The result was 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 840. By working back from the expanded figures now preserved, it is possible to determine the real lengths of reigns of the priest-kings of Kish who were elected to the office. The Dynasty, it should be noted, is placed before that of Erech. It indicates that events which led to the establishment of Nimrod's political government in 2254, began two years earlier in a religious revolt that expressed itself in the building of the Tower of Babel in 2256.

Rulers of Dynasty II of Kish -- Priest-Kings Length of Reign from King List Calculation of True Reign Actual Reign
Su- more than 201, not more than 205 0 x 600 + 3 x 60 = 3 yrs. + mos
Dadasig more than 1785, not more than 1789 2 x 600 + 9 x 60 = 29 yrs.+ mos
Mamagal 420 0 x 600 + 7 x 60 = 7 yrs
Kalbum, son of Mamagal. 132 0 x 600 + 2 x 60 = 2 yrs. + mos
Tuge 360 0 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 6 yrs.
Mennumna 180 0 x 600 + 3 x 60 = 3 yrs.
Lugalmu 420 0 x 600 + 7 x 60 = 7 yrs.
Ibbi-Ea 290 0 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 4 yrs. + mos.

Eight kings are said to have reigned 3792 years; the correct total is given in the Document L1 (see p. 97 of Jacobsen's 'Sumerian King List'). For all other figures, see pp. 328-329 of S. N. Kramer's, 'The Sumerians, their History, Culture and Character.'

Rulers of Dynasty II of Kish Actual Length of Reign Dates of Reign
Su- 3 1809-1806
Dadasig 29 1806-1777
Mamagal 7 1777-1770
Kalbum, son of Mamagal 2 1770-1768
Tuge 6 1768-1762
Mennumna 3 1762-1759
Lugalmu 7 1759-1752
Ibbi-Ea 4 1752-1748


Rulers of Dynasty I of Kish -- Priest-Kings Length of Reign from King List Calculation of True Reign Actual Reign
Gaur 1200 2 x 600 + 0 x 60 = 20 yrs.
Gulla-Nidaba-annapad 960 1 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 16 yrs.
Pala-kinatim 900 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = 15 yrs.
Nangishlishma and Bahina 6960 1 x 3600 + 5 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 156 yrs.
Buanum 840 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 14 yrs.
Kalibum 960 1 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 16 yrs.
Galumum 840 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 14 yrs.
Zukakip 900 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = 15 yrs.
Atab 600 1 x 600 + 0 x 60 = 10 yrs.
Mashda 840 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 14 yrs.
Arurim, son ofMashda. 720 1 x 600 + 2 x 60 = . 12 yrs
Etana, the shepherd, who ascended to heaven, who MADE FIRM ALL THE LANDS. 1560 2 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 26 yrs.
Balih 400 0 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 6 yrs.+ mos.
Enmenunna 660 1 x 600 + 1 x 60 = 11 yrs.
Melan-Kish, son of Enmenunna. 900 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = 15 yrs.
Barsalnunna, son of Enmenunna. 1200 2 x 600 + 0 x 60 = 20 yrs.
Meszemug, son of Barsalnunna. 140 0 x 600 + 2 x 60 = 2 yrs.+ mos.
Tizkar, son of Meszamug. 305 0 x 600 + 5 x 60 = 5 yrs.+ mos.
Ilku 900 1 x 600 + 3 x 60 = 15 yrs.
Iltasadum 1200 2 x 600 + 0 x 60 = 20 yrs.
Enmebaraggesi, who smote the weapons of the land of Elam. 900 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = 15 yrs.
Agga, son of Enmebaraggesi. 625 1 x 600 + 0 x 60 = 10 yrs.+ mos.
'Twenty-three kings reigned years.' 24,510 6 x 3600 + 4 x 600 + 8 x 60 648 yrs. + mos.


Rulers of Dynasty I of Kish -- Priest-Kings Actual Length of Reign Dates of

Reign

Gaur Reckoned from commencement of building Tower of Babel 20 2256-2236
Gulla-Nidaba-annapad 16 2236-2220
Pala-kinatim 15 2220-2205
Nangishlishma and Bahina 156 2205-2049
Buanum 14 2049-2035
Kalibum 16 2035-2019
Galumum 14 2019-2005
Zukakip 15 2005-1990
Atab 10 1990-1980
Mashda 14 1980-1966
Arurim, son of Mashda. 12 1966-1954
Etana, the shepherd. 26 1954-1928
Balih, son of Etana. 6 1928-1922
Enmenunna 11 1922-1911
Melan-Kish, son of Enmenunna. 15 1911-1896
Barsalnunna, son of Enmenunna. 20 1896-1876
Meszamug, son of Barsalnunna. 2 1876-1874
Tizkar, son of Meszamug. 5 1874-1869
Ilku 15 1869-1854
Iltasadum 20 1854-1834
Enmebaraggesi, who smote the weapons of the land of Elam. 15 1834-1819
Agga, son of Enmebaraggesi. 10 1819-1809

APPENDIX B

ETHIOPIAN KING LIST

The following list of rulers is taken from 'In the Country of the Blue Nile' by C. F. Rey, London, 1927 (Appendix A). It is exactly correct in the original archives. The dates are stated in years according to the Gregorian calendar. They begin in September -- hence autumn to autumn reckoning. This list of rulers is as valuable as the Chinese Shoo King.

AGDAZYAN DYNASTY OF THE POSTERITY OF THE KINGDOM OF JOCTAN.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Akbunas Saba I. Saba is the Arabian Abd Shems, son of Jerah (Yarab), the son of Joktan. 55 1978-1923
2. Nakehte Kalnis. Kalnis is Kahlan of Arabian tradition, the son of Abd Shems. 40 1923-1883
3. Kasiyope (queen) 19 1883-1864
4. Sabe I 15 1864-1849
5. Etiyopus I 56 1849-1793
6. Lakndun Nowarari 30 1793-1763
7. Tutimheb 20 1763-I743
8. Herhator I 20 1743-1723
9. Etiyopus II 30 1723-1693
10. Senuka I 17 1693-1676
11. Bonu I 8 1676-1668
12. Mumazes (queen) 4 1668-1664
13. Aruas, daughter of Mumazes. 7 months 1664
14. Amen Asro I 30 1664-1634
15. Ori (or Aram) II 30 1634-1604
16. Piori I 15 1604-1589
17. Amen Emhat I 40 1589-1549
18. Tsawi 15 1549-1534
19. Aktissanis 10 1534-1524
20. Mandes 17 1524-1507
21. Protawos 33 1507-1474
22. Amoy 21 1474-1453
23. Konsi Hendawi 5 1453-1448
24. Bonu II 2 1448-1446
25. Sebi III (Kefe) 15 1446-1431
26. Djagons 20 1431-1411
27. Senuka II 10 1411-1401
28. Angabo I (Zaka Laarwe) 50 1401-1351
29. Miamur 2 days 1351
30. Helena (queen) 11 1351-1340
31. Zagdur I 40 1340-1300
32. Her Hator II 30 1300-1270
33. Her Hator (Za Sagado) III 1 1270-1269
34. Akate (Za Sagado) IV 20 1269-1249
35. Titon Satiyo 10 1249-1239
36. Hermantu I 5 months 1239
37. Amen Emhat II 5 1239-1234
38. Konsab I 5 1234-1229
39. Sannib II 5 1229-1224
40. Sanuka III 5 1224-1219
41. Angabo II 40 1219-1179
42. Amen Astate 30 1179-1149
43. Herhor 16 1149-1133
44. Wiyankihi I 9 1133-1124
45. Pinotsem I 17 1124-1107
46. Pinotsem II 41 1107-1066
47. Massaherta 16 1066-1050
48. Ramenkoperm 14 1050-1036
49. Pinotsem III 7 1036-1029
50. Sabi IV 10 1029-1019
51. Tawasaya Dews 13 1019-1006
52. Makeda 31 1006- 975

The year 975 is the year of death of Hatshepsowe, who is Makeda.

Her daughter married Solomon, Their son, Menelik, was adopted by Makeda as her heir since she had no son of her own. Menelik thus was of the line of Sheba, of Joktan and Peleg -- which explains the racial intermixture of the Ethiopian royalty.

Fifty-two sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia before the advent of Mehelik I.

DYNASTY OF MENELIK I.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Menelik I 25 975-950
2. Hanyon 1 950-949
3. Sera I (Tomai). This is Zerah the Ethiopian -- here expressly recorded by name in the history of Abyssinia. 26 949-923
4. Amen Hotep Zagdur 31 923-892
5. Aksumay Ramissu 20 892-872
6. Awseyo Sera II 38 872-834
7. Tawasya II 21 834-813
8. Abralyus Wiyankihi II 32 813-781
9. Aksumay Warada Tsahay 23 781-758
10. Kashta Hanyon 13 758-745
11. Sabaka II 12 745-733
12. Nicauta Kandake (queen) 10 733-723
13. Tsawi Terhak Warada Nsgash 49 723-674
14. Erda Amen Awseya, or Urdemane of Assyrian records of Assurbanipal 6 674-668
15. Gasiyo Eskikatir -- 668
16. Nuatmeawn (Tanautamun) 4 668-664
17. Tomadyon Piyankihi III 12 664-652
18. Amen Asero 16 652-636
19. Piyankihi IV, or Awtet 34 636-602
20. Zaware Nebret Aspurta 41 602-561
21. Saifay Harsiataw II 12 561-549
22. Ramhay Nastossanan 4 549-535
23. Handu Wuha Abra 11 535-524
24. Safelya Sabakon 31 524-493
25. Agalbus Sepekos 22 493-471
26. Psmenit Waradanegash 21 471-450
27. Awseya Tarakos 12 450-438
28. Kanaz Psmis, son of Awseya Tarakos 13 438-425
29. Apras 10 425-415
30. Kashta Walda Ahuhu 20 415-395
31. Elalion Taake 10 395-385
32. Atserk Amen III 10 385-375
33. Atserk Amen IV 10 375-365
34. Hadina (queen) 10 365-355
35. Atserk Amen V 10 355-345
36. Atserk Amen VI 10 345-335
37. Nikawla Kandake (queen) 10 335-325
38. Bassyo 7 325-318
39. Akawsis Kandake III (queen) 10 318-308
40. Arkamen II 10 308-298
41. Awtet Arawura 10 298-288
42. Kolas II (Kaletro) 10 288-278
43. Zawre Nebrat 16 278-262
44. Stiyo 14 262-248
45. Safay 13 248-235
46. Nikosis Kandake IV (queen) 10 235-225
47. Ramhay Arkamen IV 10 225-215
48. Feliya Hernekhit 15 215-200
49. Hende Awkerara 20 200-180
50. Agabu Baseheran 10 180-170
51. Sulay Kawswmenun 20 170-150
52. Messelme Kerarmer 8 150-142
53. Nagey Bsente 10 142-132
54. Etbenukewer 10 132-122
55. Safeliya Abramen 20 122-102
56. Sanay 10 102- 92
57. Awsena (queen) 11 92- 81
58. Dawit II 10 81- 71
59. Aglbul 8 71- 63
60. Bawawl 10 63- 53
61. Barawas 10 53- 43
62. Dinedad 10 43- 33
63. Amoy Mahasse 5 33- 28
64. Nicotnis Kandake V 10 28- 18
65. Nalke 5 18- 13
66. Luzay 12 13- 1
67. Bazen 17 B.C. 1- 17 A.D.
Before Christ 119 sovereigns reigned.

THOSE WHO REIGNED AFTER THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Sartu Tsenfa Assegd 21 17- 38
2. Akaptah Tsenfa Ared 8 38- 46
3. Horemtaku 2 46- 48
4. Garsemot Kandake VI. JenDaraba, favourite of Queen Garsemot Kandake, crowned by Gabre Hawariat Kandake, had made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem according to the law of Orit (the ancient law), and on his return Philip the Apostle taught him the gospel, and after he had made him believe the truth he sent him back. 10 48- 58
5. Hatoza Bahr Asaged 28 58- 86
6. Mesenh Germasir 7 86- 93
7. Metwa Germa Asfar 9 93-102
8. Adgale II 10 102-112
9. Agba 1 112-113
10. Serada 16 113-129
11. Malis Alameda 4 129-133
12. Hakabe Nasohi Tsiyon 6 133-139
13. Hakli Sergway 12 139-151
14. Dedme Zaray 10 151-161
15. Awtet 2 161-163
16. Alaly Bagamay 7 163-170
17. Awadu Jan Asagad 30 170-200
18. Zagun Tsion Hegez 5 200-205
19. Rema Tsion Geza 3 205-208
20. Azegan Malbagad 7 208-215
21. Gafale Seb Asagad 1 215-216
22. Tsegay Beze Wark 4 216-220
23. Gaza Agdur 9 220-229
24. Agduba Asgwegwe 8 229-237
25. Dawiza 1 237-238
26. Wakana (queen) 2 days 238
27. Hadawz 4 months 238
28. Ailassan Sagal 3 238-241
29. Asfehi Asfeha 14 241-255
30. Atsgaba Seifa Arad 6 255-261
31. Ayba 17 261-278
32. Tsaham Laknduga 9 278-287
33. Tsegab 10 287-297
34. Tazer 10 297-307
35. Ahywa Sofya (queen) 7 307-314

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHRISTIAN SOVEREIGNS.

1. Ahywa. Her regnal name was Sofya, and she was the mother of Abreha Atsbeha.
2. Abreha Atsbeha, reigned partly with his mother. 26 314-340
3. Atsbeha, alone. 12 340-352
4. Asfeh Dalz 7 352-359
5. Sahle 14 359-373
6. Arfed Gebra Maskal 4 373-377
7. Adhana I (queen) 5 377-382
8. Riti 1 382-383
9. Asfeh II 1 383-384
10. Atsbeha II 5 384-389
11. Amey 15 389-404
12. Abreha II 7 months 404
13. Ilassahl 2 months 404
14. Elagabaz I 2 404-406
15. Suhal 4 406-410
16. Abreha III 10 410-420
17. Adhana II (queen) 6 420-426
18. Yoab 10 426-436
19. Tsaham I 2 436-438
20. Amey II 1 438-439
21. Sahle Ahzob 2 439-441
22. Tsebah Mahana Kristos 3 441-444
23. Tsaham II 2 444-446
24. Elagabaz II 6 446-452
25. Agabi 1 452-453
26. Lewi 2 453-455
27. Ameda III 3 455-458
28. Armah Dawit 14 458-472
29. Amsi 5 472-477
30. Salayba 9 477-486
31. Alameda 8 486-494
32. Pazena Ezana 7 494-501

Of the posterity of Sofya and Abreha Atsbeha until the reign of Pazena Ezana thirty-one sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.

DYNASTY OF ATSE (EMPEROR) KALEB UNTIL GEDAJAN.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Kaleb 30 501-531
2. Za Israel 1 month 531
3. Gabra Maskal 14 531-545
4. Kostantinos 28 545-573
5. Wasan Sagad 15 573-588
6. Fere Sanay 23 588-611
7. Advenz 20 611-631
8. Akala Wedem 8 631-639
9. Germa Asafar 15 639-654
10. Zergaz 10 654-664
11. Dagena Mikael 26 664-690
12. Bahr Ekla 19 690-709
13. Gum 24 709-733
14. Asguagum 5 733-738
15. Latem 16 738-754
16. Talatam 21 754-775
17. Gadagosh 13 775-788
18. Aizar Eskakatir 1/2 day 788
19. Dedem 5 788-793
20, Wededem 10 793-803
21. Wudme Asfare 30 803-833
22. Armah 5 833-838
23. Degennajan 19 838-857
24. Gedajan 1 857-858
25. Gudit 40 858-898
26. Anbase Wedem 20 898-918
27. Del Naad 10 918-928

Twenty-seven sovereigns of the posterity of Kaleb

SOVEREIGNS ISSUED FROM ZAGWE.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Mara Takla Haymanot, his regnal name was Zagwe. 13 928- 941
2. Tatawdem 40 941- 981
3. Jan Seyum 40 981-1021
4. Germa Seyum 40 1021-1061
5. Yermrhana Kristos 40 1061-1101
6. Kedus Arbe (Samt) 40 1101-1141
7. Lalibala 40 1141-1181
8. Nacuto Laab 40 1181-1221
9. Yatbarak 17 1221-1238
10. Mayari 15 1238-1253
11. Harbay 8 1253-1261

Of the posterity of Mara Takla Haymanot (whose regnal name was Zagwe) until the reign of Harbay eleven sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.

A JEWISH DYNASTY, WHICH WAS NOT RAISED TO THE THRONE, DURING THE PERIOD OF THE PRECEDING DYNASTY.

1. Mahbara Wedem
2. Agbea Tsyon
3. Tsinfa Arad
4. Nagash Zare
5. Asfeh
6. Yakob
7. Bahr Asagad
8. Edem Asagad

SOVEREIGNS FROM EMPEROR YEKUNO AMLAK, DESCENDED FROM THE ANCIENT REIGNING DYNASTIES.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Yekuno Amlak 15 1261-1276
2. Yasbeo Tseyon 9 1276-1285
3. Tsenfa Arad 1 1285-1286
4. Hesba Asagad 1 1286-1287
5. Kedme Asagad 1 1287-1288
6. Jan Asagad 1 1288-1289
7. Sabea Asagad 1 1289-1290
8. Wedma Ared 15 1290-1305
9. Amda Tseyon 30 1305-1335
10. Saifa Ared 28 1335-1363
11. Wedma Asfare 10 1363-1373
12. Dawit 30 1373-1403
13. Tewodoros 4 1403-1407
14. Yeshak 15 1407-1422
15. Andreyas 6 months 1422
16. Hesba Nan 4 1422-1426
17. Bedl Nan (6 months with Andreyas & 6 months) 1 1426-1427
18. Amde Tseyon 7 1427-1434
19. Zara Yakob 34 1434-1468
20. Boeda Maryam 10 1468-1478
21. Iskender 16 1478-1494
22. Amda Tseyon 1 1494-1495
23. Naod 13 1495-1508

Of the posterity of Yekuno Amlak up to the reign of Naod 23 sovereigns ruled over Ethiopia.

ELEVATION TO THE THRONE OF ATSE (EMPEROR) LEBNA DENGEL, AND THE INVASION OF ETHIOPIA BY GRAN.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Lebna Dengel 32 1508-1540
2. Galawdewos 19 1540-1559
3. Minas 4 1559-1563

Fifteen years after Atse (Emperor) Lebna Dengel came to the throne Gran devastated Ethiopia for fifteen years.

THE HOUSE OF GONDAR.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Sartsa Dengel 34 1563-1597
2. Yakob 9 1597-1606
3. Za Dengel 1 1606-1607
4. Susneyos 28 1607-1635
5. Fasil 35 1635-1670
6. Degu-Johannis 15 1670-1685
7. Adyam Sagad Iyasu 25 1685-1710
8. Takla Haymanot 2 1710-1712
9. Tewoflus 3 1712-1715
10. Yostos 4 1715-1719
11. Dawit 5 1719-1724
12. Bakaffa 9 1724-1733
13. Birhan Sagad Iyasu 24 1733-1757
14. Iyoas 15 1757-1772
15. Johannis . 5 mos. & 5 dys 1772
16. Takla Haymanot 8 1772-1780
17. Solomon 2 1780-1782
18. Takla Giyorgis 5 1782-1787

Of the posterity of Sartsa Dengel up to the reign of King Takla Giyorgis eighteen sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.

SOVEREIGNS OF ABYSSINIA SUBSEQUENT TO THE FOREGOING LIST

From about 1730 up to the advent of Theodore in 1855 these kings exercised no real power. They were murdered, deposed, restored and driven out again, or treated as nonentities by anyone of the great

Rases or semi-independent kings who were strong enough to maintain themselves against their rivals, such as, for example, Ras Mikael Suhul of Tigre (1730-1780), Ras Guksa of Amhara a Galla (1790-1819), and the son (Ras Marye) and grandson (Ras Ali) of the latter.

In 1813, indeed, no less than six nominal 'Kings of Kings of Ethiopia' were all alive, having been successively turned out of office by others.

The names of all these kings (who were actually raised to the throne) are, however, given below in order to maintain continuity, together with the dates (according to our calendar) of their chequered reigns.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Yasus 1 1787-1788
2. Takla Haymanot 1 1788-1789
3. Iskias 6 1789-1795
4. Baeda Maryam 2 1795-1797
5. Junus -- 1797
6. Adimo 2 1797-1799
7. Egwala Sion 19 1799-1818
8. Joas 3 1818-1821
9 Gigar 5 1821-1826
10. Baeda Maryam III -- 1826
11. Gigar (again) 4 1826-1830
12. Iyasu IV 2 1830-1832
13. Gabra Kristos -- 1832
14. Sahala Dengel 8 1832-1840
15. Johannes III 1 1840-1841
16. Sahala Dengel (again) At this time the empire was re-established by Theodore. 14 1841-1855
17. Theodore 13 1855-1868
18. John IV 21 1868-1889
19. Menelik II 24 1889-1913
20. Le; Yasu 3 1913-1916
21. Zauditu, empress, and Tafari Makonnen, regent and heir. 14 1916-1930
22. Haile Selassie I, is the title of Tafari Makonnen after Zauditu's death.

Except for period of Italian annexation (1936 1942)

6

33

1930-1936

1941-1974

For purposes of comparison, it should be remembered that the present Abyssinian autumn-to-autumn calendar is seven or eight years behind ours, according to the period of the year. That is, the Ethiopian date differs by eight years from 1st January to 10th September. It differs by seven years from 11th September to 31st December.

Thus the year which the Abyssinians regard as A.D. 1 is for us September A.D. 8 to September A.D. 9.

This difference is not of course exactly the same all the way back throughout the List of Kings, as revisions of the calendar took place at various dates throughout the period. But it is near enough for general comparison.

TRIBE OF POSTERITY OF ORI OR ARAM

An Aramaic royal line spread into Africa, as well as into Shinar and Syria. In Africa, the sons of Aram through Mash (and perhaps Uz also) migrated into Egypt and Ethiopia, mixing with Israel, Cush and the Egyptians.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Ori or Aram, son of Shem. 60 2222-2162
2. Gariak I. Mash, son of Aram, settled Charax Spasini (see Josephus).

Greek word Charax is translation of Ethiopian Gariak. This Gariak I would appear to be of the family of Mash. These Arameans spread into Africa, just as Cush, north of God's Land (Palestine) are reported in Syria and Mesopotamia.

66 2162-2096
3. Gannkam 83 2096-2013
4. Borsa (queen) 67 2013-1946
5. Gariak II 60 1946-1886
6. Djan I 80 1886-1806
7. Djan II 60 1806-1746
8. Senefrou=Snefru. Job was son-in-law of Snefru. 20 1746-1726
9. Zeenabzamin 58 1726-1668
10. Sahlan 60 1668-1608
11. Elaryan 80 1608-1528
12. Nimroud 60 1528-1468
13. Eylouka (queen) 45 1468-1423
14. Saloug 30 1423-1393
15. Kharid 72 1393-1321
16. Hogeb 100 1321-1221
17. Makaws 70 1221-1151
18. Assa 30 1151-1121
19. Affar 50 1121-1071
20. Milanos 62 1071-1009
21. Soliman Tehagui. Soliman, an elderly man probably in his 90's, died the year in which he received the news of the overthrow of Zerah and the Ethiopians and their allies (937-936). 73 1009- 936
Twenty-one sovereigns of the Tribe of Ori ruled.

THE LINE OF HAM, CUSH AND SABTAH IN NUBIA (THE SUDAN).

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Kam = Ham. Date of Ham is predated to the autumn preceding overthrow of Babel. The Chinese predated to the winter solstice. 78 2255-2177
2. Kout = Cush. Son of Ham. 50 2177-2127
3. Habassi 40 2127-2087
4. Sebtah 30 2087-2057
5. Elektron 30 2057-2027
6. Neber 30 2027-1997
7. Amen I 21 1997-1976
8. Nehasset Nais (queen) 30 1976-1946
9. Horkam 29 1946-1917
10. Saba II 30 1917-1887
11. Sofard 30 1887-1857
12. Askndou 25 1857-1832
13. Hohey 35 1832-1797
14. Adglag 20 1797-1777
15. Adgala 30 1777-1747
16. Lakniduga 25 1747-1722
17. Manturay 35 1722-1687
18. Rakhu 30 1687-1657
19. Sabe I 30 1657-1627
20. Azagan 30 1627-1597
21. Sousel Atozanis 20 1597-1577
22. Amen II 15 1577-1562
23. Ramenpahte 20 1562-1542
24. Wanuna 3 days 1542
25. Piori II, father of the Ethiopian whom Moses married when he overthrew Cush in Nubia.

The daughter of Piori betrayed the city and her father in 1527.

15 1542-1527
Twenty-five sovereigns of the tribe of Kam ruled in the land of Cush.

APPENDIX C

KASHMIR -- CHRONOLOGY FROM THE RAJATARANGINI

The following information is taken from the 'Rajatarangini, a Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir', by Kalhana, translated by A. Stein, 2 volumes, Westminster, 1900.

Kalhana's account of Kashmir is thorough. The history need not be presented here as it can be found in detail in his chronicle. Modern scholars misunderstand Kalhana's method of using whole calendar years.

Of course, Kalhana added months and days to the whole calendar years in those instances where the exact month and day of a ruler's death was known. But, Kalhana did not intend the months and days to be counted, for they were already included in the first calendar year of the succeeding king.

The first native Kashmir dynasty -- the Gonandiya dynasty -- lasted for 1002 years. It was followed by a usurping dynasty for 192 years. The restored Gonandiya dynasty lasted 588 calendar years. Next, the Karkota dynasty ruled 253 years -- ending in 855 A.D. Working backward we discover that Kalhana began the Gonandiya dynasty of Kashmir in 1181 B.C.

This is a significant date since it corresponds to the end of the first Trojan war and the defeat of the Trojan alliance. Prior to 1181 the land of Kashmir had been part of the Indo-Persian, Assyrian and Trojan alliance against the Greeks. Hence, the beginning of this line of rulers indicates a breakup in the alliance. The Indo-Iranian peoples of Kashmir became independent under their own kings.

GONANDIYA DYNASTY.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Gonanda III 35 1181-1146
Vibhisana I 53 1146-1093
Indrajit 35 1093-1058
Ravana 30 1058-1028
Vibhisana II 35 1028- 993
Nara I (Kimnara) 40 993- 953
Siddha 60 953- 893
Utpalaksa 30 893- 863
Hiranyaksa 37 863- 826
Hiranyakula 60 826- 766
Vasukula 60 766- 706
Mihirakula 70 706- 636
Baka 63 636- 573
Ksitinanda 30 573- 543
Vasunanda 52 543- 491
Nara II 60 491- 431
Aksa 60 431- 371
Gopaditya 60 371- 311
Gokarna 57 311- 254
Khinkhila-Narendraditya 36 254- 218
Yudhisthira 39 218- 179

USURPING DYNASTY.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Pratapaditya I 32 179- 147
Jalaukas 32 147- 115
Tunjina I 36 115- 79
Vijaya 8 79- 71
Jayendra 37 71- 34
Samdhimati-Aryaraja 47 B.C. 34- 14 A.D.

RESTORED GONANDIYA DYNASTY.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Meghavahana 34 14- 48
S'resthasena-Pravarasena I

(Tunjina II)

30 48- 78
Hiranya, with Toramana 30 78- 108
Matrgupta 4 108- 112
Pravarasena II 60 112- 172
Yudhisthira II 39 172- 211
Lahkhana-Narendraditya 13 211- 224
Ranaditya (Tunjina III) 300 224- 524
Vikramaditya 42 524- 566
Baladitya 36 566- 602

THE KARKOTA DYNASTY.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Durlabhavardhana-Prajnaditya 36 602- 638
Durlabhaka-Pratapaditya II 50 638- 688
Candrapida-Vajraditya 8 688- 696
Tarapida-Udayeditya 4 696- 700
Muktapida-Lalitaditya 36 700- 736
Kuvalayspida 1 736- 737
Vajraditya-Bappiyaka-Lalitaditya 7 737- 744
Prthivyapida 4 744- 748
Samgramapida I 7 days 748
Jajja 3 748- 751
Jayapida-Vinayaditya 31 751- 782
Lalitapida 12 782- 794
Samgramapida II (Prthivyspida) 7 794- 801
Cippatajayspida-Brhaspati 12 801- 813
Ajitapida 37 813- 850
Anangapida 3 850- 853
Utpalapida 2 853- 855

THE DYNASTY OF UTPALA.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Avantivarman 28 855- 883
S'amkaravarman 18 883- 901
Gopalavarman 2 901- 903
Samkata 10 days 903
Sugandha 2 903- 905
Partha 16 905- 921
Nirjitavarman (Pangu) 1 921- 922
Cakravarman 11 922- 933
S'uravarman I 1 933- 934
Partha (restored) 1 934- 935
Cakravarman (restored) -- 935
S'amkaravardhana 1 935- 936
Cakravarman 1 936- 937
Unmattavanti 2 937- 939
S'uravarman II -- 939
Yasaskaradeva 9 939- 948
Varnata 1 day 948
Samgramadeva -- 948
Parvagupta 2 948-950
Ksemagupta 8 950- 958
Abhimanyu 14 958- 972
Nandigupta 1 972- 973
Tribhuvana (gupta) 2 973- 975
Bhimagupta 5 975- 980
Didda 23 980-1003

FIRST LOHARA DYNASTY.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Samgramaraja 25 1003-1028
Hariraja 22 days 1028
Ananta 35 1028-1063
Kalasa 26 1063-1089
Utkarsa 22 days 1089
Harsa 12 1089-1101

SECOND LOHARA DYNASTY.

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Uccala 10 1101-1111
Radda-S'ankharaja 1 day 1111
Salhana 1 1111-1112
Sussala 8 1112-1120
Bhiksacara 1 1120-1121
Sussala (restored) 7 1121-1128
Jayasimha (Simhadeva) Jayasimha was still on the throne when Kalhana completed his history in 1150 A. D. 22 1128

Compendium of World History

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

by Herman L. Hoeh

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

1963 1966, 1969 Edition


INTRODUCTION

Volume 1 of the COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY exposed the radical new interpretation of history now taught on all levels of modern education. It revealed the fallacy of the 'historical method.' It explained WHY God is left out of history.

Volume I restored the history of ancient Egypt, of Assyria and Babylonia, of Media and India, of Greece, Ireland and Britain.

Volume 2 completes that restoration. For the first time, in this second volume, the early history of Europe will be made plain. Its connection with the New World, with American Indian civilization, with the early Biblical heroes is an astounding revelation.

Compendium History Vol. 2

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Chapter I

Early History of Germany

Antiquity of the German Reich

Germans Shape World Affairs

The Answer Found

Did the Assyrians Invade Europe?

What Did Assyrians Look Like?

Why Germans Call Themselves 'Deutschen'

What Language Did They Speak?

Semitic by Race, Not Language

Chapter II

The Ancient Kings of the Germans

The Early Settlers of Europe

Kings of Ancient Germany

Chapter III

Abraham in Early European History

Europe's Early History Suppressed

Abraham in the Austrian Chronicle

Chapter IV

Jews Gain Power in Danube Civilization

Jewish Kings from Austrian Chronicle

End of Jewish Predominance

Chapter V

The Conquests of Odin and Danish History

What the History of Denmark Reveals

The Genealogy of Dan I

'Hu the Mighty'

The Kings of Denmark

Denmark Enters Roman History

Christianity Introduced on the Throne

Chapter VI

Scotland -- Key to History of New World

What Historians Claim

First Major Settlement

Line of Judah in Scotland

Earliest History of Scotland

Early Line of Scottish Kings

Kings of Cruithne Continued

Chapter VII

They Crossed the Atlantic

The Little Ice Age

Whites Did Not Become Indians

American Indian Tradition

Enter Votan

Early Time of Migration

Chronology of Mexico

The History of Toltecs at Tullan

The City-State of Culhaucan

The Chichimecs at Texcoco

The Aztecs

Chapter VIII

The History of Spain

Only Recently Suppressed

Earliest Kings over the Spanish

Invasion from Africa

Abraham's Children

Chaos in Spain

Time of the Sea Powers

Chapter IX

Italy, Home of Pagan Religion

Italy in the Ancient World

What Italian History Reveals

The History of Etruria

The History of the Latins

Chapter X

The Story of the Peruvian Indians

Modern Scholarship Discarded the Facts

What Archaeologists Found

Illustration from Burma

The Inca Rulers

Chapter XI

Ancient Persia and Turkestan

Early Kings of Persia

The Second Race

The First Race

Turkestan, Turks and Mongols

Ogus Khan

The History of Armenia

Chapter XII

Trojan Migration to France

Trojan Kings of Isauria

Trojan Kings of Sicambria and Pannonia

Kings of Agrippina

Princes of Brabant

Dukes of Brabant

Kings of Frisia

Dukes of Frisia

Second Group of Kings of Frisia

Trojan Kings of the Belgians

Kings of the Celts in Gaul

Chapter XII A

Further Migrations to France

Sicambrian Kings

The Kings of the Franks

Dukes of the East Franks

The Hapsburgs Enter

The Dukes of Gaul

Kings of France

In Retrospect

Chapter XIII

History of Sweden and the Saxons

The Record Speaks

Renewed Migration

Dynasty of Yngling

Dynasty of Stenkil

Saxon History

Chapter XIV

The History of Arabia

Who Were the First Arabs?

The Jorhamites of Hejaz

The Kingdom of Yemen

Arabia's Indian-Ocean Neighbors

Chapter XV

The Miracle of the Red Sea

Do Miracles Happen Today?

Background of the Story

Where Is Goshen?

The Land of Rameses

Goshen During the Plagues

The Night of the Exodus

Israel Built Pyramids

What Road Did Israel Take?

Where Are These Places?

Crossing the Red Sea

Egypt Left Desolate

Egypt's Historians Admit What Happened

Chapter XVI

Journey to Petra

After Mount Sinai -- Where?

What Does 'Kadesh' Mean?

Located in Mount Seir!

Israel Whipped in Seir

Yet Another Proof!

Where Was the 'Wilderness of Wandering'?

Encampments Listed in Order

Bene-Jaakan is Kadesh!

The Return to Kadesh

'Sela' Another Name for Petra

Where Did Aaron Die?

Where Was the King's Highway?

Journey Northward in the Arabah

Petra Occupied by Israel

Chapter XVII

Where Did the Twelve Apostles Go?

Jesus' Commission Tells

'House of Israel' Identified

What New Testament Reveals

Three Missing Words

Wars Reveal Where

To Whom Did Peter Write?

Remnant of Ten Tribes on Shores of Black Sea

What Greek Historians Report

Simon Peter in Britain!

And Andrew His Brother

And the Other Apostles?

And Ireland Too!

Paul in Britain, Too?

On the Shores of the Caspian Sea

Where Did Matthew Go?

Chapter XVIII

Since the First Man

Scientific Confusion

Why Hypotheses?

Uncovering the Facts

How Geologists Think

Discarding the Facts

Facts of Geology

Confirmation of Genesis One

The World of Adam

The Sin of Cain and Geology

Early Post-Flood World

Appendix A

The Enigma of Dynasty I and II of Kish Resolved

Appendix B

Ethiopian King List

Agdazyan Dynasty

Dynasty of Menelik I

The Christian Sovereigns

Dynasty of Atse

Sovereigns Issued from Zagwe

A Jewish Dynasty

House of Gondar

Tribe of Ori

Line of Ham

Appendix C

Kashmir -- Chronology from the Rajatarangini

Gonandiya Dynasty

Usurping Dynasty

Restored Gonandiya Dynasty

Karkota Dynasty

The Dynasty of Utpala

First Lohara Dynasty

Second Lohara Dynasty

Volume 2 Bibliography

>

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Works quoted in this volume of the Compendium and not found here are generally included in Bibliography at end of Volume I.

Akermana John Yonge, 'Remains of Pagan Saxondom'. London, 1860.

Alexander, William L., 'The Ancient British Church'. London, 1889

Anderson, Alan Orr, 'Early Sources of Scottish History'. Edinburgh, 1922.

Angus, S., 'The Mystery Religions and Christianity'. London, 1928.

Arnold, Channing and F. J. T. Frost, 'The American Egypt. A Record of Travel in Yucatan'. London, 1909.

Avebury, Lord, 'Pre-Historic Times'. London, 1900.

Avery, Catherine B., Ed., 'The New Century Classical Handbook'. New York, 1962.

Ayer, Joseph Cullen, Jr., 'A Source Book for Ancient Church History'. New York, 1941.

Baikie, James, 'The Sea Kings of Crete'. London, 1926.

Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 'The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America'. 5 vol. New York, 1875.

Berington, Joseph, 'A Literary History of the Middle Ages'. London, 1814.

Bingham, Hiram, 'Lost City of the Incas'. London, 1951.

Bingham, Joseph, 'The Antiquities of the Christian Church'. 2 vol. London, 1920.

Bradley, Henry, 'The Story of the Goths'. London, 1891.

Bradley, R. N., 'Malta and the Mediterranean Race'. London, 1912.

Brion, Marcel, 'The World of Archaeology India, China, and America'. London, 1959.

Browne, G. F., 'The Church In These Islands Before Augustine'. New York, 1897.

Browne, James, 'A History of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans'. Edinburgh, 1852.

Browne, James, 'The History of Scotland, its Highlands, Regiments, and Clans'. 8 vol. London, 1909.

Buckle, Henry Thomas, 'Introduction to the Civilization in England'. New York, 1904.

Burton, John Hill, 'The History of Scotland'. 8 vol. Edinburgh, 1897.

Camden, William, 'Remains Concerning Britain'. London 1674.

Cameron, Mary Lovett, 'Old Etruria and Modern Tuscany'. London, 1909.

Cano, Benito, 'Coronica General De Espana'. Madrid, 1791.

Catrou and Rouille, 'The Roman History'. 6 vol. London 1728.

Cave, William, 'Antiquitates Apostolicae -- The History of the Apostles'. London, 1684.

Childe, V Gordon, 'The Prehistory of Scotland'. London 1935.

Churton, Edward, 'The Early English Church'. London.

Clark, Grahame, 'Prehistoric England'. London, 1962.

Cobern, Camden M., 'The New Archaeological Discoveries and Their Bearing on the New Testament'. London, 1918.

Coulton, G. G., 'Medieval Panorama'. Cambridge, 1949.

Crichton, Andrew, 'Scandinavia, Ancient and Modern'. 2 vol. New York, 1841.

Cunnington, M. E., 'An Introduction to the Archaeology of Wiltshire'. 1949.

de Bourbourg, LeAbbe Brasseur, 'Histoire Des Nations Civilisees Du Mexique et de L'Amerique -- Centrale'. Paris, 1857.

de Hirsch-Davies, J. E., 'A Popular History of the Church in Wales'. London, 1912.

de Laet, S. J., 'The Low Countries'. London, 1958.

de Leon, Pedro de Cieza, Trans. Victor W. von Hagen, 'The Incas'. Oklahoma, 1959.

de Nadaillac, 'Prehistoric America'. New York, 1884.

de Ocampo, Battasar, 'History of the Incas'. Cambridge, 1907.

de Paor, M. snd D., 'Early Christian Ireland'. London, 1959.

de Pufendorf, Baron Samuel, 'Histoire de Suede'. Amsterdam, 1730.

de Sahagun, Bernardino, 'A History of Ancient Mexico'. 1932.

Elton, Oliver, translator, 'The Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus'. London, 1894.

Evans, J. D., 'Malta'. London, 1959.

Evans, John, 'The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain'. New York, 1872.

Ferrero, Guglielmo, 'Characters and Events of Roman History'. New York, 1909.

Foster, J. W., 'Pre-Historic Races of the United States of America'. Chicago, 1878.

Gallenkamp, Charles, 'Maya -- The Riddle and Rediscovery of a Lost Civilization'. New York, 1959.

Geddes, Michael, 'The Church History of Ethiopia'. London, 1694.

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 'History of the Kings of Britain'. New York, 1958.

Gilles, J. A., 'Six Old English Chronicles', including Ethelwerd's chronlele, Asser's Life of Alfred, Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History, Gildas and Nennius. London, 1908.

Gjerset, Knut, 'History of the Norwegian People'. New York, 1932.

Gregg, William H., 'Controversial Issues in Scottish History'. London, 1910.

Guest, Edwln, 'Origines Celticae'. 2 vol. London, 1883.

Harvey, G. E., 'History of Burma'. London, 1925.

Heyerdahl, Thor., 'American Indians in the Pacific'. Stockholm, 1952.

Holmes, T. Rice, 'Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Caesar'. London, 1907.

Hubert, Henri, 'The Rise of the Celts'. London, 1934.

Johnson, Walter, 'Byways in British Archaeology'. Cambridge, 1912.

Jones, Inigo, 'Stone-heng'. London, 1655.

Kadar, Zoltan, 'Die Kleinasiatisch -- Syrischen Kulte Zur Romerzeit in Ungarn'. Leiden, 1962.

Kelly, Matthew, Editor and Translator, 'Cambrensis Eversus'. Dublin, 1848.

Kephart, Calvin, 'Races of Mankind, Their Origin and Migration'. London, 1961.

Krickeberg, Walter, 'Altmexikanische Kulturen'. Berlin, 1956.

Laing, Samuel, Translator, 'The Kings of Norway, or The Heimskringla'. London, 1844.

Lebreton, Jules and Jacques Zeilkr, 'The History of the Primitive Church'. 3 vol. London, 1949.

Lhoyd, H., 'The Historie of Cambria'. 1584.

Lothrop, Samuel (and staff), 'Essays in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology'. Cambridge, Mass., 1961.

MacAirt, Sean., 'The Annals of Inisfallen'. Dublin, 1951.

MacCullouch, J. A., 'The Religion of the Ancient Celts'. Edinburgh, 1911.

MacDonald, E., 'A Gaelic Dictionary', 3 vol. Scotland, 1902.

MacKenzie, Donald A., 'Ancient Man in Britain'. London, 1923.

MacRitchie, David, 'The Testimony of Tradition'. London, 1890

Markham, Sir Clements, 'The Incas of Peru'. London, 1910.

Mason, J. Alden, 'The Ancient Civilizations of Peru'. Edinburgh, 1951

Means, Philip A., 'Ancient Civilizations of the Andes'. New York, 1931.

Menzel, Wolfgang, 'Germany From the Earliest Period'. New York, 1899.

Merryweather, F. Somner, 'Bibliomania in the Middle Ages'. London, 1933.

Mierow, Charles Christopher, 'The Gothic History of Jordanes'. New York, 1960.

Mueller, F. Max, 'Chips from a German Workshop', Vol. 3. London, 1870.

Nicephoros, 'Ecclesiasticae Historiae', Vol. 1. 1630.

'Norroena The History and Romance of Northern Europe. 1906, Saxo Edition.

Olrik, Axel; Hollander, Lee M., Translator, 'The Heroic Legends of Denmark'. New York, 1919.

O'Rahilly, Thomas F., 'Early Irish History and Mythology'. Dublin, 1946.

Pallottino, M., 'The Etruscans'. London, 1956.

Plowden, Francis, 'An Historical Review of the State of Ireland'. 2 vol. London, 1803.

Powell, T. G. E., 'The Celts'. London, 1959.

Prescott, William H., 'History of the Conquest of Peru'. 2 vol. Philadelphia, 1880.

Rahner, Hugo, 'Greek Myths and Christian Mystery'. London, 1963.

Rice, T. Talbot, 'The Scythians'. London, 1959.

Ripley, William Z., 'The Races of Europe'. London, 1900.

Ritson, Joseph, 'Annals of the Caledonians, Picts, and Scots'. 2 vol. Edinburgh, 1828.

Rivet, Paul, 'Maya Cities'. London, 1954.

Robertson, John, 'The Saxon and the Celt'. London, 1897.

Sankalla, H. D,, 'Indian Archaeology Today. New York, 1962.

Schliemann, Dr. Henry, Tiryns 'The Prehistoric Palace of the Kings of Tiryns'. London, 1886.

Skene, William F., 'John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation'. Edinburgh, 1872.

Smith, Dr. William and Prof. Wace, Editors, 'Dictionary of Christian Biography Literature, Sects and Doctrines'. Boston, 1877.

Stenberger, Marten, 'Sweden'. London.

Steward, Julian H., Editor, 'Handbook of South American Indians. 6 vol. Washington, 1946.

Stillingfleet, Edward, 'Antiquities of the British Churches'. London, 1830

Story, Robert H., 'The Apostolic Minist in the Scottish Church'. Edinburgh, 1847.

Thompson, J. Eric S., 'Maya Heiroglyphic Writing'. Oklahoma, 1962.

Trevelyan, George Macaulay,' History of England'. London, 1926.

Turner, Sharon, 'The History of the Anglo-Saxons'. London, 1807.

Vaillant, George C., 'Aztecs of Mexico'. New York, 1962.

Verrill, A. Hyatt and Ruth Verrill, 'America's Ancient Civilizations'. New York, 1953.

Villani, Giovanni, 'Cronica'. Vol. 1. Florence, 1823.

Waddell, L. A., 'The British Edda'. London, 1930.

Wade-Evans, A. W., 'Nennius' History of the Britons'. London, 1938.

Wallace-Hadrill, J. M., 'The Long-Haired Kings'. London, 1962.

Volume 2 Chapter 18

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

CHAPTER XVIII

SINCE THE FIRST MAN

Never has there been an age like this one. An avalanche of scientific information is pouring down upon specialist and layman alike.

No one is able to keep up with the torrent of new knowledge.

But is man the wiser for all this new knowledge?

Are the latest conclusions of geology, of archaeology, or history any nearer the truth? Or are we being crushed by the sheer weight of new ignorance -- new superstitions, this time garbed in the respectable clothes of Scientific Knowledge?

SCIENTIFIC CONFUSION

It would seem this ought to be the wisest, most knowledgeable generation that has ever lived. But it is not!

And there is a reason.

Never in the history of the world have so many been speculating so much. Speculation, hypothesizing, intellectual guessing have become the lifeblood of the sciences -- especially the social sciences. The result is an age typified by a chaos of ideas.

Professor Mendenhall labels the present confused state of human knowledge thus: it 'may with perhaps less courtesy but more accuracy be called chaos' ('Biblical History in Transition').

The reason? Only those facts which fit an hypothesis are concerned! The purpose of hypothesis is not eternal truth -- only intellectual curiosity to see whether the hypothesis be so!

Is it any wonder that the scholarly world is in confusion? That the genuine history of man has been rejected and forgotten? That Scripture is labeled 'unscientific' and 'myth'?

This second volume of the 'Compendium' is devoted to that forgotten history of man.

WHY HYPOTHESES?

Can the facts of geology, of archaeology, of human history and the Bible be reconciled? Not if the method of study now in vogue in the educational world is used! Crowning the heap of discarded theories with another hypothesis will not resolve the problems.

Yet a solution is possible. The facts of geology, of archaeology, of human history and the Bible are reconcilable. It is the hypotheses and theories of Science and Theology that are not! No one, caught up in the vicious cycle of intellectual guessing, finds it easy to divorce facts from hypotheses.

But once one is willing to do that, the gnawing questions of science and history find answers.

Why haven't men been willing to face facts, and forget hypothesizing? The answer is simple. Facts do not automatically organize themselves into clear and unmistakable answers.

There is always the need of some kind of yardstick, some standard, to guide man in organizing the myriads of facts lying mutely before him. A geological stratum by itself does not answer when? or why? A potsherd by itself does not reveal who? or when? Even a written record by itself often fails to convey motive, proof of accuracy, or history of transmission.

Scholars and scientists must of necessity resort to some external framework or yardstick by which the recovered facts may be judged. Only two choices are available -- hypothesis or Divine Revelation.

The educated world has chosen the former. It has, without proof, rejected the latter. Hypotheses appeal to human vanity, to intellectual curiosity, to the desire to hear of something new. Divine Revelation requires acknowledgement of a Higher Power, the subjection of human reason to the revealed Mind of the Creator. But human reason revels in its own superiority. By nature it opposes and exalts itself against Higher Authority.

No wonder educators take for granted that the facts of geology, of archaeology, or human history contradict the Bible.

Not until human beings are willing to acknowledge God, to acknowledge His Authority, His Revelation, will they ever come to a satisfactory -- and satisfying -- explanation of Man and the Universe.

Not until human reason is conquered will the scholarly world enjoy the privilege of understanding the meaning of geology, of archaeology, of history and the Bible.

UNCOVERING THE FACTS

Scientific and historical journals are filled with 'learned' conflicts and controversies. These conflicts are not due to a lack of factual material. There are often 'too many' facts.

Controversies in philosophy, in science, in education are the direct result of hypothesizing. Theories and hypotheses by their very nature breed controversy. What is needed is a true view of the factual material already available. Present material is more than sufficient to solve every one of the primary questions regarding Man, his origin in time, and the record of his experiences.

Why don't today's educators know the answers to these problems?

Because they have discarded the key that would unlock the answers. That key is God's revelation of essential knowledge for man -- the Bible.

But men don't want God telling them anything authoritatively. They therefore refuse even to test whether the Bible is authoritative.

It's time we examined the facts of science. Examined, in brief outline, the beginnings of human society -- the relationship of geology and archaeology to human history and the Bible. It is possible, if we divorce theory from the facts, to discover the answers to every one of the following basic questions:

Do the facts of geology confirm the Bible? Was the earth inhabited before the creation of man -- before creation week recorded in Genesis 1?

Where in geologic strata, does Creation Week of Genesis 1 occur?

Is the geographical description of the Garden of Eden and of the great river that went out of it toward the east (Gen. 2:10) confirmed by geology?

What happened to the earth as a result of the sin of Cain?

Why did his descendants wander over the earth, hunting instead of farming?

What is the relationship between pre-Flood Man and fossil Man?

What does archaeology reveal about the first sixteen centuries of human existence? Where do the so-called 'Ice Ages' fit in Bible history? Why did so many forms of animal and human life disappear at the close of the geologic period labeled 'Pleistocene' by scientists?

Is this the Biblical Flood?

Every one of these questions has an answer. The answers are so plain even a child can understand them -- if unprejudiced. The factual material has already been recorded for us by generations of historians, scientists and archaeologists. Yet they don't understand what they have discovered. They view everything from the evolutionary standpoint. It has simply never occurred to them that what they uncovered confirmed the Bible, and not evolution!

HOW GEOLOGISTS THINK

Most people do not know how a geologist reaches his conclusions. A geologist, of course, is one who makes a study of earth history. He investigates the rock structure of the surface of the earth. Let's accompany a geologist on one of his field trips.

A geologist working in the field discovers strata of sandstone, or limestone, or silt. Perhaps in them are fossils. He wants to know when the strata were deposited. How does he decide? The answer is: HE DOESN'T!

Being a very careful man -- a scientific man -- he will go to a paleontologist for the answer. And who is a paleontologist? He is a scientist who makes a special study of fossils. It is his function to explain to the geologist the apparent age of the fossils.

And how does the paleontologist know the apparent age of the fossils? From geology? No! How can he learn it from geology when even the geologist does not know the age of fossil strata until he goes to the paleontologist who studies the fossils!! Then how does the paleontologist discover how old fossils are?

Simple! He turns to the evolution theory!

Life, the paleontologist tells the geologist, developed from the very simplest cell into the varied complex creatures that inhabit the earth today. 'But what is the age of the fossils?' asks the geologist.

'Let me explain that,' replies the paleontologist. 'Evolution is a very slow process. It may take millions of years for one species of life to slowly develop into another totally different species. The age of your strata are determined by how long we think it took that particular species of fossils to develop. of course, we paleontologists don't all agree on these details. You might get a different answer from another paleontologist! After all, even though we all believe evolution is a fact, we do not know exactly how it occurs -- or even the exact order in which various species of life evolved.'

And that, in simple language, is what happens!

The age of the fossils is guessed at by the paleontologist. The source of his knowledge (or misknowledge) is not geology, but the evolution theory. He takes it for granted. He assumes the theory is a fact -- or reasons as if it were a fact. The geologist then deduces the age of the strata from the assumed age of the fossils.

DISCARDING THE FACTS

All too often the geologist discovers that, according to the assumed age of the fossils, 'younger strata' are below 'older strata' -- in the wrong order -- reversed! 'Oh, that's all right,' the paleontologist will conclude. 'just consider that the strata were laid in the right order and that later a fracture in the earth's crust occurred which placed them in the wrong order.'

'But there was no fracture or fault line in the deposits. The strata were laid down exactly as I found them.'

'Don't let that concern you,' the paleontologist might tell the geologist. 'You are at liberty to insert fracture or fault lines where there were none, and to remove them where you plainly saw them. After all, the evolution theory explains what happened even if you did not find the evidence!'

That is THE WAY evolutionary science is practiced.

This illustration was in fact presented in a public lecture in one of the most famous institutions of higher learning in Southern California.

The geologist giving the lecture added this word of advice: 'It is better not to go to different paleontologists. Otherwise there will be no consistency in the dating of fossils. It is much better to consult the same paleontologist, for then, at least, one will be CONSISTENT IN HIS ERROR!'

It is this kind of foolish scientific thinking -- if it can be called thinking -- that masquerades as intellectual. This is the kind of thinking that has been used to ridicule and reject the authority of Scripture.

This is the trunk of the evolutionary tree. Once it is chopped down all the twiggy side arguments fall with it!

Evolution is based on deceptive, circular reasoning. It is an unproofd and unprovable hypothesis. It is made to seem rational by a fantastic use of hundreds of millions -- even billions -- of years. But no evolving fossil -- bridging the gaps from one Genesis kind to another -- has ever been found. No half-evolved living species, has ever been seen by man. God-ordained varieties of each kind -- yes! But no evolution from one Genesis kind to another!

It is time we opened our eyes to the falsehoods in modern education.

Naturally, geologists have found many important and true facts.

Once we divorce the facts from the theories and hypotheses, true earth history becomes plain. Now take a look at the facts as they are found.

See how they fit the Bible account.

THE FACTS OF GEOLOGY

First, look at the recent astounding discoveries of geology. They are of such magnitude as to revolutionize the whole field of scientific studies. They tell an incredible story. Geologists, like all scientists, are noted for the care which they take in exact observations and measurements -- though in theorizing they know no bounds to their wildest speculations.

After decades of careful firsthand observation, geologists came to recognize a definite, worldwide break in the geological strata. They didn't understand its meaning. They never looked into the Bible to see if an answer were there.

The strata below the break revealed a world entirely different from the one we see around us today. Nowhere in the lower strata does one find fossil Man, or remains warm-blooded creatures so characteristic of our world. Missing, too, are the angiosperms -- plants having their seeds enclosed in an ovary.

Evolutionary geologists immediately jumped to the conclusion that this was a 'proof' of evolution. They couldn't have been more mistaken.

Above the break, the strata reveal forms of life vividly described in Genesis 1. There are human remains, many varieties of mammals, birds and flowering trees. Why the sudden appearance of new kinds of life?

What is the meaning of this break in the geological horizon? Is it mentioned in the Bible?

Most scientists and historians never looked to see. The theologians never stopped to investigate. But the facts are plain for all to see. There has been no past evolution of living matter.

CONFIRMATION OF GENESIS ONE

Genesis 1 has been woefully misunderstood. 'Creation Week' is not the record of the original creation of matter, but an account of re-creation!

The first chapter of Genesis contains two distinct accounts.

The first two verses are a brief account of the creation of matter and physical energy -- of a beautiful earth fit for habitation -- 'in the beginning.' The second account is about the work of re-creation following a frightful catastrophe which befell the first world. That catastrophe is briefly summarized in verse 2 of Genesis 1. These verses, according to the original inspired Hebrew text, read: 'In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth had become without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep.'

God created the world fit for habitation. It was not created a waste. Isaiah 45:18 reveals: '... God himself that formed the earth ... he created it not in vain (the original Hebrew is the same as in Genesis 1:2 -- meaning 'not a waste'), he formed it to be inhabited.'

The first or pre-Adamic creation was turned into a chaotic wreck.

Virtually all life perished. (Psalm 104: 28-29.) The whole face of the earth was covered with water.

The Biblical record of Genesis 1:2 is confirmed by the enigmatic break which scientists have found in the geological strata. The strata below the break are the remains of the pre-Adamic world!

WHAT INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR REVEALED

For scores of years geologists assumed the ocean floors were the quiet resting places of thousands of feet of mud and slime. Then came the shocking truth. Those thousands of feet of mud were not there. The geologists could hardly believe their eyes.

An immense catastrophe had befallen the earth.

Everywhere men sent down into the oceans their coring devices they discovered the ocean depths had suffered a tremendous volcanic upheaval.

To heighten the shock of the discovery, scientists found the catastrophe had struck the ocean depths at the same moment in geological history that it had struck the land masses. On land it had been recognized as a worldwide break in the geological strata. To this upheaval geologists assign the label 'Cretaceous' -- meaning 'chalky' -- because of the nature of the chalky deposits in England where the strata were first studied.

Geologists thought they would find strata in the sea below the so-called 'Cretaceous' deposits -- just as they find them on the continents. They didn't. Reported Ericson and Wollin: '... no sediment older than Upper Cretaceous time has been found in the ocean basins because there is none there to find' ('The Deep and the Past', p. 266).

None to find? of course! On the ocean floors the world before man has been buried under tremendous volcanic eruptions.

The authors continue:

'The paleontological and geophysical evidence tells in clear enough language that some sort of drastic reorganization of the floors of the oceans must have taken place toward the end of the Lower Cretaceous Period .... We can be sure (that is usually a sure sign that scholars, historians, and scientists are guessing) that this volcanic transformation did not take place within the span of a few years; if it had, all marine life would have come to a sudden end as a gargantuan bouillabaisse of boiled fish. To avoid catastrophe of this sort, we need only be more liberal with time; we have plenty of it at our disposal ....

'Whence came the energy and why should its effect have been concentrated at the beginning of the Upper Cretaceous?' (Pages 267-268.)

Read that astounding quote again!

The facts are plain! There was a singular catastrophe which virtually ended all life between what geologists call the 'Lower' and 'Upper Cretaceous' -- that is, the dividing line between the world before Adam and the world since the creation of man.

Geologists throw around time as though it were a mere toy! By giving themselves time enough they hope to alleviate the necessity of accepting the truth of Genesis 1:2.

THE WORLD OF ADAM

To continue picking up the highlights of geology which confirm the Biblical record --

The second chapter of Genesis, verses 8 to 15, preserves a remarkable account of the geography of the land of Eden where Man first dwelt. Many Scripture passages indicate it was the land of Palestine, with the Garden lying eastward in the vicinity of Jerusalem. Josephus, the Jewish historian, confirms this picture in 'Antiquities of the Jews,' I, i, 3.

In Eden sprang forth a vast stream of water that flowed eastward through the Garden. It divided into four parts, three of which flowed toward the north and east -- the other southward.

Where, in geological history, would one find this geographical description of the river system of Palestine and the environs of Jerusalem?

In the strata that geologists label 'Upper Cretaceous'! In Palestine it is the next geological event which follows the geological break previously referred to. Jewish geologists, unaware of what they have discovered, have even presented a simple sketch of this astounding evidence. On page 35 of E. A. Speiser's 'At the Dawn of Civilization' is a geologic map of Palestine in the so-called 'Upper Cretaceous.'

Immediately to the east of Jerusalem may be seen in outline the area through which the waters from the Garden flowed. The present Jordan Valley and Dead Sea were not then formed.

With these geological points established in brief, it is not difficult to place the subsequent geological and archaeological deposits in their Biblical background.

The first few centuries of human life on earth are consequently

parallel with the 'Upper Cretaceous' and 'Tertiary' deposits of geological science. These deposits are of course dated by evolutionary scientists as millions of years old. Time, to them, means nothing.

Geologists have no means of dating accurately these deposits. They assume their extreme antiquity because they first assumed the evolutionary hypothesis to be a fact!

The Evolutionary hypothesis is not a fact. It has never been proofn and by its very nature can never be proofn. Once evolution is recognized for what it is -- a mere figment of human imagination -- the whole geological timetable collapses!

THE SIN OF CAIN AND GEOLOGY

Cain is an important figure in theology. He is equally important to history and geology. Geology? Indeed! As a result of the sin of Cain the entire history of human society -- and the earth's surface -- changed. Notice the Biblical record: 'And now art thou cursed from the earth ... when thou tillest the ground' -- Cain, says Josephus, sought to gain his livelihood by farming methods which depleted the soil -- 'It shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive (or wanderer) and a vagabond shalt thou be in the earth' (Gen. 4:11-12).

God put a stop to Cain's way -- the way of getting. If Cain and his heirs had been allowed to continue their agricultural pursuits, soils all over the world would long ago have been rendered unfit for cultivation. Human life might well have been snuffed out by mass starvation.

The geological record tells us what God did to save the soil from utter depletion. Mountain chains arose where there were none before.

Seas dried up. The balmy semi-tropical climate of the world rapidly shifted into torrid and frigid zones. Wherever Cain wandered his agricultural pursuits came to naught. When it should have rained, the weather turned dry. Just as he was about to reap the ripening crop, a storm blew in. Nothing turned out right. Cain was forced to turn to hunting and gathering the sparse wild fruits and berries. He and the generations who followed him eked out a wretched living. All this is recorded in geology and archaeology.

In the so-called 'Tertiary' geological deposits, which follow the 'Upper Cretaceous,' immense surface changes are recorded. The climate began to turn cooler. Desert regions developed in the wake of mountain building. Pluvial and arid periods fluctuated.

'Tertiary' deposits are overlain by what geologists call 'Quarternary' or 'Pleistocene' deposits. The climate in the northern hemisphere became even colder. Vast snowfalls engulfed the regions now labeled Canada and Europe on our maps. The Arctic zone expanded.

Fluctuations in sea level occurred. All along the continental shore lines the changing beach levels left their mark. Many may still be seen today. Geologists mislabel this pre-Flood period 'Ice Ages.'

This period witnessed the spread of human habitation around the world. Giants appeared according to Genesis. Fossil remains of giant human beings of this period have been found by geologists. This is the time of so-called 'Paleolithic Man,' or 'Neanderthal Man' and the 'Mousterian Culture,' of the mammoth and reindeer hunters of the 'Upper Paleolithic.' Their culture exactly fits the curse that befell Cain.

Cain and his descendants became wanderers and vagabonds over the face of their earth. They were reduced to hunting and gathering because the soil would not yield normal crops. These ancient changes in the weather are a type of the changes of the weather now beginning to hit the earth in this twentieth century!

With an increase in human population over the centuries, Cain saw a way around his punishment. He reasoned that if he could monopolize the salt trade, he could become rich. Every human being needs salt to live. He headed for the region of the Dead Sea. There he built an important city and surrounded it with walls. Josephus describes it in detail. The Bible refers to it as the city of Enoch, which Cain built and named in honor of his son (Gen. 4:17). Archaeologists have found it -- the first walled city built before the Flood. On its site was later built the post-Flood city of Jericho. The British archaeologist Miss Kenyon has devoted much time and patience to the excavation of this important discovery (see her book Digging Up Jericho).

At Jericho and all over the eastern Mediterranean lands rapid changes in culture developed. Population increased. Many village sites dot the countryside. Intermarriage of races was a consequence of the family of Cain settling among the family of Seth in the Middle East.

Numerous fossil skeletons attest to this fact mentioned in Gen. 6:1-2.

The complete story of culture changes before the Flood may be easily pieced together from Emmanuel Anati's 'Palestine Before the Hebrews,' F. C. Hibben's 'Prehistoric Man in Europe' and Speiser's afore-quoted book. 'The Bible and the Ancient Near East' provides the proper sequence of cultures in its fourth chapter, 'The Archaeology of Palestine,' by G. E. Wright. These and other studies make it clear that the Flood occurred at the end of the geological epoch called the 'Pleistocene.' The 'Recent' which follows geologically is the post-Flood world. This event is also marked in geological records by the sudden disappearance of many forms of animal life -- especially the mammoths.

EARLY POST-FLOOD WORLD

In archaeological parlance the pre-Flood world in the Middle East drew to a close with the 'Natufian,' the 'Tahunian,' pre-pottery and pottery Neolithic and related cultures.

As this dissertation is being written, important new discoveries in Anatolia and Southeast Europe are adding to our knowledge of so-called 'Neolithic' culture just prior to the Flood. Already archaeologists are aware that their designation 'Neolithic' is a misnomer. It was not a complex of cultures based on polished stone without metals. Everywhere copper artifacts are, turning up in the Middle East -- in Persia, in Greece and along the Danube, in Anatolia and the fringes of Mesopotamian plains. Scripture makes plain that the knowledge and use of copper alloys and iron characterized the closing stages of the pre-Flood world (see Genesis 4:22).

These so-called Early Neolithic cultures are mistakenly dated (by radio-carbon) to the last half of the sixth millennium and to the fifth. Radio-carbon dates that are earlier than the 4300's 300 B.C. generally belong to Pre-Flood societies. Those sites and artifacts dated by archaeologists to the 4300's 300 and later appear in every known instance to be of the post-Flood world. This indicates that radio-carbon dates for the time of the Flood are about 2000 300 years off!

The immediate post-Flood world is, in Mesopotamia and Palestine, labeled by archeologists as a transitional 'Neolithic-Chalcolithic' culture stage. It is rather a senseless term! The term is meant to imply a general but limited use of metal. In short order Palestinian society developed into a so-called 'Early Chaleolithic' period.

Wherever these two cultural phases appear in the Middle East, there is evidence of a break with the past. The world population suddenly appears to have shrunk to almost nothing. Migrations are on miniature scale. Areas of human habitation are limited, compared with the evidences of tremendous population in the Early Neolithic which ended in the Flood.

Of the pre-Flood world we have this startling quote from Anati in 'Palestine Before the Hebrews': '... the density of population must have been then one of the greatest in Palestine. Frequently the distance from one settled spot to another is no more than a thousand feet' (p. 231).

Post-Flood Palestine was, by contrast, sparsely settled. Human habitation, springing out of Syria and Mesopotamia, was limited in the Early Chalcolithic to sites along the coast, in the mountains and along the Jordan plain. An increase in population is noted in the succeeding cultural phase -- the Ghassulian of archaeological parlance. This is the period in which Abraham appeared in Palestine. Abraham generally made southern Palestine, headquarters. Its chief town was Beersheba. It is not surprising that during this period Beersheba was the cultural center of Palestine, rather than the more populous north. It was at Beersheba that the remains of the earliest known domesticated horse was found by archaeologists ('Palestine before the Hebrews', p. 241).

Abraham's descendants ever since have been famous breeders of horses.

The lush Jordan Valley became desolate during the Ghassulian. When Tell el-Ghassul was excavated by the Pontifical Institute immense quantities of ash were found. It was immediately recognized as the time of the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah. Later, archaeologists -- confronted with this plain evidence of Scripture -- rejected the identification and placed the Ghassulian culture 1500 years too early!

And with that the evidence of geology and archaeology missing from Volume I is completed. Geology, archaeology, history and the Bible stand reconciled.

Volume 2 Chapter 17

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

CHAPTER XVII

WHERE DID THE TWELVE APOSTLES GO?

Why has the truth about the journeys of the twelve apostles been kept from public knowledge?

We read plainly of Paul's travels through Cyprus, Asia Minor, Greece, Italy. But the movements of the original twelve apostles are cloaked in mystery.

Why?

NOW IT CAN BE TOLD!

Did it ever seem strange that most of the New Testament, following the book of Acts, was written by Paul, and not by Peter?

Why, after Peter initiated the preaching of the gospel to the Gentiles at the house of Cornelius (Acts 10 and 11), did he and others of the twelve apostles suddenly vanish from view? And why only Peter and John reappear, for a fleeting moment, in Jerusalem at the inspired conference recorded in Acts 15?

We read, after Acts 15, only of Paul's ministry to the Gentiles.

Why? What happened to the twelve apostles? Let's understand!

There is a reason why the journeys of the twelve apostles have been cloaked in mystery -- until now!

You probably have been told that Jesus chose the twelve disciples, ordained them apostles, sent them, first to preach to the Jews. When the Jews, as a nation, rejected that message, you probably have supposed that they turned to the Gentiles. Nothing could be further from the truth.

It was the apostle Paul, called years later as a special apostle, who was commissioned to bear the gospel to the Gentiles.

To Ananias, who was sent to baptize Paul, Christ gave this assurance: 'Go thy way: for he' -- Saul, later named Paul -- 'he is a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel' (Acts 9:15).

It was Paul, not any of the twelve, who said: 'From henceforth I will go unto the Gentiles' (Acts 18:6).

Jesus would not have called Paul as a special apostle to carry the gospel to the Gentiles, if the original twelve had been commissioned to preach to the Gentiles.

Then to whom -- and where -- were the twelve apostles sent?

JESUS' COMMISSION TELLS

Notice the surprising answer -- in Matthew 10:5-6: 'These twelve Jesus sent forth, and commanded them, saying, Go not into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Samaritans enter ye not: but go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel.'

Jesus meant what He said! He 'commanded them.' The twelve were forbidden to spread the gospel among the Gentiles. It was Paul who was commissioned to that work. The twelve were to go, instead, to the 'lost sheep of the house of Israel' -- the Lost Ten Tribes!

Granted, Christ did send Peter to the home of Cornelius (Acts 10 and 11) to open the gospel to the Gentiles, but Peter's life mission was to carry the gospel to 'the lost sheep of the House of Israel.'

Peter merely opened the door, as the chief apostle, for the Gentiles.

It was Paul who went through the door and brought the gospel to the nations. Granted, Peter, in his capacity of chief apostle, made one trip to the gentile Samaritans. But that was not to bring the gospel to them. Philip had done that! Peter and John merely prayed for the Samaritans that they would receive the Holy Spirit. (See Acts 8, verses 5, and 14 through 17.)

Now we know to whom the twelve apostles were sent. They were not sent to the Gentiles, but to 'the lost sheep of the House of Israel.'

It was Paul who went to the Gentiles.

Now to discover where Peter and others of the twelve went after they left Palestine.

That has been one of the best-kept secrets of history! If the world had known the lands to which the twelve apostles journeyed, the House of Israel would never have been lost from view! But God intended, for a special purpose, which few understand, that the identity of the House of Israel should not be revealed until this pulsating twentieth century!

'HOUSE OF ISRAEL' IDENTIFIED

From the sons of Jacob -- surnamed Israel -- sprang twelve tribes.

Under David they were united as one nation -- Israel. After the death of Solomon, David's son, the twelve tribes were divided into two nations. The tribe of Judah split off from the nation Israel in order to retain the king, whom Israel had rejected. Benjamin went with Judah.

The new nation thus formed, with its capital at Jerusalem, was known as the 'House of Judah.' Its people were called Jews.

The northern ten tribes, who rejected Solomon's son, became known as the 'House of Israel.' Its capital, later, was Samaria. Whole books of the Old Testament are devoted to the power struggles between the 'House of Israel' and Judah. The first time the word 'Jews' appears in the Bible you will discover the king of Israel, allied with Syria, driving the Jews from the Red Sea port of Elath (II Kings 16:6-7).

The northern ten tribes, the House of Israel, were overthrown in a three-year siege (721-718) by the mighty Assyrian Empire. Its people were led into captivity beyond the Tigris River and planted in Assyria and the cities of the Medes around lake Urmia, southwest of the Caspian Sea. In the now-desolate cities of the land of Samaria the Assyrians brought in Gentiles from Babylonia. These Gentiles (II Kings 17) had become known as Samaritans by the time of Christ.

The House of Israel never returned to Palestine. The nation became known in history as the 'Lost Ten Tribes.' To them Jesus sent the twelve apostles!

The House of Judah -- the Jews -- remained in Palestine until the Babylonian invasion, which commenced in 604 B.C. Judah was deported to Mesopotamia. Seventy years later they returned to Palestine. In history they now become commonly known as 'Israel' because they were the only descendants of Jacob -- or Israel -- now living in Palestine. The ten tribes -- the House of Israel -- became lost in the land of their exile.

Jesus 'came to his own' -- the House of Judah, the Jews -- 'and his own received him not' (John 1:11). Jesus was of the lineage of David, of the House of Judah. When His own people -- the Jews -- rejected Him, He did not turn to the Gentiles. It was Paul who did.

Instead, Jesus said to the Gentile woman: 'I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the House of Israel' (Mat. 15:24).

To fulfill, later, that divine mission -- for Jesus was soon slain on Golgotha to pay for the sins of the world -- He commissioned His twelve disciples. They were commanded: 'Go to the lost sheep of the House of Israel.'

They did go, but history has lost sight of where they went! Their journeys have been shrouded in mystery -until now!

WHAT NEW TESTAMENT REVEALS

The history of the early New Testament church is preserved in the book of Acts. But have you ever noticed that Acts ends in the middle of the story? Luke doesn't even finish the life of Paul after his two-years' imprisonment ended!

Why?

You will find the answer in Christ's commission to Paul. Even before Paul was baptized, Christ had planned the future work he was to accomplish. First, Paul was to teach the Gentiles -- which he did in Cyprus, Asia Minor and Greece. Second, he was to appear before kings -- an event brought about by a two-year imprisonment at Rome. At the end of that two-year period, during which no accusers had appeared, Paul would automatically have been released according to Roman law. It is at this point that Luke strangely breaks off the story of Paul's life. See Acts 28:31.

But Paul's third mission was not yet accomplished! Christ had chosen Paul for a threefold purpose -- 'to bear (His) name before the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel' (Acts 9:15). There is the answer. He, too, was to end his work among the Lost Ten Tribes!

Luke was not permitted by Christ to include in Acts the final journeys of Paul's life. It would have revealed the whereabouts of the children of Israel!

It was not then God's time to make that known. But the moment has now come, in this climactic 'time of the end,' to pull back the shroud of history and reveal where the twelve apostles went.

THREE MISSING WORDS

Now turn to the book of James. To whom is it addressed? Read it:

'James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad, greeting' (first verse).

You probably never noticed that before. This book is not addressed to the Gentiles. It is not addressed exclusively to Judah -- the Jews.

It is addressed to all twelve tribes. To the House of Judah and to the House of Israel -- the Lost Ten Tribes.

Have you ever noticed that the letter of James, like the book of Acts, ends abruptly, without the normal salutations? Read it -- James 5:20.

Compare it with Paul's epistles. In the original inspired Greek

New Testament everyone of Paul's letters ends with an 'Amen.' Everyone of the four gospels ends with an 'Amen.' The book of Revelation ends with an 'Amen '

This little word 'Amen,' of Hebrew derivation, signifies completion. In the Authorized Version (most modern versions are incorrect, and in several instances carelessly leave off the proper ending found in the Greek) every one of the New Testament books ends with an 'Amen' except three -- Acts, James and II John. In these three, and these three only, the word 'Amen' is not in the inspired original Greek. It is purposely missing. Why?

Each missing 'Amen' is a special sign. It indicates God wants us to understand that certain missing knowledge was not to be made known to the world -- until now, when the gospel is being sent around the world as a final witness before the end of this age.

God purposely excluded from the book of Acts the final chapters in the history of the early true Church. If they had been included, the identity and whereabouts of Israel and the true Church would have been revealed! It is part of God's plan that the House of Israel should lose its identity and think itself Gentile.

If the book of James had ended with the ordinary salutation, the nations of Israel would have been disclosed. Paul often ends his letters with names of places and people. See the last verses of Romans, Colossians, Hebrews, for example. This is the very part missing, purposely, from James!

And why was the short letter of III John missing an 'Amen'? Let John himself tell us, 'I had many things to write: but I will not with ink and pen write unto thee' (verse 13). John reveals, in the letter, a pagan conspiracy. It was a diabolical attempt by Simon Magus and his false apostles to seize the name of Christ, gain control of the true Church, and masquerade as 'Christianity.' God did not permit John to make known, in plain language, the names of the leaders of that conspiracy, and the city of their operation. That is why John cut his letter short. The missing 'Amen' is to tell us to look elsewhere in the Bible for the answer. It is described, if you have eyes to see, in Revelation 17, Acts 8 and many other chapters of the Bible. The time to unmask that conspiracy is now (II Thessalonians 2), just before the return of Christ.

But to return, for a moment, to the letter of James.

WARS REVEAL WHERE

From James 4:1 we learn that wars were being waged among the lost tribes of Israel. 'From whence come wars and fightings among you?' asks James.

What wars were these? No wars existed among the Jews until the outbreak, several years later, of the revolt against the Romans.

These wars absolutely identify the lost House of Israel -- the lands to which the twelve apostles journeyed. James wrote his book about A.D. 60 (he was martyred about two years later according to Josephus) The world was temporarily at peace -- cowed by the fear of Roman military might. just prior to A.D. 60 only two areas of the world were torn by wars and civil fightings. When you discover which areas these were, you will have located where the Lost Ten Tribes, addressed by James, were then living! All one need do is search the records of military history for the period immediately before and up to the year A.D. 60! The results will shock you! Those two lands were the British Isles and the Parthian Empire! (See the accompanying map for the location of Parthia.)

But these were not the only lands to which the exiled House of Israel journeyed. Turn, in your Bible, to I Peter.

TO WHOM DID PETER WRITE?

To whom did Peter address his letters?

Here it is. 'Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to the strangers scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia' (I Peter 1:1).

These were not Gentiles. Peter was not the apostle to the Gentiles (Galatians 2:8). Paul was. Peter was chief apostle to the lost sheep of the House of Israel.

Notice the word 'strangers.' It does not mean Gentiles. The original Greek is parepidemos. It means 'a resident foreigner,' literally, 'an alien alongside.' It refers not to Gentiles, but to non-Gentiles who dwelt among Gentiles, as foreigners and aliens.

Abraham, for example, was a stranger, an alien, when he lived among the Canaanite Gentiles in Palestine.

Peter was addressing part of the lost ten tribes who dwelt among the Gentiles as aliens or strangers. He was not writing primarily to Jews. He would not have addressed them as 'strangers,' for he himself was a Jew.

Now notice the regions to which Peter addressed his letter. You may have to look at a Bible map to locate them. They are all located in the northern half of Asia Minor, modern Turkey. These lands lay immediately west of the Parthian Empire!

Paul did not preach in these districts. Paul spent his years in Asia Minor in the southern, or Greek half. 'Yea, so have I strived,' said Paul, 'to preach the gospel, not where Christ was named, lest I should build upon another man's foundation' (Romans 15:20). Paul did not preach in the areas where Peter and others of the twelve apostles had carried the gospel.

Nowhere in your New Testament can you find Paul preaching in Pontus, or Cappadocia, or Bithynia. These regions were under the jurisdiction of Peter and certain of the twelve.

Paul did spread the gospel in the province of Asia -- but only in the southern half, in the districts around Ephesus. Paul was expressly forbidden to preach in Mysia, the northern district of the Roman province of Asia. 'After they' -- Paul and his companions -- 'were come to Mysia, they assayed to go into Bithynia: but the Spirit suffered (permitted) them not. And they passing by Mysia came down to Troas'

(Acts 16:7, 8). Those were the regions in which the lost sheep of the House of Israel dwelt as strangers among the Gentiles!

Paul did preach, on his first journey, in southern Galatia, in the cities of Iconium, Lystra, Derbe (Acts 14). But nowhere in the New Testament do you find Paul journeying into northern Galatia -- the area to which Peter addresses his letter to the tribes of Israel!

REMNANT OF TEN TRIBES ON SHORES OF BLACK SEA

Notice the historic proof -- confirming Peter's letters -- that a remnant of the House of Israel was settled on the shores of the Black Sea in northern Asia Minor in early New Testament times.

Greek writers, in the time of Christ, recognized that the regions of northern Asia Minor were non-Greek (except for a few Greek trading colonies in the port cities). New peoples, the Greeks tell us, were living in northern Asia Minor in New Testament times. Here is the surprising account of Diodorus of Sicily: '... many conquered peoples were removed to other homes, and two of these became very great colonies: the one was composed of Assyrians and was removed to the land between Paphlagonia and Pontus, and the other was drawn from Media and planted along the Tanais (the River Don in ancient Scythia -- the modern Ukraine, north of the Black Sea, in southern Russia ).' See book II, s.43.

Notice the areas from which these colonies came -- Assyria and Media. The very areas to which the House of Israel was taken captive!

'So was Israel carried away out of their own land to Assyria unto this day' (II Kings 17:23). 'The king of Assyria took Samaria, and carried Israel away into Assyria and placed them in Halah and in Habor by the River of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes' (verse 6).

The House of Israel dwelt in captivity as aliens or strangers among the Assyrians. When the Assyrians were later removed from their homeland to northern Asia Minor, part of the House of Israel migrated with them!

Here's the proof from Strabo, the geographer. Strabo named the colonists in northern Asia Minor 'White Syrians' (12, 3, 9), instead of Assyrians. There were therefore, two peoples -- Assyrians and White Syrians. Who were these so-called 'White Syrians'? None other than the House of Israel which had been carried into Assyrian captivity.

'Syria' was the Greek name for the whole eastern Mediterranean coastal strip north of Judea. Because the House of Israel lived in Palestine -- southern Syria in Greek terminology -- the Greeks called them 'White Syrians.' By contrast, the dark-complexioned Arameans remained in Syria and dwell there to this day.

When the Assyrians were compelled to migrate to Northern Asia Minor, their former slaves -- the 'White Syrians' or ten-tribed House of Israel -- migrated with them! We find them still there in New Testament times. To these people -- the lost sheep of the House of Israel -- the strangers among the Assyrians (I Peter 1:1) -- the apostle Peter addresses his first letter! Could anything be plainer?

The chief apostle to the House of Israel writing to a part of the ten lost tribes dwelling among the Assyrians who originally carried them captive!

We shall see later when and where these 'lost sheep' migrated from Asia Minor to Northwest Europe.

Now to draw back the curtain of history. See where each of the twelve apostles preached. You'll be amazed at the revelation.

WHAT GREEK HISTORIANS REPORT

Why is it that almost no one has thought of it before? If multitudes of Greeks in Southern Asia Minor were being converted to Christ by the ministry of Paul, and at the same time multitudes among the lost ten tribes of the House of Israel were being converted in northern Asia Minor, should not those Greeks have left the record of which of the twelve apostles carried the gospel there?

Consider this also. The Greeks have not lost the Greek New

Testament. They have handed it down from generation to generation. Is it not just as likely that Greek scholars should have preserved the true account of the ministry of the twelve apostles?

They have done just that!

Yet almost no one has believed them!

What the Greeks report is not what most people expect to find!

Some, who do not understand the difference between the House of Israel and the Jews, imagine the apostles went exclusively to Jews. Even some of those who know where the House of Israel is today often cannot believe that several of the tribes of Israel were not, in the apostles' day, where they are today.

Scholars have long puzzled over the remarkable information which the Greeks have handed down. These historical reports of the apostles are altogether different from the spurious apocryphal literature of the early Roman Catholic Church. Greek historians, in the early Middle Ages, have left us information from original documents that apparently are no longer extant. They had firsthand sources of information not now available to the scholarly world. What do those Greek historians report?

One valuable source of information is the Greek and Latin 'Ecclesiasticae Historiae' of Nicephorus Callistus. Another, in English, is 'Antiquitates Apostolicae' by William Cave.

Universal Greek tradition declares that the apostles did not leave the Syro-Palestinian region until the end of twelve years' ministry.

The number 12 symbolizes an organized beginning. Before those twelve years were up one of the apostles was already dead -- James, the brother of John. He had been beheaded by Herod (Acts 12). But where did the remaining apostles go?

SIMON PETER IN BRITAIN!

Begin with Simon Peter. Peter was made by Christ the chief among the twelve apostles to coordinate their work. Of necessity Peter would be found traveling to many more regions than he would personally be ministering to. The question is where did he spend most of his time?

We know Peter was for a limited time at Babylon in Mesopotamia, from which he wrote the letters to the churches in Asia Minor (I Peter 5:13).

Babylon was the major city from which the apostles in the east worked. Similarly Paul and the evangelists under him used Antioch in Syria as their chief city (Acts 14:26). The order in which Peter, in verse one of his first epistle, named the provinces of Asia Minor -- from east to west and back -- clearly proofs that the letter was sent from Babylon in the east, not Rome in the west. Rome did not become designated as 'Modern Babylon' until Christ revealed it, much later, after Peter's death, in the book of Revelation, chapter 17.

Where did Peter spend most of his time after those first twelve years in Palestine?

Metaphrastes, the Greek historian, reports 'that Peter was not only in these Western parts' -- the Western Mediterranean -- 'but particularly that he was a long time' -- here we have Peter's main life work to the Lost Ten Tribes -- '... a long time in Britain, where he converted many nations to the faith.' (See marginal note, p. 45, in Cave's 'Antiquitates Apostolicae.')

Peter preached the gospel in Great Britain, not in Rome. The true gospel had not been publicly preached in Rome before Paul arrived in A.D. 59. Paul never once mentions Peter in his epistle to the brethren in Rome, most of whom had been converted on Pentecost in 31 A.D.

Not even the Jews at Rome had heard the gospel preached before Paul arrived!

Here is Luke's inspired account of Paul's arrival in Rome: 'And it came to pass, that after three days Paul called the chief of the Jews together.' Continuing, Acts 28:21. 'And they' -- the Jews at Rome -- 'said unto him, We neither received letters out of Judaea concerning thee, neither any of the brethren that came shewed or spake any harm of thee. But we desire to hear of thee what thou thinkest: for as concerning this sect we know that everywhere it is spoken against. And when they had appointed him a day, there came many to him into his lodging; to whom he expounded and testified the kingdom of God, persuading them concerning Jesus, both out of the law of Moses, and out of the prophets, from morning till evening' (verses 21-23).

Here is absolute proof the Jews at Rome had never heard the apostle Peter preach.

Oh yes, there had been a 'Peter' in Rome -- ever since the days of Claudius Caesar. That Peter was in a high office. He was chief of the Babylonian Mysteries. His office was that of a 'Peter' -- meaning an Interpreter or Opener of Secrets. The word 'peter', in Babylonian and Hebrew, means 'opener' -- hence it is used in the original Hebrew of the Old Testament for 'firstling' -- one that first opens the womb.

That Peter of Rome was named Simon, too. Simon Magus (Acts 8). He was the leading conspirator in the plot hatched by the priests of the pagan Babylonian-Samaritan mysteries.

These plotters sought to seize upon the name of Christ as a cloak for their diabolical religion. These conspirators became the founders of what today masquerades in the world, falsely, as the 'Christian Religion.' (See III John.)

Simon Peter, Christ's apostle, was in Britain, not Rome, preaching the gospel of the Kingdom of God. The very fact that Peter preached in the British Isles is proof in itself that part of the Lost Ten-Tribed House of Israel was already there. Simon Peter was commissioned to go to the lost ten tribes.

And significantly, about A D 60 great wars overtook Britain. That is just what James warned of in his epistle (the fourth chapter, verse 1) to the twelve tribes of Israel! Could history be any clearer?

WHERE ARE PETER AND PAUL BURIED?

For centuries the Christian world has taken for granted that Peter and Paul are buried in Rome. No one, it seems, has thought to question the tradition.

Granted, Paul was brought to Rome about A.D. 67. He was beheaded, then buried on the Ostian Way. But are his remains still there?

Granted, too, that universal tradition declared the apostle Peter was also brought to Rome in Nero's reign and martyred about the same time.

Many pieces of ancient literature -- some spurious, some factual -- confirm that Simon Magus, the false apostle, who masqueraded as Peter, also died at Rome. The question is -- which Simon is buried today under the Vatican? Is there proof that the bones of the apostles Peter and Paul were moved from Rome, and are not there now?

Yes!

There is a reason the Vatican has been hesitant to claim the apostle Peter's tomb has been found! They know that it is Simon Magus, the false Peter, who is buried there, not Simon Peter the apostle. Here is what happened In the year 656 Pope Vitalian decided the Catholic Church was not interested in the remains of the apostles Peter and Paul. The Pope therefore ordered them sent to Oswy, King of Britain!

Here is part of his letter to the British king:

'However, we have ordered the blessed gifts of the holy martyrs, that is, the relics of the blessed apostles, Peter and Paul, and of the holy martyrs Laurentius, John, and Paul, and Gregory, and Pancratius, to be delivered to the bearers of these our letters, to be by them delivered to you' (Bede's 'Ecclesiastical History', bk. III, ch. 29).

Could anything be more astounding? The bones of Peter and Paul (termed 'relics' in the Pope's letter) sent by the Pope from Rome to Britain -- to the land of Israel!

About a century and a half earlier Constantius of Lyons took the relics of all the apostles and martyrs from Gaul and buried them in a special tomb at St. Albans in Britain. (Life of St. Germanus.) Is it significant that the work of God and God's College in Britain are in St. Albans? Think that over.

AND ANDREW HIS BROTHER

Britain, after A.D. 449, was settled by hundreds of thousands of new people not there in Peter's day. History knows them as Angles and Saxons. They came originally from the shores of the Black Sea -- where the House of Israel dwelt! In A.D. 256 they began to migrate from northern Asia Minor along the shores of the Black Sea to the Cymbric Peninsula (Denmark) opposite Britain. These were the people to whose ancestors Peter wrote his epistles.

Which one of the twelve apostles preached to their ancestors -- the so-called 'White Syrians' -- while they abode by the Bosporus and on the Black Sea? Listen to the answer from Greek historians: 'In this division Andrew had Scythia, and the neighboring countries primarily alloted him for his province. First then he travelled through Cappadocia, (Upper) Galatia and Bithynia, and instructed them in the faith of Christ, passing all along the Euxine Sea' -- the old name for the Black Sea! -- '... and so into the solitude of Scythia.'

One early Greek author gives these journeys in special detail, just as if Luke had written an account of the other apostles as he did of Paul. Andrew 'went next to Trapezus, a maritime city on the Euxine Sea, whence after many other places he came to Nice, where he stayed two years, preaching and working miracles with great success: thence to Nicomedia, and so to Chalcedon; whence sailing through the Propontis he came by the Euxine Sea to Heraclea, and from thence to Amastris .... He next came to Sinope, a city situated upon the same sea, ... here he met with his brother Peter, with whom he stayed a considerable time ...

Departing hence, he went again to Amynsus and then ... he proposed to return to Jerusalem' -- the headquarters church 'Whence after some time he betook himself ... to the country of Abasgi (a land in the Caucasus ) ... Hence he removed into ... Asiatic Scythia or Sarmatia, but finding the inhabitants very barbarous and intractable, he stayed not long among them, only at Cherson, or Chersonesus, a great and populous city within the Bosporus (this Bosporus is the modern Crimea), he continued for some time, instructing them and confirming them in the faith. Hence taking ship, he sailed across the sea to Sinope, situated in Paphlagonia ...' (pp. 137-138 of Cave's 'Antiquitates Apostolicae.')

Here we find Andrew preaching to the very areas in Asia Minor which Paul bypassed. From this region, and from Scythia north of the Black Sea, migrated the ancestors of the Scots and Anglo-Saxons, as we have already seen. They are of the House of Israel -- or else Andrew disobeyed his commission!

And what of the modern Scottish tradition that Andrew preached to their ancestors? Significant? Indeed!

AND THE OTHER APOSTLES?

And where did Simon the Zealot carry the gospel? Here, from the Greek records, is the route of his journey:

Simon 'directed his journey toward Egypt, then to Cyrene, and Africa ... and throughout Mauritania and all Libya, preaching the gospel .... Nor could the coldness of the climate benumb his zeal, or hinder him from shipping himself and the Christian doctrine over to the Western Islands, yea, even to Britain itself. Here he preached and wrought many miracles ....' Nicephorus and Dorotheus both wrote 'that he went at last into Britain, and ... was crucified ... and buried there' (p. 203 of Cave's Antiq. Apost.).

Think of it. Another of the twelve apostles is found preaching to the Lost Tribes of Israel in Britain and the West. But what is Simon the Zealot doing in North Africa? Were remnants of the House of Israel there, too? Had some fled westward in 721 B.C at the time of the Assyrian conquest of Palestine?

Here is Geoffrey of Monmouth's answer: 'The Saxons ... went unto Gormund, King of the Africans, in Ireland, wherein, adventuring thither with a vast fleet, he had conquered the folk of the country. Thereupon, by the treachery of the Saxons, he sailed across with a hundred and sixty thousand Africans into Britain ... (and) laid waste, as hath been said, well-nigh the whole island with his countless thousands of Africans' (bk. xi, sect. 8, 19).

These countless thousands were not Negroes, or Arabs. They were whites -- Nordics -- who came from North Africa and Mauritania, where Simon preached. These Nordics, declares the 'Universal History' (1748-Vol. xviii, p. 194), 'gave out, that their ancestors were driven out of Asia by a powerful enemy, and pursued into Greece; from whence they made their escape' to North Africa. 'But this ... was to be understood only of the white nations inhabiting some parts of western Barbary and Numidia.'

What white nation was driven from the western shores of western Asia? The House of Israel! Their powerful enemy? The Assyrians!

For almost three centuries after the time of Simon Zelotes they remained in Mauritania. But they are not in North Africa today. They arrived in Britain shortly after A.D. 449 at the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion.

In A.D. 598, when the bishop of Rome sent Augustine to bring Catholicism to England he found the inhabitants were already professing Christians! Their ancestors had already heard the message from one of the twelve apostles!

AND IRELAND TOO!

Another of the apostles sent to the lost sheep of the House of Israel was James, the son of Alphaeus. Some early writers were confused by the fact that two of the twelve apostles were named James. James, son of Alphaeus, was the one who left Palestine after the first twelve years. The deeds of this apostle are sometimes mistakenly assigned to James, John's brother. But that James was already martyred by Herod (Acts 12:2).

Where did James, son of Alphaeus, preach?

'The Spanish writers generally contend, after the death of Stephen he came to these Western parts, and particularly into Spain (some add Britain and Ireland) where he planted Christianity' (p. 148 of Cave's work)

Note it. Yet another apostle sent to the lost sheep of the House of Israel ends in the British Isles -- in Ireland as well as in Britain!

Eusebius, in his third book of 'Evangelical Demonstrations', chapter 7, admitted that the apostles 'passed over to those which are called the British Isles.' Again he wrote: 'Some of the Apostles preached the Gospel in the British Isles.' Could anything be plainer?

Even in Spain James spent some time. Why Spain? From ancient times Spain was the high road of migration from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the British Isles. The ancient royal House of Ireland for a time dwelt in Spain. The prophet Jeremiah passed through Spain into Ireland with Zedekiah's daughters (Jeremiah 41:10; 43:6). Even today a vital part of the Iberian Peninsula -Gibraltar -- belongs to the birthright tribe of Ephraim -- the British!

PAUL IN BRITAIN, TOO?

Turn, now, to added proof of the apostles' mission to the lost sheep of the House of Israel in the British Isles. From an old volume, published in 1674, by William Camden, we read: 'The true Christian Religion was planted here most anciently by Joseph of Arimathea, Simon Zelotes, Aristobulus, by St. Peter, and St. Paul, as may be proofd by Dorotheus, Theodoretus and Sophronius.' ('Remains of Britain,' page 5)

Paul is now included! Had Paul planned to go from Italy into Spain and then Britain? ... Here is his answer: '... I will come by you into Spain' (Rom. 15:28). Clement of Rome, in his letter to the Corinthians, confirms Paul's journey to the West. But did that include Britain?

Listen to the words of the Greek church historian Theodoret. He reports: 'That St. Paul brought salvation to the isles that lie in the ocean' (book i, on Psalm cxvi. p. 870). The British Isles.

But was that merely to preach to the Gentiles? Not at all.

Remember that the third and last part of Paul's commission, after he revealed Christ to the kings and rulers at Rome, was to bear the name of Jesus to the 'children of Israel' (Acts 9:15) -- the Lost Ten Tribes. This is not a prophecy concerning Jews, whom Paul had previously reached in the Greek world of the eastern Mediterranean.

This is a prophecy of Paul's mission to the British Isles! Could anything be more astounding?

ON THE SHORES OF THE CASPIAN SEA

James referred to Israel as scattered abroad. We have found them in Northwest Europe. And in North Africa, from whence they migrated into Britain in the fifth century And in northern Asia Minor, associated with the Assyrians. In 256 they began to migrate from the regions of the Black Sea to Denmark, thence into the British Isles in 449.

But remnants of the Ten Lost Tribes were yet in another vast region beyond the confines of the Roman Empire. That region was known as the Kingdom of Parthia.

Who the Parthians were has long remained a mystery. They suddenly appear near the Caspian Sea around 700 B C. as slaves of the Assyrians.

'According to Diodorus, who probably followed Ctesias, they passed from the dominion of the Assyrians to that of the Medes, and from dependence upon the Medes to a similar position under the Persians.' (Rawlinson's 'Monarchies,' Vol. IV, p. 26, quoted from Diod. Sic., ii 2, 3; 34, 1 and 6.)

The Parthians rose to power around 250 B.C. in the lands along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. That was the very land into which Israel was exiled! What puzzles historians is that the Parthians were neither Persians, nor Medes, nor Assyrians or any other known people.

Even their name breathes mystery -- until you understand the Bible.

The word Parthian means exile! (See Rawlinson's 'The Sixth Monarchy,' page 19.) The only exiles in this land were the ten tribes of Israel! The Parthians included none other than the exiled Lost Ten Tribes who remained In the land of their captivity until A D. 226.

That's when the Persians drove them into Europe.

Now consider this. James addressed his letter to the twelve tribes of Israel scattered abroad. He warns the Israelites against the wars being waged among themselves. When James wrote his letter about A.D. 60 the world was at peace except for two regions -- Britain and Parthia!

There is no mistaking this. Parthia and Britain were Israelite.

Which of the twelve apostles carried the gospel to the Parthian Israelites?

The Greek historians reveal that Thomas brought the gospel to 'Parthia, after which Sophornius and others inform us, that he preached the gospel to the Medes, Persians, Carmans, Hyrcani, Bactrians, and the neighbor nations' (Cave's 'Antiq. Apost.', p. 189).

These strange sounding names are the lands we know today as Iran (or Persia) and Afghanistan. In apostolic days the whole region was subject to the Parthians.

Though many Israelites had left the region already, multitudes remained behind, spread over adjoining territory. They lost their identity and became identified with the names of the districts in which they lived.

Josephus, the Jewish historian, was familiar with Parthia as a major dwelling place of the Ten Tribes. He declares: 'But then the entire body of the people of Israel (the Ten Tribes) remained in that country (they did not return to Palestine); wherefore there are but two tribes in Asia and Europe subject to the Romans, while the ten tribes are beyond Euphrates till now, and are an immense multitude, and not to be estimated by numbers' ('Antiq. of the Jews', bk. xi, ch. v, 2).

There it is! The very area to which Thomas sojourned was, reports Josephus, filled with uncounted multitudes of the Ten Tribes! Josephus was, apparently, unaware of those who had already migrated westward.

But he does make it plain that only the House of Judah ever returned to Palestine. The House of Israel was 'beyond Euphrates till now'!

Parthia was defeated by Persia in 226 A.D. Expelled from Parthia, the Ten Tribes and the Medes moved north of the Black Sea, into Scythia. (See R. G. Latham's 'The Native Races of the Russian Empire,' page 216.) From there, around A.D. 256, the Ten Tribes migrated with their brethren from Asia Minor into Northwest Europe. This migration was occasioned by a concerted Roman attack in the east. It backfired on the Romans, for hordes of Israelites and Assyrians suddenly broke through the Roman defenses in the West that same year!

Thomas also journeyed into Northwest India, east of Persia, where the 'White Indians' dwelt. These 'White Indians' -- that is, whites living in India -- were also known as 'Nephthalite Huns,' in later Greek records. Any connection with the tribe of Naphtali? They were overthrown in the sixth century and migrated into Scandinavia. The archaeology of Scandinavia confirms this event.

Bartholomew shared, with Thomas, the same vast plains, according to Nicephorus. Bartholomew also spent part of his time in neighboring Armenia and a portion of Upper Phrygia in Asia Minor. Nicephorus termed the area, in his history, the 'Western and Northern parts of Asia,' by which he meant Upper Asia Minor, modern Turkey today. This was the same district to which Andrew carried the gospel, and to which Peter sent two of his letters.

Jude, also named Libbaeus Thaddaeus, had part in the ministry in Assyria and Mesopotamia. That is part of Parthia which Josephus designated as still inhabited by the Ten Tribes. The Parthian kingdom, which was composed of the Ten Tribes ruling over Gentiles, possessed Assyria and Mesopotamia during most of the New Testament period. From the famous city Babylon, in Mesopotamia, Peter directed the work of all the apostles in the East (Parthia).

Scythia and Upper Asia (meaning Asia Minor) were the regions assigned to Philip. (See Cave's 'Antiq. Apost.', p. 168). Scythia was the name of the vast plain north of the Black and the Caspian Seas. To this region a great colony of Israelites migrated after the fall of the Persian Empire in 331. From Scythia migrated the Scots. The word Scot is derived from the word Scyth. It means an inhabitant of Scythia. The Scots are part of the House of Israel.

Interestingly, the word Scythia, in Celtic, has the same meaning that Hebrew does in the Semitic language -- a migrant or wanderer!

WHERE DID MATTHEW GO?

Matthew, Metaphrastes tells us, 'went first into Parthia, and having successfully planted Christianity in those parts, thence travelled to Aethiopia, that is, the Asiatic Aethiopia, lying near India.'

For some centuries this region of the Hindu Kush, bordering on Scythia and Parthia, was known as 'White India.' It lies slightly east of the area where the Assyrians settled the Israelite captives. A natural process of growth led the House of Israel to these sparcely populated regions. From there they migrated to Northwest Europe in the sixth century, long after the Apostles' time. Dorotheus declares

Matthew was buried at Hierapolis in Parthia.

The Parthian kingdom was, in fact, a loose union of those lost tribes of Israel who dwelt in Central Asia during this period. The Persians finally drove them all out. Whenever Parthia prospered, other nations prospered. Whenever the Parthians suffered reverses, other nations suffered. Remember the Scripture: 'And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee' (Genesis 12:3).

Ethiopic and Greek sources designate Dacia (modern Romania) and Macedonia, north of Greece, as part of the ministry of Matthias. Dacia was the extreme western part of Scythia. From Dacia came the Normans who ultimately settled in France and Britain.

The French tradition that Mary, the mother of Jesus, journeyed into Gaul (modern France) lends heavy weight to John's having been in Gaul in his earlier years. It was to John that Jesus committed Mary's care. She would be where he was working. Paul knew Gaul to be an area settled by the House of Israel. He bypassed Gaul on his way from Italy to Spain (Romans 15:24, 28) Gaul must have been reached by one of the twelve.

How plain! How can any misunderstand! Here is historic proof to confirm, absolutely, the identity and location of 'the House of Israel.' The identity of Israel, from secular sources, is itself also independent and absolute proof of where the twelve apostles carried out God's work.

Volume 2 Chapter 16

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

CHAPTER XVI

JOURNEY TO PETRA

Why should the valley through Petra be named after Moses -- if Moses was never there? Could it be that Moses and the children of Israel actually assembled in Petra before entering the Promised Land?

Why are so many chapters in the Bible devoted to the minute details of the journey of Israel from Egypt to Palestine? Have these chapters hitherto undisclosed historical meaning?

AFTER MOUNT SINAI -- WHERE?

Today, almost no one supposes Israel ever saw Petra. Yet not more than two centuries ago it was common knowledge among scholars that Moses, Aaron, Miriam and the children of Israel journeyed through Petra!

Now notice what really happened when Israel was about to leave Mount Sinai. It is found in Numbers 10:11-12. 'And it came to pass on the twentieth day of the second month, in the second year (after the Exodus), that the cloud was taken up from off the tabernacle .... And the children took their journeys' -- the original Hebrew reads 'set forward by stages' (Jewish translation) -- 'out of the wilderness of Sinai; and the cloud rested in the wilderness of Paran.'

From Numbers 9:15 to 23, we learn that the encampments of Israel were determined by the movement of the cloud above the tabernacle. When the cloud was stationary, the people abode in their tents. When the cloud ascended and moved forward, the people followed it. The Eternal -- the God of Israel, who later came in the flesh as Christ -- was in that cloud! He was leading Israel. He determined their movements. Where did He take them? To 'the wilderness of Paran,' says Numbers 10:12.

But where is Paran?

Men assume it may mean the Sinai Peninsula, southwest of Palestine. They are only guessing! They don't really know! Where does the Bible say it is?

First, let's understand what the word 'Paran' means. 'Young's Concordance' gives the surprising definition: 'Full of caverns.' Paran comes from the Hebrew root meaning 'to dig out,' or 'to cut out,' according to the 'Encyclopaedia Biblica'; hence, 'to embellish or decorate' ('Strong's Concordance').

Here is a wilderness famous for a place in it which is full of caverns or caves! -- embellished or decorated with tombs! Is this place Petra? We shall see. Certainly no city is more famous for its beautifully carved caves than Petra!

Notice also that Ishmael -- the ancestor of the Arabians -- 'dwelt in the wilderness of Paran' (Genesis 21:21). It does not say he dwelt in Sinai. The scripture reads Paran. And where is the ancestral home of the Arabs? In Arabia, east of the Sinai Peninsula! That indicates that the wilderness of Paran borders on Arabia!

Now turn to Numbers 12:16. Note what it says -- the children of Israel pitched their tents 'in the wilderness of Paran.' From here Moses sent the twelve men to spy out the land of Palestine. 'And Moses sent them from the wilderness of Paran according to the commandment of the Lord' (Numbers 13:3).

After forty days 'they came to Moses, and to Aaron, and to all the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh' (Numbers 13:26). Kadesh is a city (Numbers 20:16).

WHAT DOES 'KADESH' MEAN?

Why was this city called 'Kadesh'? In Hebrew, the word Kadesh means 'holy.' (See 'Young's Concordance'.) What made the place holy?

God did! God is holy. God dwelled in the cloud over the tabernacle. The cloud abode in the wilderness of Paran in Kadesh. God's presence sanctified the city and gave the name Kadesh to it.

Kadesh has more than one name. In the book of Numbers, God commanded Israel to go up and possess the land, beginning from 'Kadesh' (Numbers 13:26). But in Deuteronomy 9:23 we read: 'Likewise when the Lord sent you from Kadesh-barnea, saying, 'Go up and possess the land which I have given you'; then ye rebelled ....' Kadesh-barnea is therefore another name for Kadesh.

Why should the city of Kadesh also be called 'Kadesh-barnea'? The Hebrew word 'barnea' comes from two Hebrew words, 'bar' and 'nua'. The root meaning of 'nua' (sometimes spelled 'nuwa') is 'to waver or wander.' It is often translated in the Old Testament as 'wanderer,' 'vagabond,' 'fugitive.' 'Bar' means 'son.' It is used in such expressions as Bartimaeus, meaning 'the son of Timaeus' (Mark 10:46), 'Simon Bar-Jona' -- Simon the son of Jona (Matthew 16:17).

It was at Kadesh (Numbers 13:26) that the Israelites wavered in their faith. They refused to trust God (Numbers 14:1, 11). As a punishment they had to wander or be fugitives in the wilderness. 'And the Lord's anger was kindled against Israel, and he made them wander in the wilderness forty years, until all the generation that had done evil in the sight of the Lord was consumed' (Numbers 32:13).

Kadesh was never referred to as Kadesh-barnea until after the Israelites wavered in their faith and had to wander as a punishment (Numbers 32:8). The significance of the name barnea, then, is 'the wandering sons.'

Observe, now, in what mountain range Kadesh is to be found.

LOCATED IN MOUNT SEIR!

'And we journeyed from Horeb, and went through all that great and dreadful wilderness which ye saw, by the way to the hill country of the Amorites, as the Lord our God commanded us: and we came to Kadesh-barnea' (Deuteronomy 1:19).

The 'hill country of the Amorites' is defined by Moffatt in Judges 1:36 as extending 'from the Scorpion Pass ('Akrabbim' in King James Version) to Sela and beyond it.' Sela is Petra!

Consider another vital point. To reach Kadesh from Horeb or Sinai (Horeb is another name for Sinai -- Malachi 4:4 and Deuteronomy 4:10-13), the usual eleven-day route went 'by the way of Mount Seir'!

Or, in other words, Israel journeyed by the Mount Seir road! But where is Mount Seir?

Mount Seir is that chain of mountains between Arabia and the Arabah or 'plain' mentioned so often in the Bible. It lies east of the Arabah and extends from the Gulf of Aqaba north to near the Dead Sea.

Most maps in the back of a Bible will have these places located correctly. These maps, however, misplace Kadesh. The 'Kadesh' usually located in the Sinai Peninsula is not the city Moses describes, but is the 'Kedesh' of Joshua 15:23 instead -- another place altogether.

Now consider this: if the wilderness of Paran and Kadesh were in the Sinai Peninsula southwest of Palestine, there would be no reason for traveling by the way of Mount Seir!

The only reason one would have to travel by the Way of Mount Seir -- or by the Mount Seir Road -- is that Paran and Kadesh lay east of the Sinai Peninsula -- in other words, in the vicinity of Petra!

Take another scripture -- Deuteronomy 1:6-7: 'The Lord our God spoke unto us in Horeb, saying: 'Ye have dwelt long enough in this mountain; turn you, and take your journey, and go to the hill-country of the Amorites and unto all the places nigh thereunto, in the Arabah (in the King James Version it is called 'the plain'), in the hill-country, in the Lowland, and in the South, and by the sea-shore of the Canaanites, and Lebanon, as far as the great river, the river Euphrates' ' (Jewish translation).

Did you notice that? Israel was to journey to the Amorite hill-country, where Kadesh was located. From there they were to enter the promised land from the east, to proceed westward to the shore of the Mediterranean, and then go north to Lebanon and the Euphrates (verse 21). The first part of the promised land they would enter was the Arabah -- the wilderness just west of Petra in Mount Seir!

Here is just one more proof that Kadesh and the wilderness of Paran were east of the Arabah -- east of the Sinai Peninsula -- in Mount Seir, in the vicinity of Petra!

ISRAEL WHIPPED IN SEIR

But this is not all the evidence. Notice! When Israel refused to trust God, He sternly told them: 'Surely they shall not see the land which I sware unto their fathers, neither shall any of them see it' (Numbers 14:23). Upon receiving this rebuke, they imperiously said: 'Lo, we be here, and will go up unto the place which the Lord hath promised: for we have sinned. And Moses said, Wherefore now do ye transgress the commandment of the Lord .... Go not up, for the Lord is not among you; that ye be not smitten before your enemies .... But they presumed to go up unto the hill top: ... Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites which dwelt in that hill, and smote them, and discomfited them, even unto Hormah' (Numbers 14:40-45).

Notice where this disaster befell Israel. The people were defeated even to Hormah. Where is Hormah?

'And the Amorites' -- who were Canaanites -- 'came out against you, as bees do, and destroyed you in Seir, even unto Hormah'! (Deuteronomy 1:42-45.)

It was in Seir -- in the mountain range where Petra is located -- that Israel was handed this severe defeat. This was not somewhere in the Sinai wilderness. This was in Seir. The Bible says so!

YET ANOTHER PROOF!

Kadesh is also said to be located in 'the Wilderness of Zin.' 'For ye rebelled,' God told Moses, 'against my commandment in the desert of Zin, in the strife of the congregation, to sanctify me at the water before their eyes: that is the water of Meribah in Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin' (Numbers 27:14).

Since Kadesh is located in the wilderness of Paran and in the wilderness or Zin, it certainly appears that Zin and Paran are two different names for the same wilderness, doesn't it? What does 'Zin' mean? Here is the answer!

The spies began to search the promised land from the city of Kadesh-barnea. That is recorded in Deuteronomy 1:19-23. Kadesh was their starting point. It was an important city on the border of the promised land. It was in fact one of the promised 'gates of your enemies' (Genesis 22:17). But according to Numbers 13:21, we discover that 'they went up, and searched the land from the wilderness of Zin 26).

The Wilderness of Zin is mentioned no less than ten times in the Bible. Invariably the only city associated with it is Kadesh. Kadesh is also the only city associated with Paran. Remember that Paran means 'caverns.' But what does Zin mean?

It comes from the Hebrew root meaning a mountainous crag, as if piercing the sky! (See 'Strong's Concordance'.) Here is what the 'Encyclopaedia Biblica' says: Zin 'may mean the 'wall' of rock within which the wilderness of Zin lies'!

What better description could we find for the region of Petra than this! Petra is famous for its stupendous crags jutting high into the sky. Is it a coincidence that Petra -- with its rocky crags and its caves -- is the only city in the region of Arabia from which the words Paran and Zin can both be derived?

Some have been confused between the 'Wilderness of Zin' and the 'Wilderness of Sin.' They are not the same. They are spelled differently in Hebrew. The Wilderness of Sin was reached by Israel before they even came to Sinai (Exodus 16:1). The wilderness of Zin was reached after Israel departed from Sinai. Sin was northwest of Sinai.

Zin was far to the northeast of Mount Sinai.

WHERE WAS THE 'WILDERNESS OF WANDERING'?

The epoch-making night following the return of the twelve spies, 'all the congregation lifted up their voice, and cried; and the people wept' (Numbers 14:1). Their anger rose to rebellion next day. They hurled the accusation 'Would God we had died in this wilderness' (verse 2).

When God heard it, He ordered Moses to tell the people: 'Tomorrow turn you, and get you into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea' (verse 25, last half).

Remember, Israel was already in the wilderness of Zin or Paran.

Now God orders them to leave Kadesh and go into the wilderness by the Way of the Red Sea -- that is, by the Red Sea Road. They reached Kadesh by the Mount Seir Road. Now they are to leave by another route for an area called 'the wilderness.'

After their crushing defeat that morning at Hormah, Moses reported: 'And ye returned and wept before the Lord; but the Lord would not hearken to your voice, nor give ear unto you. So you abode in Kadesh many days' -- how long? 'According unto the days (the forty days of anxious waiting for the spies' return) that you abode there' (Deuteronomy 1:45-46).

God would not let them remain in Kadesh any longer. He was determined that they were to leave that day for the wilderness, rather than enter Palestine. They did not deserve the promised land. They despised it. The many days of waiting, in which they dwelled in Kadesh, comprised over forty long days. When the spies returned, they rebelled.

Thus, instead of entering the land of Canaan, Moses wrote: 'Then we turned, and took our journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea, as the Lord spake unto me' (Deuteronomy 2:1).

The children of Israel now move southwest from Kadesh. They take the road that leads to the Red Sea in order to journey into the wilderness. This is the wilderness which they had asked to die in (Numbers 14:2) -- and in it they were going to die! Moses called it 'that great and dreadful wilderness' -- the edge of which they passed through when journeying from Sinai to Mount Seir (Deuteronomy 1:19).

This wilderness in the Sinai Peninsula has been called throughout history simply Et Tih -- meaning 'the Wilderness'; or Badiyat et-Tih Beni Israel -- meaning 'the Wilderness of the Wanderings of the Children of Israel.' This designation runs back in the Arabian historians as far back as we have any track of their name for this desert,' says Trumbull, on page 67 of 'Kadesh-barnea'.

Nowhere in all the Bible is this area ever called Zin or Paran! It is entirely mislabeled on most Bible maps today. Nearly thirty-seven and one-half years were spent wandering in this desolate, arid region.

No notice is taken of any wilderness encampments during those years.

Only a few major events occurring during the period are recorded in Numbers 15 through 19.

ENCAMPMENTS LISTED IN ORDER

Before we proceed further, let's consider Numbers 33. This entire chapter is devoted to the encampments of the children of Israel. This list of seemingly unimportant encampments may have far more importance for us today than we dream! Everything is placed in the Bible for a purpose!

Turn now to Numbers 33. Beginning with verse 1: 'These are the journeys of the children of Israel .... And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys by the commandment of the Lord.' Then Moses lists the stopovers to Sinai (verse 15).

We have read in Deuteronomy 1:2 that the trip could be made from Sinai to Kadesh in eleven days of normal travel. The Israelites took longer, of course. Sometimes they remained a week (Numbers 12:15) or a month (Numbers 11:20) in one location before moving.

In the list in Numbers 33, the name 'Kadesh' appears only once as an encampment (verses 36-37). In this list it appears just before the short journey to Mount Hor. It is therefore the second time Israel entered Kadesh. Since the children of Israel were in Kadesh twice, it is hardly likely that the first stop there should have been omitted in Numbers 33.

Nor indeed is it!

In Numbers 12:16, observe that the camping points between Hazeroth and the wilderness of Paran are skipped over. In Numbers 33:18-30 you will find them listed. Mount Shapher (verse 23) is one of the famous mountain peaks in the Mount Seir range. 'The Mount Shapher of Moses ... is the Jebel Shafeh of the Arabs, (which gave its name to) the mountain range lying NNE (north-northeast) of Akabah, and extending from the head of that gulf to the neighborhood of Petra and Mount Hor,' wrote Charles Forster in 'Sinai Photographed,' page 144. This one peak gave its name to the entire range of mountains inhabited by the descendants of Seir.

The remaining stops after Mount Shapher take us east along Mount Seir to Bene-Jaakan (verse 31).

BENE-JAAKAN IS KADESH!

Notice Numbers 33:37. In the fortieth year of the exodus, Israel journeyed from Kadesh to Mount Hor where Aaron died. But when Moses related the same movements orally, he said: 'And the children of Israel took their journey from Beeroth (Beeroth means 'wells') of the children of Jaakan to Mosera: where Aaron died' (Deuteronomy 10:6). This scripture indicates that Mosera is another name applied to Mount Hor and that Bene-Jaakan is another name for Kadesh. Mogera means 'chastisement' in Hebrew ('Young's Concordance'). It was at Mount Hor that Aaron died as a chastisement for disobeying God at Kadesh. It is certainly a fitting name for the Mount.

Now what does 'Bene-Jaakan' mean?

The name 'Bene-Jaakan' is merely another way of saying 'children of Jaskan.' The usual Hebrew word for child or son is BEN. So the locale designated Bene-Jaakan is the place where the descendants of Jaakan settled. But who was Jaakan?

Jaakan is spelled Jakan in I Chronicles 1:42 and Akan in Genesis 36:27. Jaakan was a son of Ezer. Ezer was a son of Seir the Horite (Genesis 36:20-21). The word Horite came to mean cave-dweller according to many authorities. That makes the children of Jaakan Horites or cave-dwellers. And what city in Mount Seir is more famous for its caves than Petra? History tells us that the Horites originally cut out the gaping caverns in Petra!

Certainly Bene-Jaakan is another name for Petra!

The few children of Jaakan at Kadesh did not resist the Israelites when Israel came to Kadesh the first time, or else they would not have been there to meet the Israelites nearly forty years later! It appears also that a few of the Kenites dwelt around Petra and dominated the region. The Kenites had their strong dwelling place 'in a rock' -- 'in Sela' according to the original Hebrew (Numbers 24:21). Sela is Petra.

Moses' father-in-law -- a priest himself -- was a Kenite (Judges 1:16) probably from Sela, where the children of Jaakan also dwelt.

And is not this also an indication that Moses' experiences in the wilderness for forty years prior to the exodus were to train him to lead the nation Israel through Sinai to the safety of Kadesh on the borders of Canaan?

But to return to Numbers 33 . After leaving Kadesh the first time, the children of Israel did not need to stop at Mount Hor. They proceeded southwest into the Arabah and came to Horhagidgad, then to Jotbathah, then to Ebronah (verses 32-34), This took them into the Sinaitic wilderness where no further encampments are recorded for about thirty-seven years!

God saw no need to take out time with the route of their miserable wanderings.

The account in Numbers 33 next picks up the journey of Israel from Eziongeber to Kadesh again (verses 35, 36) about the beginning of the fortieth year after the exodus.

THE RETURN TO KADESH

Thirty-nine years have now elapsed since the Exodus from Egypt.

'Then came the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, to the desert of Zin in the first month (of the fortieth year, according to Josephus): and the people abode in Kadesh; and Miriam (the sister of Moses) died there, and was buried there' (Numbers 20:1).

The Bible records that Miriam was buried in Kadesh. In William Whiston's footnote in Josephus' 'Antiquities of the Jews,' Book IV, Chapter IV, Section 7, we read that 'her sepulchre is still extant near Petra, the old capital city of Arabia Petraea, at this day; as also that of Aaron, not far off'!

Now notice what happened next. 'And there was no water for the congregation: and they gathered themselves together against Moses and against Aaron .... And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, Take the rod, and gather thou the assembly together, thou, and Aaron thy brother, and speak ye unto the rock before their eyes; and it shall give forth his water, and thou shalt bring forth to them water out of the rock: so thou shalt give the congregation and their beasts to drink.'

Then 'Moses and Aaron gathered the congregation together before the rock, and he said unto them, Hear now, ye rebels; must we fetch you water out of this rock? And Moses lifted up his hand, and with his rod he smote the rock twice: and the water came out abundantly, and the congregation drank, and their beasts also.'

'And the Lord spake unto Moses and Aaron. Because ye believed Me not, to sanctify Me in the eyes of the children of Israel' -- God had ordered Moses to speak to the rock, not to strike it, to show that it was God alone who could produce the water at the precise moment -- 'therefore ye shall not bring this congregation into the land which I have given them' (Numbers 20:2, 7-8, 10-12).

What rock is it that Moses struck?

It is SELA in Hebrew!

'SELA' ANOTHER NAME FOR PETRA

There are two Hebrew words commonly rendered rock. One is 'sela,' the other is 'tsur.' The word 'tsur' may mean 'a cliff, a rock, a boulder.'

When Moses struck 'the rock in Horeb,' thirty-nine years before, he did not strike Sela or Petra. He struck 'tsur'! Observe: 'Behold, I,' spoke God to Moses, 'I will stand before thee there upon the rock (tsur) in Horeb; and thou shalt smite the rock (tsur), and there shall come water out of it .... And he called the name of the place Massah (meaning 'temptation'), and Meribah (meaning 'strife'), because of the chiding of the children of Israel, and because they tempted the Lord saying, Is the Lord among us, or not?' (Exodus 17:6-7).

This rock -- 'tsur' -- is referred to spiritually in I Corinthians 10:4: 'And they did all drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them (a better translation is 'went with them'): and that Rock was Christ.'

The waters which sprang from the two different rocks, nearly thirty-nine years apart, were both called 'Meribah' (Exodus 17:7; Numbers 20:13, 24). That has led some to confuse the events. Meribah means 'strife.' In both instances the children of Israel strove with God. To distinguish between the two, Moses was inspired to use the expression 'Meribah in Kadesh' (Numbers 27:14), or 'Meribah-Kadesh' (Deuteronomy 32:51), for the later strife over water at Sela.

About four months have now elapsed since Israel came to Kadesh the second time. 'And the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, journeyed from Kadesh, and came unto Mount Hor. And the Lord spake unto Moses and Aaron in Mount Hor, by the coast of the land of Edom, saying, Aaron shall be gathered unto his people' (Numbers 20:22-24).

WHERE DID AARON DIE?

The same event is recorded in Numbers 33:37-38.

A little to the southwest of Petra is a 4800 foot mountain called Jebel Nebi Harun by the Arabs. It means Mount of the Prophet Aaron. It is the traditional site of the death of Aaron.

Josephus, the Jewish historian in the time of the apostles, tells us that Aaron died on one of the 'high mountains' which encompasses 'Petra'! Mount Hor is by Petra! -- 'by the coast of the land of Edom' (Numbers 20:23).

If you will scrutinize modern Bible maps you will see that some scholars speculate that Mount Hor might have been Mount Madurah in the Negeb, in the South of Palestine. But this area was well within the promised land. God never gave it to Edom. It is far to the west of Edom's borders. It is not where Aaron died. Aaron died on the southern border of Edom in Seir.

From Petra -- called Kadesh or Kadesh-Barnea in the account of the Exodus -- Moses expected to lead Israel into Palestine. The direct route from Petra to east of Jordan was by the King's Highway. Now we pick up the story of the Exodus with Moses' request to journey on this important road-link with Eastern Palestine.

WHERE WAS THE KING'S HIGHWAY?

When Moses and the Israelites were at Kadesh they sent messengers to the king of Edom asking permission to 'go by the king's highway' (Numbers 20:17) . Edom refused passage.

'And the children of Israel said unto him, 'We will go by the highway: and if I and my cattle drink of thy water, then I will pay for it'.' In response to this second request we read: 'And he said' -- this is Edom's reply -- 'Thou shalt not go through.' They refused again.

'And Edom came out against him with much people, and with a strong hand. Thus Edom refused to give Israel passage through his border: wherefore Israel turned away from him' (Numbers 20:19-21).

Israel was not permitted to go through Edom by the King's Highway.

Where was this highway?

Part of it may still be seen today. It lay east of the Dead Sea and east of Mount Seir. It is nearly identical with today's main-traveled road from Amman to the Gulf of Aqaba. All of us who have visited Petra have had to travel the same general route of this ancient highway! It is the only highway in the region!

This route east of Palestine and Mount Seir has always been known in history as the King's Highway.

What was Israel going to do, now that Edom refused them passage by this route?

JOURNEY NORTHWARD IN THE ARABAH

After Israel had moved from Eziongeber to Kadesh the second time, God said to Moses: 'Ye have compassed this mountain long enough; turn northward. And command thou the people, saying: 'Ye are to pass through the border of your brethren the children of Esau, that dwell in Seir

After Kadesh was reached and the King's Highway closed to them, Moses summarizes the next few months by saying: 'So we passed by from our brethren the children of Esau, that dwell in Seir, through the way of the Arabah (the King James Version has 'plain'), from Elath and from Eziongaber' (Deuteronomy 2:8).

Since Edom refused passage, Israel had to turn back, pass by Mount Hor, and continue northward through the Arabah to by-pass the territory of Edom.

Most Bible maps would have the children of Israel going southward around Mount Seir and then taking the King's Highway in order to by-pass Edom! It shows how little most scholars read their Bibles.

Israel had to go west of Edom through the Arabah in order to avoid cutting through the border of Edom.

Upon leaving Mount Hor, Israel journeyed to Gudgodah and to Jotbath (Deuteronomy 10:7). These two places on the road from Petra to the Arabah Road are probably spelling variants of the two locations -- Hor-hagidgad and Jotbathah -- which Israel stopped at about thirty-eight years earlier when leaving Kadesh the first time (Numbers 33:33).

This clearly proofs that the Eternal was leading the children of Israel into the Arabah from Kadesh both times -- the first time southward by the Red Sea Road into the wilderness; the second time by the same Red Sea Road northward to compass the land of Edom (Numbers 21:4). This road is called the 'Arabah Road' in Deuteronomy 2:8, because it ran the length of the Arabah, north and south of Petra.

When the Canaanites heard that Israel was proceeding northward (Deuteronomy 2:3, 8), 'by the way of the spies' (Numbers 21:1) -- that is, by the way which the spies used to enter Palestine when they searched the land forty days -- then the Canaanites fought Israel and were this time defeated (Numbers 21:3).

These verses show that Israel proceeded northward, not southward, on the Arabah Way -- the 'Way of the Plain,' sometimes called the 'Way of the Red Sea.' To go the Way of the Red Sea does not mean one has to go to the Red Sea. It would, of course, be the route leading to the Red Sea, but one may be going in the opposite direction on the road -- just as Israel did! This Arabah road stretched from the Gulf of Aqaba northward to near the Dead Sea.

En route north, they came to Punon (Numbers 33:42). The settlement of Punon is north of Petra and in the Arabah. It is an area of extensive copper mines. (See Kelleres 'The Bible as History,' page 143.) Its modern Arabic name is Phenan.

The stop at Punon immediately preceded the stop at Oboth (Numbers 33:43). Now compare this with Numbers 21:9 and 10. Notice that at Punon -- the stop just before Oboth -- Moses made a 'serpent of brass' -- an alloy of copper. Certainly there is no mistaking where Punon is!

The very next encampment is on 'the border of Moab' (Numbers 33:44).

Not until they reached the northern border of Edom did Israel cut eastward between Moab and Edom along the brook Zered (Deuteronomy 2:8, last part, and 13). This was thirty-eight years after they left Kadesh the first time (Deuteronomy 2:14).

They had to journey eastward because Israel had rejected the direct route into Palestine from the south nearly forty years earlier!

PETRA OCCUPIED BY ISRAEL

Next, let us skip over to the time Israel under Joshua took the promised land. Remember that Kadesh rightfully belonged to Israel (Deuteronomy 1:19-20).

Observe what Joshua did: 'And Joshua smote them from Kadesh-barnea even unto Gaza, and all the country of Goshen, even unto Gibeon' (Joshua 10:41). Here the easternmost limit of southern Palestine is the city Kadesh-barnea. Compare this with Joshua 15:1-3:

'This then was the lot of the tribe of Judah ... even to the border of Edom the wilderness of Zin southward .... And their south border was from the shore of the salt sea ... and passed along to Zin, and ascended up on the south side unto Kadesh-barnea.'

And again: 'So Joshua took all that land ... and the Arabah ('the plain' in King James Version) ... even unto the mount Halak, that goeth up to Seir' (Joshua 11:16-17). 'Mount Halak' is not quite a clear translation of the original Hebrew. The word 'Halak' means smooth, bare. 'Smith's Bible Dictionary' indicates it is 'the mountain range on the east side of the 'Arabah, or one of the bare mountain summits in that range.' 'Hastings' Bible Dictionary' declares: ' The Arabah Valley gradually rises toward the summit level, which it reaches immediately in front of Mount Hor on the borders of Seir; and to this line of elevation the term 'smooth' would not be inapplicable, while at the same time it would be on the line of communication between southern Palestine and Petra, the capital of Seir.'

Observe that all these verses point out that Israel occupied the Arabah just west of Mount Seir even to the barren mountain region of Petra. Yet we found (Joshua 10:41) the easternmost border city is Kadesh-barnea.

Surely Petra and Kadesh are the same from these verses!

Years later Judah had to recapture Petra after the Edomites rebelled (II Kings 8:20; 14:7). Petra belonged to Israel. The capital of Edom was not Petra, but Bozrah (Amos 1:12; Jeremiah 49:13, 22).

Petra was the gate by which Israel controlled their Edomite enemies.

Consider another important fact. Josephus, Eusebius and Jerome wrote that the Aramaic, Assyrian and Arabic name for Petra was Rekem ('Antiquities', Book IV, Chapter VII, Section 1). Rekem comes from the Arabic word for 'rock.' 'But in the Aramaic versions Rekem is the name of Kadesh,' according to the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica'! This authority, under article 'Petra,' further states: 'Sometimes the Aramaic versions give the form Rekem-Geya (for Kadesh), which recalls the name of the village El-ji, southeast of Petra.'

So Petra is mentioned literally dozens of places in Scripture after all!

Volume 2 Chapter 15

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

CHAPTER XV

THE MIRACLE OF THE RED SEA

Did the children of Israel really cross the Red Sea? We are told in the Bible that Israel fled Egypt during the Days of Unleavened Bread. That they were driven out because the Egyptians had been supernaturally punished by God.

But at the last minute, Pharaoh changed his mind! It took yet another miracle to deliver the children of Israel out of Egypt, says the Bible -- the 'miracle of the Red Sea.' Did this miracle really happen?

DO MIRACLES HAPPEN TODAY?

It is time Christians recognized it takes a miracle today to separate from this world, to come out of this world's society, and to live as God has ordained! Those who say that the miracle of the Red Sea did not happen are the same people who today say we do not have to rely on any supernatural power to overcome this world.

The supreme lesson to be learned from the Days of Unleavened Bread is that, after Christ has passed over our mistakes and overlooks our past, we have to go through a period of separating from this world -- and in this process we cannot extricate ourselves from this world without a divine miracle. This miracle is something that God, not man, has to perform -- just as God performed, according to the Scripture, the miracle of the Red Sea! God told the children of Israel, 'Stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord.'

Now consider the story of what really took place during the seven days of Unleavened Bread -- from the time the children of Israel left the land where they observed the Passover to the time they crossed he Red Sea.

Modern critics have all kinds of theories as to the directions the children of Israel took when they journeyed in Egypt from the city of Rameses, where they met at the night of the Festival, to the Red Sea.

One sometimes wonders where the children of Israel would have been taken had all the modern critics instead of Moses led them from Pharaoh!

What portion of the land of Egypt did Israel journey through upon leaving? What is the route of the Exodus? Did the crossing of the Red Sea really occur?

BACKGROUND OF THE STORY

The background of the story is found in Genesis 15:18. 'In the same day the Lord made a covenant with Abram, saying, Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates.' Is this 'river of Egypt' the Nile?

Some modern critics tell us 'no.' They claim it is, instead, a dry river bed, which flows only in the winter, in midst of the Sinai peninsula.

But the Bible plainly declares it is the River of Egypt, not the river of the Sinai peninsula. It is not the river of the Philistines. It is the river of Egypt!

There is only one river of Egypt -- the Nile.

God gave Abraham's descendants dominion to the river of Egypt, not a dry river bed in the middle of the Sinai desert. His descendants -- the British and other Western Europeans -- built the Suez Canal.

The very fact that God used Israel to bulled the Suez Canal is in itself proof that the children of Israel should possess the land of Egypt about Suez to the Nile!

Certainly from fulfilled prophecy the river of Egypt is the Nile -- Joshua 15:4. This Scripture tells us that the border of the land in the south 'passed toward Azmon, and went out unto the river of Egypt; and the goings out of that coast were at the sea: this shall be your south coast.'

Also in verse 47, 'Ashdod with her towns and her villages, Gaza with her towns and her villages, unto the river of Egypt, and the great sea, and the border thereof.'

In I Kings 8:65 we find the same border: 'And at that time Solomon held a feast, and all Israel with him, a great congregation, from the entering in of Hamath (near the Euphrates) unto the river of Egypt' celebrated a festival.

Now we want to find out if God ever caused the children of Israel to possess the territory east of the Nile. Was the land east of the Nile ever possessed by the children of Israel?

WHERE IS GOSHEN?

Notice what the Egyptians themselves promised for the children of Israel because of what Joseph did for them. Here is what we find in Genesis 45:10, 'And thou shalt dwell in the land of Goshen,' says Joseph to his father at Pharaoh's command, 'and thou shalt be near unto me, thou, and thy children, and thy children's children, and thy flocks, and thy herds, and all that thou hast.'

Jacob and all of the family of Israel could dwell in the land of Goshen.

But -- where is the land of Goshen?

Modern scholars tell us that it is a small, semi-desolate area east of the Nile halfway between the Nile and the Suez Canal today.

This is supposed to be the land with which God blessed Jacob in the land of Egypt.

Because critics have assumed this is the land of Goshen, they cannot believe that there were 600,000 Israelite men, beside women and children, at the time the exodus occurred.

Of course in this area which the scholars tell us is the land of Goshen, there couldn't have even been 6,000 men, beside women and children, with all of their cattle. The fact is, scholars haven't understood where the land of Goshen is.

Genesis 46:28 tells us more of the story. 'And he (Jacob) sent Judah before him unto Joseph, to direct his face unto Goshen.' Jacob was coming down from Beersheba in Palestine into Egypt. 'And they came into the land of Goshen. And Joseph made ready his chariot, and went up (northward) to meet Israel his father, to Goshen, and presented himself unto him.'

Did you notice that Joseph was not in the land of Goshen? Joseph dwelt where Pharaoh was. And Pharaoh was at Memphis, the capital of lower Egypt. 'Joseph made ready his chariot, AND WENT UP TO MEET Israel his father.' He went up to Goshen. He was going NORTH. Therefore, the land of Goshen was NORTH of the capital of Egypt at this time.

Now verses 33 and 34 of Genesis 46: 'And it shall come to pass, when Pharaoh shall call you, and shall say, What is your occupation?' -- Joseph instructs his father to say this -- 'That ye shall say, Thy servants' trade hath been about cattle from our youth even until now, both we, and also our fathers; that ye may dwell in the land of Goshen; for every shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians.' Egyptians often hired foreigners to tend to their cattle. So the purpose was to have the children of Israel dwell in the land of Goshen to tend cattle there.

Chapter 47, verge 5 continues the story. 'And Pharaoh spake unto Joseph, saying, Thy father and thy brethren are come unto thee: The land of Egypt is before thee; in the best of the land make thy father and brethren to dwell; in the land of Goshen let them dwell: and if thou knowest any men of activity among them, then make them rulers over my cattle.'

Did you notice that Pharaoh said to the children of Israel, 'The land of Egypt is before you, the best of the land, the land of Goshen.'

This is the portion of Egypt that Pharaoh is actually turning over to the children of Israel because of what Joseph did!

Remember, God told Abraham that his descendants were going to control land to the river of Egypt -- the Nile. This is how God began to fulfill that promise!

Now to verse 10: 'And Jacob blessed Pharaoh, and went out from before Pharaoh. And Joseph placed his father and his brethren, and gave them a possession in the land of Egypt, in the best of the land, in the land of Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded.'

The best of the land, in verse 6, is called 'the land of Goshen,' while in verse 11, it is called 'the land of Rameses.'

Obviously, then, the land of Goshen and the land of Rameses are the same! It is the best of all the land of Egypt.

THE LAND OF RAMESES

One of the titles belonging to rulers of Egypt was 'Rameses.' This title, one of several applied to the rulers of Egypt, existed from the beginning of Egyptian history -- long before the Pharaoh 'Rameses the Great' of history, who actually began to reign in 773 (see Vol. I of the Compendium).

Ancient Egypt was a feudalistic world. In feudalism the king claims theoretically to own everything He leased the land out to his princelings and lords (who lease parts of their land to others of still lower rank), but the king reserves a certain portion for himself.

Pharaoh naturally reserved the best land for himself -- the land of Goshen. It belonged personally to Pharaoh. So Pharaoh was not taking land leased to his lords. He is granting this territory to Joseph, who was next highest in the kingdom, for his service. The fee for receiving the land of Goshen of Rameses is stated in verse 6 'And if thou knowest any men of activity among them, then make them rulers over MY cattle.'

Where were Pharaoh's cattle? In the land of Goshen, the land of Rameses. Pharaoh knew that if Joseph could bless all Egypt as he had done, his family would also be bound to bless his own stock. But in so doing, the Egyptians granted the right of the children of Israel to this territory. And by command of their ruler all the land of Goshen, the land of Rameses, is given to the children of Israel -- as partial fulfillment of God's promise that Abraham's seed should extend to the river of Egypt, to the Nile.

GOSHEN DURING THE PLAGUES

Continuing the story with Exodus 8:22. Another dynasty has risen up; Moses is dealing with a new Pharaoh. One of the plagues is about to occur: 'I will sever in that day,' God says, 'the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou (Pharaoh) mayest know that I am the Lord in the midst of the earth. And I will put a division between my people and thy people: tomorrow shall this sign be.'

And this sign did occur, '... the Lord did so' (verse 24). These flies contaminated and plagued all the land of Egypt where the Egyptians were, but the flies did not plague the land where the children of Israel dwelt.

The land of Goshen is a particular territory where the children of Israel were dwelling. This was the land that had once belonged to the royal house. God makes a separation between that land and the rest of the land of Egypt.

Verse 26, chapter 9 tells us almost the same thing: 'Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail.'

Now to Exodus 12:29, the night of the Passover. 'And it came to pass, that at midnight the Lord smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt' -- this was midnight on the 14th day -- 'from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sat on his throne unto the firstborn of the captive that was in the dungeon (or the prisonhouse) and all the firstborn of cattle. And Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and there was a great cry in Egypt; for there was not a house where there was not one dead. And he called for Moses and Aaron by night, and said, Rise up, and get you forth from among my people, both ye and the children of Israel; and go, serve the Lord, as ye have said. Also take your flocks and your herds, as ye have said, and be gone; and bless me also. And the Egyptians were urgent upon the people, that they might send them out of the land in haste; for they said (if they were to stay there any longer), We be all dead men.'

In verses 34 and 35 the story continues. 'The children of Israel next night -- the 15th of Abib -- having 'spoiled the Egyptians' and driven their cattle, the Israelites came to the city of Rameses.

Stop for the moment and consider these facts. God told Moses, 'Go not out of your houses until the morning.'

Moses and Aaron naturally would have remained in their house this night -- all of the night of the 14th. But Pharaoh, who was not a firstborn son, came out of his house by night to find Moses and urge him and all Israel to leave.

Modern critics tell us that Pharaoh at this time lived in the city of Thebes in upper Egypt, the land of ancient Sheba. But they are all wrong! Pharaoh's headquarters was at the city of Memphis. The ruling dynasty in Moses' day came from Xois in the Delta, but the capital of all lower Egypt was at Memphis. This is where the government administration originated. It was at Memphis that Pharaoh that night rose up and went to Moses, and said, 'Get out of the land and all your people, and he was urgent on them.'

Pharaoh could not have been far from where Moses was. That very night, he saddled his camel and went to Moses and Aaron! Wherever the children of Israel observed the Passover was a place very near the city of Memphis!

Remember, Israel dwelt in all the land of Goshen, but they had assembled in one particular area to keep the Passover. From this area they journeyed on the daylight part of the 14th of Abib to the city of Rameses, and met there the next night, the night of the 15th!

THE NIGHT OF THE EXODUS

'The children of Israel journeyed from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand on foot that were men, beside children. And a mixed multitude went up also with them; and flocks, and herds, even very much cattle' (Ex. 12:37-38).

From here the children of Israel left on the night of the 15th! (Deut. 16:1).

Numbers 33:3 makes it even plainer. The children of Israel 'departed from Rameses in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the morrow after the passover the children of Israel went out with an high hand in the sight of all the Egyptians.'

Between the morning after the Passover and the next night, 'the children of Israel did according to the word of Moses; and they borrowed of the Egyptians Jewels of silver, and Jewels of gold, and raiment: And the Lord gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians, so that they lent unto them,' that is, paid them, 'such things as they required. And they spoiled the Egyptians,' that is, they took their wages that the Egyptians withheld from them for nearly two centuries.

Then they gathered at Rameses. Where was this city?

Let us read what Josephus plainly tells us. Josephus, 'Antiquities of the Jews', Book II, Chapter XV. 'So the Hebrews went out of Egypt, while the Egyptians wept, and repented that they had treated them so hardly ... Now they took their journey by Letopolis, a place at that time deserted, but where Babylon was built afterwards, when Cambyses laid Egypt waste.' So Rameses was the city of Letopolis, which later under Persian rule, was called the city of Babylon. Did you know there was also a Babylon in Egypt as well as in Mesopotamia where Nimrod started his kingdom?

What city is this today? Josephus, writing in Greek, calls this the city of Letopolis -- a Greek name for Rameses. Polis means city in Greek. A metropolis is a 'mother city.' So Letopolis was the city of Letona -- one of the names of Semiramis or Easter, the Queen of Heaven.

It is the same from which Latin has come. So this was one of the cities dedicated anciently to the Queen of Heaven. No wonder it was also called Babylon later!

'Smith's Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography' says of the city of Babylon in Egypt that it 'is in later times called Fostat OR OLD CAIRO, a fortress in lower Egypt on the right bank of the Nile exactly opposite to the pyramids of Giza, and at the beginning of the canal which connected the Nile with the Red Sea.

The city of Rameses, built by the children of Israel in honor of the Pharaoh, was Letopolis, the very city which today the Mohammedans call Old Cairo!

God gave the children of Israel the land all the way to the Nile River. The land east of the Nile toward Palestine was the land of Goshen. That's where the cattle of Israel were grazing.

The capital city of lower Egypt was Memphis. That is where Pharaoh had his court.

The children of Israel, when they assembled in Rameses, were assembling at Old Cairo. Since they reached Rameses or Old Cairo on the night after the Passover, they must have assembled for the Passover a little to the south of Old Cairo -- near Memphis, Pharaoh's capital.

Memphis is on the west side of the Nile. Old Cairo is a little farther north on the east of the Nile River. Old Cairo is but a suburb of modern Cairo today. It is just an old section of town. Most visitors are not even permitted today to see Old Cairo because it is such a ramshackle place -- though it is not as deserted today as the children of Israel found it then. That is why they met there -- because there weren't Egyptians living in that area.

Many Bible maps cannot be relied upon. They disagree with each other and with the Bible. The producers of these maps do not use the Bible as evidence, but their human theories instead!

Josephus at least should know as much as the scholars today. And when you put his evidence with the Bible, it's very clear that it had to be near the city of Memphis where they kept the Passover! As the congregation of Israel were leaving northward they gathered at the city of Rameses, which Josephus calls Letopolls -- Babylon or Old Cairo in Egypt.

ISRAEL BUILT PYRAMIDS

Israel naturally had their headquarters near Memphis because at Memphis, the Egyptian orders were issued. That is the region where the pyramids were built.

Interestingly enough, as we go through the account of Josephus we find the following surprising facts. Josephus tells us in his 'Antiquities of the Jews' (Book II. Chapter IX) that the children of Israel 'were forced to channel (make channels for the river), to build walls for the Egyptians and make cities and ramparts .... they set them also to build pyramids (after the pattern of the Great Pyramid), and by all this wore them out ...'

The majority of the pyramids start from Old Cairo and go south, not north. The children of Israel must have labored in the area centered at the region of Old Cairo and on south throughout the heart-land of Egypt.

Notice a plain statement in the 'Imperial Bible Dictionary' (published in England, Volume 5, subject, 'Rameses'): 'Immediately south of this region of Old Cairo there is an area where there were ancient quarries in a rocky mountain, from which much of the material for the pyramids was procured, and in which the poor Jews are said by Manetho (an Egyptian historian) to have worked.'

This confirms what Josephus tells us in his work entitled 'Apion', Book I, Chapter 26. Near these quarries on the east of the Nile opposite Memphis is an area called 'Mera-vad-Musa, or the 'Habitation (or dwelling) of Moses.' ' Moses was the leader and as he communicated back and forth with Pharaoh it is logical that opposite Memphis, where many of the lesser pyramids were built, Moses should have his headquarters -- to this day bearing the name, 'the Habitation of Moses.'

Now continuing with the 'Imperial Bible Dictionary': 'From thence (that is, Mera-vad-Musa or the 'Habitation of Moses') they moved northward, passing, as Josephus says, by ancient Babylon or Old Cairo, and then by or over the city of modern Cairo, proceeding along the direct route to the land of Canaan, as far as Succoth, or Berket el Hadj, the 'Pool of the Pilgrims' ...' 'Succoth' merely means booths -- or an encampment. It was there Moslem pilgrims, to this day, can go from Egypt over to Mecca, the holy city of the Mohammedan religion.

It is on the way that led out of Egypt to the wilderness of the Red Sea.

But let us go on to Numbers 33 and read the rest of the account. 'And they departed from Rameses (Old Cairo) in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month ... and went out with a high hand in the sight of all the Egyptians. For the Egyptians buried all their firstborn, which the Lord had smitten among them: upon their gods also the Lord executed judgments. And the children of Israel removed from Rameses, and pitched in Succoth.

'And they departed from Succoth, and pitched in Etham, which is in the edge of the wilderness. And they removed from Etham, and turned again (literally turned back) unto Pihahiroth, which is before Baalzephon: and they pitched before Migdol. And they departed from before Pihahiroth, and passed through the midst of the sea into the wilderness, and went three days' journey in the wilderness of Etham, and pitched in Marah.'

The miracle of the Red Sea! Did it really happen?

WHAT ROAD DID ISRAEL TAKE?

Now let us pick up the story with Exodus 13:17: 'And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines.' Here we have the first of several highways named.

In ancient Egypt there were major roads which went out of Egypt.

One was 'the way of the Red Sea' which was southeast from the Delta.

Another was 'the way of Etham,' or 'the wilderness of Shur' which went from Egypt through Beersheba. It was the road by which Jacob came down into Egypt. The third is 'the way of the land of the Philistines' which went up from the coast through Gaza by the Mediterranean. See the accompanying map.

As Israel was proceeding north through Old Cairo, they could have easily taken the way, or the highway of the Philistines -- the Philistine highway.

Many assume that this road must have been by the Mediterranean.

They are wrong! The way of the land of the Philistines extended far into Egypt.

While the Israelites were still in Egypt, they could have traveled by the road that led northward to the land of the Philistines. But, instead of taking that, near as it was, God said, 'Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war, and return to Egypt,' God led the people about through the way of the wilderness of the Red Sea.

This is another road. This is the most southerly of the three major roads in Egypt. Instead of taking the northerly route which would have taken them through the land of the Philistines, or the middle route in an easterly direction through Beersheba, they took the road leading southeast into Sinai and Arabia. God led them, not straight north, but through the way of the Red Sea.

This is the common road that even to this day the Moslem pilgrims take to the holy city of Mecca in Arabia. It is a road that has been used from the very beginning of time when human beings have dwelt in the land of Egypt.

Continuing: 'And the children of Israel went up harnessed (or, in ranks of five) out of the land of Egypt' marching up the road. 'And Moses took the bones of Joseph (perhaps from the Great Pyramid just west of Old Cairo?) with him: for he had straightly sworn the children of Israel, saying, God will surely visit you; and ye shall carry up my bones away hence with you. And they took their journey from Succoth,' the first stopping point on this road which went toward the Red Sea.

And from there, they took their journey 'and encamped in Etham, in the edge of the wilderness (of Sinai).'

At this point, they could have gone straight out of Egypt into Sinai, and Pharaoh never could have caught them! All they had to do was to follow the road just as the Arabs do today -- out of Egypt through the Sinai peninsula down through Arabia to Mecca.

Here they were at the border of Egypt, just north of the Red Sea, not by the Mediterranean. What happened next?

Now 'the Lord went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light; to go by day and night' (Ex. 13:21). It took them the seven days of Unleavened Bread to leave Egypt altogether.

God 'took not away the pillar of the cloud by day, nor the pillar of fire by night, from before the people' (verse 22). 'And the Lord spake unto Moses (Ex. 14:1-2), saying, Speak unto the children of Israel, that they turn (don't continue, but turn sharply to the right) and encamp before Pihahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, over against Baalzephon: before it shall ye encamp by the sea.' They now camp by the seashore.

WHERE ARE THESE PLACES?

The 'Imperial Bible Dictionary' tells us again.

'Pihahiroth, therefore, must have been the name of some natural locality, such as a mountain, or a range of mountains, a cliff, precipice, cape or promontory. It is said of the children of Israel, when (they were) overtaken by Pharaoh at the Red Sea, that they were entangled in the land, being shut in by the 'wilderness' or mountains (Ex. 14:3).'

Israel could not have gone farther in its line of march. Pharaoh had them bottled up in front of the Pihahiroth range of mountains! Did God make a mistake in leading them by the hand of Moses?

Israel ended up on an area at the upper portion of the Red Sea by the Gulf of Suez where there is a huge mountain range that comes right down to the sea. When they got into this area, it was like entering a bag. They could not go any farther by land. The only place they could go was out into the water because the mountain range comes right down to the seashore.

Opposite Pihahiroth was Baalzephon. This must have been a city where Baal was worshipped. Zephon means 'the north.' This was 'Baal of the North' -- the Baal that comes down from the north pole, clad in red and white every December 25! This was the ancient seat of Santa Claus worship.

They also camped near Migdol. Where was it?

Trumbull, in his book called 'Kadesh-Barnea', page 377, reveals something about the city of Migdol: 'A short distance to the northwest of Suez ... there is a station, or a pass, known as El Maktal' -- the Migdol. 'It is directly on the line of the Hajj, route.' The Hajj is a modern Arabic term for 'the way of the Red Sea.' The modern El Maktal is 'near the track noted ... as the 'Way of the Bed'ween into Ancient Egypt.' ' 'Wilkinson judged 'from its name and position,' that this represents 'the Migdol of the Bible.' '

As they encamped before Pihahiroth, which is a mountain range, and Baalzephon, then Baalzephon was on the north, and Pihahiroth was the mountain range on the south. Then between Migdol, in the west, and the Red Sea, in the east, there is an area large enough for the children of Israel to be bottled up.

The Red Sea is nearly 8 miles across here! There is a very extensive area -- many thousands of feet wide -- which could have opened up for the children of Israel to cross.

CROSSING THE RED SEA

Let's continue with Exodus 14:3: 'For Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel, They are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in.' And God hardened Pharaoh's heart, 'And he took six hundred chosen chariots, and all the chariots of Egypt, and captains over every one of them. And the Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he pursued after the children of Israel.' Pharaoh overtook them camping by the Red Sea on what probably was the sixth day of Unleavened Bread.

The Israelites were now frightened. They said in verse 12, 'Let us alone, that we may serve the Egyptians. For it had been better for us to serve the Egyptians, than that we should die in the wildernese. And Moses said unto the people, Fear ye not, stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord, which he will shew to you to day: for the Egyptians whom ye have seen to day, ye shall see them again no more for ever. The Lord shall fight for you, and ye shall hold your peace. And the Lord said unto Moses, Wherefore criest thou unto me? speak unto the children of Israel, that they go forward' -- into the water? No!

Notice: 'But lift thou up thy rod, and stretch out thine hand over the sea, and divide it: and the children of Israel shall go on dry ground through the midst of the sea.'

The miracle was wrought when Moses stretched his rod forth. The sea parted thousands of feet wide! Then the winds came in to drive back the waters and to build them up as a wall on either side!

Now verse 21: 'Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and the Lord caused the sea to go back.' It was a miracle! Contrary to seasonal weather a strong wind blew 'all that night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided. And the children of Israel went into the midst of the sea upon the dry ground: and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left. And the Egyptians pursued, and went in after them to the midst of the sea, even all Pharaoh's horses, his charlots, and his horsemen. And it came to pass, that in the morning watch the Lord looked unto the host of the Egyptians through the pillar of fire and of the cloud, and troubled the host of the Egyptians, And took off their chariot wheels, that they drove them heavily: so that the Egyptians said, Let us flee from the face of Israel; for the Lord fighteth for them against the Egyptians. And the Lord said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the sea, that the waters may come again upon the Egyptians, upon their charlots, and upon their horsemen. And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea returned to his strength when the morning appeared; and the Egyptians fled against it.'

Here was an area wide enough for 600 chosen chariots of the Egyptians to race through, beside a great many troops in order to capture the nearly 2,000,000 Israelite men, women and children. Verse 28, the waters 'returned, and covered the chariots, and the horsemen, and all the host of Pharaoh that came into the sea after them; there remained not so much as one of them. But the children of Israel walked upon dry land in the midst of the sea ... Thus the Lord saved Israel that day out of the hand of the Egyptians; and Israel saw the Egyptians dead upon the sea shore. And Israel saw that great work which the Lord did upon the Egyptians: and the people feared the Lord, and believed the Lord, and his servant Moses.'

EGYPT LEFT DESOLATE

Pharaoh was dead. His army was slain. There was not one left.

There was not even a solitary messenger to tell the Egyptians what happened (Ps. 106:11).

Read Exodus 15:4: 'Pharaoh's chariots and his host hath he cast into the sea: his chosen captains also are drowned in the Red Sea. The depths have covered them: they sank into the bottom as a stone. Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power: thy right hand, O Lord, hath dashed in pieces the enemy.'

God won the battle for the children of Israel. They were delivered out of the land of Egypt. They now rested on the peaceful shores of Sinai, where even today such names as 'Ayn Musa' and 'Ras Musa' testify to the Exodus. (See the map.) Not one of the Israelites perished, but all the Egyptians who pursued were overthrown.

Josephus adds some vivid details to the same story! 'The number that pursued after them was six hundred chariots, with fifty thousand horsemen, and two hundred thousand footmen, all armed. They also seized on the passages by which they imagined the Hebrews might fly, shutting them up between inaccessible precipices and the sea; for there was ... a (ridge of) mountains that terminated at the sea, which were impassable by reason of their roughness, and obstructed their flight; wherefore they there pressed upon the Hebrews with their army' ('Antiquities of the Jews', Josephus, Book III, ch. xv, sec. 3).

A few verses in Psalm 77 are worth reading at this point. 'I will remember the works of the Lord: surely I will remember thy wonders of old. I will meditate also of all thy work, and talk of thy doings' (verse 11). What were God's doings?

We find them in verse 16: 'The waters saw thee, O God, the waters saw thee; they were afraid: the depths also were troubled. The clouds poured out water: the skies sent out a sound: thine arrows also went abroad. The voice of thy thunder was in the heaven: the lightnings lightened the world: the earth trembled and shook. Thy way is in the sea, and thy path in the great waters, and thy footsteps are not known.

Thou leddest thy people like a flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron.'

Thunder and rain and great lightning shook the land that night. In early morning the waters just poured in on Pharaoh as his chariot became stuck in the mud at the bottom of the sea -- and he is there to this day!

Psalm 78 also tells us a little about it. Verse 12: 'Marvellous things did he in the sight of their fathers, in the land of Egypt, in the field of Zoan.' The word 'field' here is properly translated elsewhere as 'country' or 'kingdom.'

The 'land of Egypt' is 'the field,' or 'the country,' or 'the kingdom of Zoan.' Zoan gave its name to Egypt because it was the earliest city built in Egypt (Numbers 13:22 says that it was built 7 years after Hebron and was apparently the first city built in post-flood Egypt).

The country of Egypt was named after Zoan just as Israel was often named after Samaria, or Judah was named after Jerusalem.

The miracles that God wrought were in the land of Egypt -- in the land of Zoan. They mean the same thing! These miracles did not occur in some obscure field outside the city of Zoan near the Mediterranean!

EGYPT'S HISTORIANS ADMIT WHAT HAPPENED

That is the story of the miracle of the Red Sea. And it is corroborated from the Egyptians' own record of history!

From the Exodus forward, Egypt was for almost four centuries overrun by Amalekites (or Hyksos, the Egyptian word for 'shepherds') and punished for having enslaved the Israelites. Even as late as the days of Saul and David the Amalekites dominated Egypt.

In I Samuel 30 David meets an Egyptian slave led by his Amalekite master to die in the wilderness. 'And David said to him, To whom belongest thou? and whence art thou? And he said, I am a young man of Egypt, servant to an Amalekite; and my master left me ...' (verse 13).

The ancient Egyptian historian Manetho admits all this: 'There was a king of ours whose name was Timaus (a petty dynast) at the time of the Exodus. Under him it came to pass, I know not how, that God was averse to us, and there came after a surprising manner, men of ignoble birth out of the eastern parts (the Amalekites), and had boldness enough to make an expedition into our country, and with ease subdued it by force, yet without our hazarding a battle with them ...' ('Against Apion' by Josephus, Book I, Part 14).

So the historical record of Egypt, when rightly understood, confirms the Bible. There was neither Pharaoh nor army left to defend the country! They disappeared in the Red Sea without leaving a trace.

Not until the days of King Saul did Egypt recover her former power.

The miracle of the Red Sea did happen! The Bible is true!

Volume 2 Chapter 14

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

CHAPTER XIV

THE HISTORY OF ARABIA

Arabia may be blanketed by arid plateaus and inhospitable deserts.

But Arabia is also a vast land inhabited by many different tribes. Fewhave ever compared it with Europe. Many of the great nations of Europewould be lost in Arabia's solitudes.

Arabia also has its past history -- one which joins together andconfirms the accounts of neighboring nations. Arabia borders -- by landand sea -- on Mesopotamia and Persia, on Syria and Palestine and on

Egypt and Ethiopia. Whatever happened in the heartland of the ancientworld inevitably affected the trade routes of Arabia.

WHO WERE THE FIRST ARABS?

The most famous name in Arabian history is that of Ishmael.

Ishmael, Abram and Hagar's son, is the progenitor of most of the Arab world. Then why are not the people called Ishmaelites today? Why do we not call the peninsula of Arabia the peninsula of Ishmael? How did Ishmaelites acquire the designation Arab?

Answer: the land was already known as Arabia before Ishmael was born!

The word Arab is derived from the Hebrew root 'arab.' It means evening, dusk, and also sterile (desert). The vast arid land of Arabia lay immediately to the west and south of Babylonia from whence human beings spread after Babel. It was only natural that they should call the land which lay to the west Arabia. As they migrated in Arabia they called the land to the south Yemen. Yemen means right and south (cf. the Biblical Ben-jamin) -- because in the Middle East people face east (not north) in defining directions.

Any who dwelt in this vast peninsula came to be known as Arabs. In fact, one of the earliest heroes in Arabia came to be known simply as Yarab -- the Arabian. His real name was Jerah, the son of Joktan. And with him we open the history of Arabia.

A simple account of Arabian history may be found in 'Universal History,' Vol. XVIII. It is immediately noticed that Arabian emphasis is on heroes, not time. Events can be dated only to contemporary generations. Only Yemen has an accurate chronology. This weakness is still witnessed in the Islamic calendar. It is lunar, but not solar. It neglects the seasons and loses seven months in nineteen solar years.

Arabian history opens up before the time of Ishmael, as one might readily expect. It begins with the life of Joktan, the son of Heber.

The Arabs call Joktan by the name Kahtan. Joktan was the father of thirteen sons mentioned in the Bible, eleven of whom journeyed into Europe where their descendants mainly live today. Several of those sons early planted colonies along the trade routes of the world -- just as have the children of Peleg, Joktan's brother, in the modern world.

Among the sons who planted colonies along south Arabia were Hazarmaveth, Jerah and Hadoram (whom the Arabs call Jorham). Ophir also planted colonies in other areas of the world.

In later history the sons of Hazarmaveth migrated out of Arabia, joined with the Elamites and journeyed into Europe after the fall of Persia. There they came to be known as Sarmatians.

THE JORHAMITES OF HEJAZ

The children of Hadoram or Jorham founded Hejaz. There princes reigned until the time of Ishmael, who is said by Arabian historians to have married the daughter of Modad, a daughter of one of the princes of

Jorham's family. The family of Ishmael afterward expelled the Jorhamites from Arabia. The names of the early princes of the Jorhamites have been preserved by Arab historians. Their account is summarized here:

1. Jorham, the brother of Yarab, founded Hejaz; he is Hadoram, the brother of Jerah.
2. Abd Yalil, the son of Jorham.
3. Jorsham, the son of Abd Yalil.
4. Abdo'l Madan, the son of Jorsham.
5. Nogailah, the son of Abdo'l Madan. (Note the name Medan at nearly the same time in Abraham's family.)
6. Abdo'l Masih, the son of Nogailah.
7. Modad, the son of Abdo'l Masih.
8. Amru, the son of Modad.
9. Al Hareth, brother of Amru. This name will appear again, though much later, in the form of Aretas, the king who sought to lay hands on the apostle Paul at Damascus.
10. Amru, the son of Al Hareth.
11. Basher, the brother of Amru.
12. Modad, the son of Amru, the son of Modad. It was his daughter whom Ishmael married, according to Arabian historians. His other wife his mother chose out of Egypt.

Thereafter the name of Kedar (Kidar in Arabic) appears.

Kedar was the son of Ishmael by the daughter of Modad. After the conquest of the Jorhamites, the family of Kedar continued to rule over the Hejaz for nine generations until Adnan, the last one named. There follows a blank period of about 1200 years, after which the Ishmaelites reappear under another leader called Adnan in 122 B.C. One branch of his descendants later established themselves as the Sherifs of Mecca. King Hussein of Jordan is their direct descendant.

THE KINGDOM OF YEMEN

In Arabia, at the southwest corner, is the modern Yemen -- Yaman in Arabic. It means south. It is a land of many diverse tribes -- many non-Ishmaelite. Yemen was founded by Kahtan -- the Joktan of the Bible.

Yemen anciently controlled the entrance to the Red Sea from the Indian Ocean. Hence its early importance to the Hebrew family. Hamza Ben-el-Hasan of Isfahan has preserved the history and chronology of Yemen to the time of Mohammed. The best summary of his work is found in 'Geschichte der Araber vor Muhamed' by August Ruhle von Lilienstern, Berlin, 1836, pp. 103 ff and especially Tafel I.

Rulers of Yemen Length of Reign Dates
1. Kahtan or Joktan, first (His brother Peleg wasestablished his rule in born 2268) Yemen, then went into Europe where he was known as Hister (meaning same as original Hebrew JOKTAN).
2. Yarab, son of Kahtan, from whom the Kahtan Arabs of the south derive their origin. His Biblical name is Jerah.
3. Yashab, son of Yarab.
4. Abd Shems, surnamed Saba, son of Yashab. He led successful expeditions against enemies in the peninsula. In 1978 he expanded his power across the Red Sea into Ethiopia, (See Ethiopian history where he established for dates) himself as the head of a new Joktanite dynasty.

In Ethiopian history he is known as Akbunas Saba. Abd Shems had several sons, among whom were Hamyar,

Amru and Cahlan. Cahlan succeeded his father on thethrone in Ethiopia in 1923 under the name of Nakehte Kalnis.

5, Hamyar, son of Abd Shems, began his reign, according to Abulfeda, 129 years after the death of Hud (whom Arabs say is Eber).

Hamyar drove the remnant of the Themudites or Troglodytes out of Yemen. These were later found by Greek Geographers on the African shore of the Red Sea.

150 1709-1559
6. Wayel, son of Hamyar, succeeded to the kingdom.

Other writers mention Cahlan -- which implies a division of land among the princes.

7. Alsacsac, son of Wayel.
8. Yaafar, son of Alsacsac.
9. Dhu Rujash. At this point it ought to be noted that the number of generations over so long a period corresponds almost exactly to the Biblical record from Abraham to David.

There were 14 generations in the Bible in just under 1000 years. As in the Biblical record the inheritance often passed to a son born late in life (as in the case of David, the youngest son of Jesse).

10. Al Numan, son of Yaafar.
11. Ashman, son of Numan.
12. Shaddad, son of Ad, son of Al Matata, son of Abd Shems.

He was a very powerful prince in Arabic tradition

He lived during the time of the great Hyksos expansion in the Middle East. Arab tradition claims he ruled 260 years.

13. Lokman, brother of Shaddad.
14. Dhu Sadad, brother of Lokman. - 1150
15. Al Hareth, son of Dhu Sadad. In his time Yemen became immensely wealthy. Reason? The Trojan war.

With trade shut off from Scythia, it was inevitable that there should be an expansion of commerce along the southern route.

125 1150-1025
16. Dhu'l Karnain Assaab. (Joint reign with successor who is assigned entire period.)
17. Dhutl Manar Abrahah, son of Assaab. 183 1025- 842
18. Africus, son of Dhu'l Manar Abrahah. His name signifies the connection between Egypt, Ethiopia and South Arabia at this time. He settled North Africa with Berbers from Palestine and Egypt. 164 842- 678
19. Dhu'l Adhaar Amru, son ofAfricus, made foreign expeditions. 25 678- 653
20. Sharhabil, descendant of Alsacsac. (Joint reign.)
21. Al Hodhad, son of Sharhabil. 75 653- 578
22. Balkis, son of Hodhad. Insome Arabic sources his name is confused with Belkis -- the Arabic name for the Queen of Sheba. 20 578- 558
23. Nasherol'neam, descendant of Sharhabil. 85 558- 473
24. Shamer Yaraash, son ofNasher. He gave his name to Samarkand in Central Asia. At this time there must have been extensive migration of Edomites and Joktanites out of Arabia into Central Asia, around Turkestan. 37 473- 436
25. Abu Malec, son of Shamer. 55 436- 381
26. Amran, son of Amer, descendant of Cahlan, the brother of Hamyar.
27. Amru, son of Amer (both brothers reign jointly, but the chronology is reckoned after the reigns of Abu Malec and Al Akran).
28. Al Akran, descendant of Abu Malec. 53 381- 328
29. Dhu Habshan, son ofAl Akran. 70 328- 258
30. Tobba, younger brotherof Al Akran. 163 258- 95
31. Colaicarb, son of Tobba. 35 95- 60
32. Abu Carb Asaad (Tobba).

He is mentioned in the Koran. He revived religious interest among the Arabians and Hamyarites. He adorned the Kaaba, the sacred stone building at Mecca, and introduced Judaism among the Hamyarites, The Arab historian Ibu Khaldun reports that Abu Carb sent large military expeditions into Central Asia. Two of these reached Tibet and China, where they caused a great blood bath. On the way back many warriors of the Hamyarite armies settled in Tibet. Tribes using the Hamyarite alphabet were still found in that region in modern times (Marquart, 'Osteuropische und Ostasiatische Streifze', p. 84). Abu Carb was murdered, possibly for religious reasons.

20 60- 40
33. Hassan ben Tobbai, sonAbu Carb. 70 40 B.C.- 31 A.D.
34. Amru Tobbai (Dhu Lawad),son of Hassan. 63 31- 94
35. Abd Celal 74 94- 168
36. Tobba, grandson of Hassan. 78 168- 246
37. Al Haroth, son of Amru. (Joint reign.) He was king of Hamyarites who embraced Judaism.
38. Morthed, son of Celal, also surnamed Dhu Lawad. 41 246- 287
39. Waciaa, son of Morthed. 37 287- 324
40. Abrahah, son of Alsabah (Joint reign).
41. Sabban (Joint reign).
42. Sabbash (Joint rule with Abrahah). 15 324- 339
43. Hassan, descendant of Amru (Joint rule with Sabban). 57 339- 396
44. Dhu Shanater. He was finally dethroned for unnatural lusts, having abused several youths of the noblest families. 27 396- 423
45. Yusuf Dhu Nowas 20 423- 443
46. Dhu Jadan, the last of the Hamyaritic monarchs.

He sought to enforce Judaism in opposition to Christianity.

The Ethiopians, with help of Byzantium, defeated Dhu Jadan. He perished in the sea, fleeing from the Ethiopians. Ethiopia ruled Yemen for the next 72 years (503-575) until the Persian conquest.

60 443- 503
47. Arnat 20 503- 523
48. Abrahah 23 523- 546
49. Iecsoum (Yacsum) 17 546- 563
50. Masruk 12 563- 575
51. Seif Ebn Dhu Yazan, a descendant of the old royal family of Hamyar, recovered the throne from the Ethiopians with the aid of the Persian Khosru Anushirwan. Seif was, however, slain by certain Ethiopians whom he had failed to expel. After 575 the Persians appointed princes until the time of Mohammedan conquest of Yemen. 575

Arabian historians reckon 3000 years to the end of the Kingdom of Yemen. And it is indeed exactly 3000 years from the end of the Flood to the death of Mohammed in 632, when the government of Arabia passed to the Ishmaelite caliphs, the successors of Mohammed.

ARABIA'S INDIAN OCEAN NEIGHBORS

To complete Volume II, we must recount the brief history of Arakan, in Burma, and the history of early India before 1649.

The Arakanese, in Burma, have preserved a remarkable history going back to the Tower of Babel. The initial part of it was cited in the early history of Peru. A continuation of that chart is given below. It traces the migration of peoples out of Mesopotamia into the Ganges valley. For several centuries after the age of Horus (Maradzi II of Arakanese history) there are Hindu names ending in -sandra in the list of rulers. Abruptly the names change. There followed a migration of Southeast Asians out of India into the area of Arakan along the Burmese coast.

During the time in India the early Hindu rulers utilized the nonaccession-year method of dating. That is, the last calendar year of a king (during which he died or was deposed) was also reckoned as the first calendar year of his successor. This same method was used in the nation Israel to the time of Jehu -- in contrast to the accession-year system of Judah.

Arakanese records fill in the missing years of Indian history to1649. Properly restored from the palm-leaf records, their early rulers appear as follows:

Maradzi II (Horus), Babylonian accession-year reckoning 33 2004-1971
Marakeng, early Indian nonaccession-year reckoning Year 1 1971-1970 Year 32 1940-1939
Ngatshapo (a usurper) Year 1 1940-1939 Year 21 1920-1919
Dwaratsandra Year 1 1920-1919 Year 40 1881-1880
Tholatsandra Year 1 1881-1880 Year 33 1849-1848
Tsandathuriyatsandra Year 1 1849-1848 Year 37 1813-1812
Kalatsandra Year 1 1813-1812 Year 40 1774-1773
Titsandra Year 1 1774-1773 Year 31 1744-1743
Madhuthatsandra Year 1 1744-1743 Year 20 1725-1724
Dzeyatsandra Year 1 1725-1724 Year 40 1686-1685
Mokkhatsandra Year 1 1686-1685 Year 26 1661-1660
Gunnatsandra Year 1 1661-1660 Year 12 1650-1649
Three Usurpers in one, calendar year. ending early Indian nonaccession-year reckoning 1650-1649

At this point the names of kings ending in -sandra cease. The succeeding centuries of Indian history may be found restored in Volume I of the Compendium. The migration in 1649 of Mongoloid peoples out of India to Arakan in Burma was a consequence of the war with Assyria in 1649.

Volume 2 Chapter 12 A

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

CHAPTER XII A

FURTHER MIGRATIONS TO FRANCE

The old Trojan House, of the line of Dardanus, was restored to power after the Greek defeat at Troy in 1149. The Greeks did not preserve the history of this restoration for two reasons. One, they did not want to recall their defeat in 1149. Second, their writers deliberately confused the history of Troy to make it appear that only one great war occurred between the victorious Greek states and the Trojans. This corruption of Trojan history was the direct result of trying to make Greek history conform to a distorted account of Egyptian history.

The full story of the royal Trojan House that returned to power in Troy has been preserved -- of all places -- in the records of the Spanish Hapsburgs! The reason? The Hapsburgs were in fact lineal descendants of the House of Troy!

A complete list of Trojan rulers after the fall of Troy in 1181 may be found in the original Spanish work by Bartholome Gutierrez entitled: 'Historia del estado presente y antiguo, de la mui noble y mui leal ciudad de Xerez de la Frontera.' It was published in Xerez, Spain in 1886.

A son of Priam, during that fateful 10-year war which ended in 1181, was named Helenus (See 'Lempriere's Classical Dictionary,' art. 'Helenus'.) Through him the royal line was preserved in the Near East.

Helenus was given, by the Greeks, a part of Epirus. After 1149 his descendants captured control of Troy from the Greeks and the Jewish House of Dardanus was once again restored to Troy. The Spanish history records the following names of his descendants who governed Troy until the Third Trojan War which ended the city in 677.

Princes of Troy (with the common Latin endings)
1. Zenter, son of Helenus and grandson of Priam.
2. Francus
3. Esdron
4. Zelius
5. Basavelian
6. Plaserius
7. Plesron
8. Eliacor
9. Zaberian
10. Plaserius II
11. Antenor I
12. Trianus or Priam II
13. Helenus II
14. Plesron II
15. Basavelian II

16. Alexander -- the Paris of the last war against Troy. There were about 17 generations (including Helenus) in somewhat over five centuries or approximately 30 years per generation during this period.

Members of the Trojan royal family and most of the population fled to the northern shores of the Black Sea in eastern Europe after 677.

For the next two and a third centuries after 677 (the date of the final fall of Troy in a third war) there were the following 12 generations -- averaging about 21 years between generations. None of these men were kings in the strict sense until Antenor, who died in 445. The genealogy of the Jewish Trojan House continues as follows:

1. Priam III, son of Alexander or Paris.
2. Gentilanor
3. Almadius
4. Dilulius
5. Helenus III
6. Plasserius III
7. Dilulius II
8. Marcomir
9. Priam IV
10. Helenus IV
11. Antenor II , who assumed kingly power among the refugees from Troy in Southeastern Europe
12. Marcomir

But, before we continue with Marcomir, the son of Antenor, another part of the story should be told. The 8th century anonymous 'Frankish Chronicle' (De Rebus Francorum) states that after the fall of Troy in 1181 about 12,000 Trojans fled by ship across the Black Sea to the mouth of the Tanais. From there they spread to the Maeotic Swamps and as far as the borders of Pannonia.

This account agrees very well with the report of Dionysius of Halicarnassus in his 'Roman Antiquities,' I, 46, 47, who states that after the fall of Troy '... a larger number escaped than were taken prisoner ... the Achaeans, intent on capturing the citadel, were giving no thought to the pursuit of the multitude who were escaping from the city .... Aeneas abandoned the palace; and opening the gates he marched forth with the rest of the fugitives in good order ... they were joined not only by the inhabitants of Dardanus ... but by the whole populace of Ophyrnium .... this force of the Trojans became a very large one.' In other words, a large number of people escaped.

Dionysius goes on to state that they obtained permission from the Greeks to travel about unmolested in order to find a new country in which to settle. Aeneas headed to the Greek coast near Thessalonika, and from there southwards to the Mediterranean and Italy. But others took a different route. '... Ascanius, his eldest son, with some of the allies, chiefly Phrygians, (went) to the country of Dascylitis (near the Bosphorus) .... But Ascanius did not tarry there for any length of time ....' He returned to the site of Troy and tried to reestablish the city.

Here Dionysius breaks off the account about Ascanius. We know, however, that Ascanius did not remain at the site of Troy, for Virgil and others report him as being with his father Aeneas in Italy shortly afterwards.

But what of the Phrygian army that was with Ascanius? It did not go with him to Italy. This could be, however, the army of 12,000 which according to the 'Chronicle' settled at the mouth of the Danube.

Fredegarius Scholasticus, claiming Jerome as his authority, says that the Trojans fled, some to Macedonia, some to the Danube under a king Friga. Greek historians, like Strabo, generally confirm this exodus to Macedonia, but are silent about Friga. Since this name can mean, in Greek, simply 'the Phrygian', this just indicates that the Phrygians, under some obscure Phrygian leader, crossed over to the European shore and settled in Macedonia, Pannonia and near the mouth of the Danube.

Fredegarius, the 'Frankish Chronicle' and Hugo of St. Victor all agree with 'Smith's Dictionary' in stating that the Phrygians settled in that general area of the Balkans. The Macedonians, according to the latter, called the Phrygians Bryges. Gregory of Tours also states that the Franks were originally in Pannonia.

From the lower Danube and Pannonia the Trojan Phrygians moved on into Europe. Fredegarius and the later 'Knigschronik' both claim that they moved under a king Franko or Francio to the mouth of the Rhine where they built New Troy at Xanten (a rivulet named after Xanthus, the river of Phrygia). That a New Troy was built at Xanten is attested to by the Romans, who called the town of Xanten Troia Nova. (See 'Der Grosse Brockhaus,' article 'Troia Nova'.) In the same way Julius Caesar called the Londoners Trinovantes in reference to their city having been founded as New Troy by Brutus.

The original settling of the Franks at the mouth of the Rhine is supported by Procopius: '... the Rhine empties into the ocean ... and this is where the Germans lived of old ... who are now called Franks' (Procopius of Caesarea, 'History of the Wars,' V, xii, 7, 8). Holland, in other words, was the first home of the Franks in Western Europe. It is in the region of Scythia Minor that Hunibald, the Frankish chronicler, begins his history. According to him the Trojans, having dwelt in this region for a number of years after the fall of Troy, are finally involved in a series of wars with the Goths from Scandinavia.

In 445 B.C. their leader Antenor falls in battle against the Goths.

From this point in history begins Hunibald's list of Frankish kings.

The Trojans who left Troy in 677 after the Third Trojan War went to the area of the Black Sea where they joined the group that had been led there by Ascanius after the First Trojan War in 1181. Both were Trojans, both went to the northern shores of the Black Sea but, at different times. Both record the same kings as they proceed across Europe.

SICAMBRIAN KINGS

Kings Length of Reign Dates
1. Antenor: a king over Trojan settlers on the Black Sea, himself of royal Trojan blood. Died in 445
2. Marcomirus I: king of the Sicambri (from the German Cimbri in whose ancient territory they settled). In 441 he brought the people out of Scythia and seated them on the Danube. During a council he was told by a pagan priest to go west where Brutus of Troy had previously gone. A pagan prophecy promises him victory over the Gauls and the Romans. Sends embassy to Saxons and asks for land in which to settle.

In April 439 B.C. they leave the lower Danube and move overland, first north, then west, to the mouth of the Rhine. A total of 489,360 persons (including 175,658 warriors but not including slaves and servants) take part. Marcomirus had brothers Priam, Panthenor and Sunno. They settled the country now called West Friesland, Gelders and Holland. Marcomirus crossed the Rhine and conquered part of Gaul. One of his brothers was made governor. Then the conquest of all Gaul was gradually completed.

Marcomirus, according to the 'Chronicle of Hunibald', dies 926 years before the death of the first Christian king of the Franks, Clovis, in 511.

28 444- 416
3. Antenor I marries Cambra, the beautiful daughter of Belinus, king of Britain.

She introduces worship of Janus, establishes herself as prophetess and priestess of Diana. From Cambra the Scythian Trojans begin to call themselves Sicambri.

Antenor's nephew, Grun, builds Grningen in 386 B.C.

Antenor conquered Phrygia -- the original Trojan homeland -- and slew all the males. (This recalls Judah's punishment of the Edomites, many of whom were now living in Phrygia.) He died in 386 when Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia, having finished the Cyprian War, led an army of 300,000 men against the Cadusians.

30 416- 386
4. Priamus: under him Sicambrians adopt Saxon language, Greek being retained only by priests for purposes of religious worship. Neumagen, near the mouth of the Rhine, becomes seat of Jupiter worship established by Cambra. 26 386- 360
5. Helenus I: he erected an oratory to Pallas, whom he worshipped by sacrificing to her captive children.

In 353 he slew 16,000 Gauls (Chaldeans) in battle in the land of the Tungri.

19 360- 341
6. Diocles: he has wars with both the Gauls and the Goths.

In 331 B.C. Goths from Scania attack Saxons, but are repelled by a combined Sicambro-Saxon force. He aided the Saxons against the Goths in 327. In his absence the Gauls invaded his kingdom.

By the valour of his officers they were expelled, losing 78,000 men, besides captives and children

39 341- 302
7. Helenus II: an effeminate individual, unable to ward off attacks of Gauls. He was deposed in 288, after which 8 years of government under priestly rule followed. 14 302- 288
8. Bassanus Magnus: the warlike brother of Helenus, liked to present an image of self- righteousness. So very severe in his laws that he executed his own son for adultery and put away his wife for reviling him for it, and sent her to her father.

In his eighth year he built many forts against incursions of the Gauls and finally obtained the full kingship in his possession. In his sixteenth year built the city Bassanburg, where many of his successors had their residence.

Trithemius calls this Aix la Chapelle). In 285 B.C, is attacked by father-in-law, king of the Orkneys, but repells him. In 264 B.C. takes over duties as priest of Jupiter, which leads to his ultimate deification as 'Theobasan.'

In 257 B.C. leads a successful campaign as far south as Koblenz. At this time Heligastus, the great prophet of the Sicambri, flourished.

Bassanus later conquered from the Saxons all the country from the entrance of the Rhine to Mentz. In year 29 he slew Thaborinus, king of the Togazani (now Westphalians). He put his son on the throne in 252 and then disappeared.

36 288- 252
9. Clodomir I: in his third year the Gauls demanded restitution of their lands.

Clodomir overcame them by the aid of the king of Thuringia and Saxony.

18 252- 234
10. Nicanor: married Constantina, daughter of king of Britain. In his first year he aided the Saxons against the Slavs and Goths and returned with much spoil. In his third year he aided his father-in-law against the king of the Orcades. In 222 B.C. Sicambrians, Saxons and Thuringians defeat the Goths. In year 15 he was defeated by the Goths from Scandinavia, but afterwards expelled them.

In 215 B.C. he aided the king of Britain in a war against the Orkneys, but was unsuccessful because of lack of experience in warfare on the sea.

34 234- 200
11. Marcomirus II: successfully attacked the Romans, Gauls, Goths in his first year. In his fifth year he commanded the acts of the Gauls to be written in rhyme and sung by the bards. 28 200- 172
12. Clodius I: in his tenth year the Romans and Gauls wasted his country.

Being next year aided by the Saxons, he defeated them, but fell himself in the battle.

11 172- 161
13. Antenor II: he concluded a peace with the Gauls for ten years and abolished the Trojan custom of sacrificing his enemies' children. 16 161- 145
14. Clodomirus II: in histenth year the Gauls broke the peace. They were overcome in 125, the last year of his reign. 20 145- 125
15. Merodachus: in his fifth year he levied an army of 220,000 of his own people with Saxons and Germans and entered Italy as far as Ravenna. In his fifteenth year, because of several inundations of the sea and the Rhine, the Sicambri and Cimbri were forced to transplant themselves to the interior -- the Hercynian Forest -- about modern Bohemia. In his twentieth year the Romans and Gauls invaded their territories and set the Goths and Slavs on the Saxons that they might not aid the Sicambri. In year 23 (102-101) the Sicambri joined the Cimbri in a war against Rome. They were all defeated by Marius.

After this defeat Merodachus, with a fresh army, marched against the Gauls, gave them a great defeat and settled again in their old country.

28 125- 97
16. Cassander: in his second year the Romans and Gauls entered his kingdom. In his ninth year he aided Arabius, king of the Saxons, against Berobista, king of the Goths, who after five years again invaded Germany.

Cassander, aided by Damercus king of the Thuringi, expelled the Goths.

21 97- 76
17. Antharius: in his twentieth year some of Caesar's soldiers revolted to the Sicambri, who refused to deliver them up at Caesar's demand.

Caesar, in revenge, entered their country and marched all the way to Britain 55-54. In 41 Antharius and 2000 of his men were slain by the Gauls. He was the last 'King of the Sicambri'.

Hereafter the Sicambri were called Franks or Franconians after the name of his son and successor, Francus.

35 76- 41

THE KINGS OF THE FRANKS

Kings Length of Reign Dates
18. Francus marries a pagan priestess, daughter of king of Thuringia. In his third year the Goths encroached upon the country and remained there for ten years, after which Francus expelled them. In the fourth year the name of Sicambri was changed to Franci by an edict at the people's request. The next year, being at war with the Goths, the Gauls wasted his dominions. As punishment he levied an army of 300,000 men and invading their country took much spoil and killed 200,000 people of all sexes and ages. The Romans hearing of this victory sent Lollius with forces into Germany.

A long struggle with Rome followed. He made a league with the Germans and Saxons after their Roman allies were defeated.

28 41- 13
19. Clodius II or Clogio: an astronomer and diviner.

This king of the Franconians fought the Romans in his second year.

30 BC13-18 AD
20. Herimerus: he was slain in battle by Romans and Gauls. 12 18- 30
21. Marcomirus III: a brother of Herimerus. Phrysius, a brother of Marcomirus was governor of Frisia. 18 30- 48
22. Clodomirus III: he devastated northern Gaul in 55 A.D. He recovered all that his predecessors had lost and fought with the Romans near Mentz and wasted the country of Triers. 12 48- 60
23. Antenor III: he drowns in the Rhine with much of his army while retreating from Gaul. 6 60- 66
24. Ratherius: he renewed the league with the Germans and Saxons in 74. He founded Rotterdam and was buried there. 21 66- 87
25. Richimerus I: he was strongly religious and even became a pagan high priest. In 97 he repelled a Gothic attack on Saxony. He sent 18,000 settlers under son Sunno into Saxony to secure it against Goths. He fought with the Romans and Gauls near Basana (now Aix-la- Chapelle) in 99. He received aid of Winderchind, king of the Saxons, and Verminfrid, king of the Thuringi, in 101. He opposed the Goths who invaded Germany. The Franks, Germans and Saxons planted colonies in that part of Germany, which is now called Brandenburg, in 106. 24 87- 111
26. Odomar: made a league with the Romans and Gauls. Founder of Utrecht and builder of Odemarsheim in 117. 14 111- 125
27. Marcomirus IV:marries Athilde, daughter of the king of Britain His son, Frank, builds Helenopolis (Frankfort), another son becomes pagan priest. He rebuilt Marburg in the Landgraviate of Hesse. 21 125- 146
28. Clodomirus IV:marries Hasilda, daughter of the king of Rugen. 17 146- 163
29. Farabertus: he renewed the ancient league with the Germans. In his reign the Dutch (Niederlander) are first mentioned. 20 163- 183
30. Sunno or Hunno:warred with the Romans and Gauls. Upon the death of the Emperor Severus, in 211, he entered Gaul and wasted it with fire and sword. 28 183- 211
31. Hildericus: he built a castle on an isle in the Rhine and called it Hildeburg, 214. Introduced a period of cultural and architectural expansion. 40 211- 251
32. Bartherus: the Franks attacked in 256 -- the year the last Odin invaded Saxony and led many of the tribes of Israel to northwestern Europe. Raids of Franks, Thuringians and Bavarians continue to 259 in Gaul and Italy. In 262 Franks and Saxons carry a raid as far south as Tarragona, which they besiege. They spoiled Italy, as far as Ravenna, 264 and razed the town of Aragon to the ground, 267. 18 251- 269
33. Clodius III or Clogio: in 283 he entered Gaul, and having slain many Romans, recovered some of that which he had formerly lost. But, the Romans again expelled him in 289. 27 269- 296
34. Walter 8 296- 304
35. Dagobertus I 11 304- 315
36. Clodius IV or Clogio: the Romans and Gauls invaded Franconia in 317. Clogio was slain in battle. 2 315- 317
37. Clodomirus V: brother of Clogio IV. Sends in 322 A.D. 30,000 colonists to river Main and establishes Dukedom of Franconia which survives under 21 Dukes till Pepin the Short. He aided the Sarmata against the Romans, of whom he slew 36,000 in 321. The Franks were now permitted to resettle themselves where Holland, Utrecht, Gelders, part of Friesia, Westphalia and Brabant now lie. The Franks now split, the East Franks settling in Germany. Their dukes are listed later. 18 317- 335
38. Richimir II: opposed Constantius with 200,000 men in 342. He fought with the Romans and was slain in battle in 348. 13 335- 348
39. Theodomirus: makes Tongres his capital, attacks and burns Trier. Was taken by the Emperor Julian, who slew him and his mother. 10 348- 358
40. Clodius V or Clogio: to revenge his father's death he took Cambray, slew many Romans, entered Gaul and annexed much of it (as far as the Sagon River) to his dominions. In 369 Valentinian I defeats him by surprise attack. Pepin and Charlemagne are descended from this king's third son, Hector. 18 358- 376
41. Marcomirus V: the last 'King of the Franks' until reign of Pharamund. He obtained a great victory over the Romans at Cologne in 382 and recovered all that the Emperor had possessed, except Armorica or Little Brittany, in 390. He was slain in battle in 391. The Romans overpowered the Franks, commanded them to elect no more kings but dukes, in the reign of Theodosius the Great. 15 376- 391
42. Dagobert II: appointed governor (not king) after the death of Marcomirus, refuses Romans tribute.

Valentinian II admires courage of Franks, is unable to retaliate because otherwise occupied and finally killed by Arbogast a Frank.

5 391- 396
43. Genebaldus: also a mere governor, dies without heir. 21 396- 417
44. Pharamundus: he is the5th duke of Franconia and was elected king. 7 417- 424
45. Clodius VI: teaches Franks to wear hair long to distinguish them from Gauls. 20 424- 444
46. Meroveus: after whom Franks were called Merovingians Takes Trier, makes great gains in Gaul. 12 444- 456
47. Hildericus II: this appears to have been a joint year with Meroveus, his father. At death of Meroveus the son was deposed by Egidius and rebellious nobles. Hildericus II flees to Thuringia.

Egidius: a Roman, set up by nobles in place of Hildericus. He was deposed. Hildericus: reinstated.

1

3

22

455- 456

456- 459

459- 481

48. Clodoveus or Clovis: accepts Roman Catholic religion. Baptized in 496 A.D. 30 481- 511

DUKES OF THE EAST FRANKS

Duke Length of Reign Dates
1. Genebald I: brother of Clodomlr IV, migrated with East Franks to the upper Rhine and became their first duke. 30 322- 352
2. Marcomer 21 352- 373
3. Claudius 10 373- 383
4. Marcomer II 16 383- 399
5. Pharamund became king of the West Franks in 417.

He is reckoned by early historians as the first king of France. In 424 the succession passed to Clodion who founded the Merovingian Dynasty. Its kings all wore long hair.

They kept their kingly office until the Pope suggested to the East Franks (Germans) that they could gain the power over the Merovingians by cutting the king's hair.

The last Merovingian was accordingly tonsured. The government thereafter passed to Pippin, father of the German king Charlemagne, who restored the Roman Empire in the west in 800. The history of the Merovingians, who descended from the Trojan line and the house of Judah, is made especially interesting in a book entitled 'The Long-haired Kings,' by J. M. Wallace-Hadrill. (See especially chapter 7.)

The Merovingians recognized that though they came from Judah, they were not of the throne of David and would hold their power only so long as they kept a Nazarite tradition -- long hair -- symbolizing their subjection to a Higher Power -- God -- who rules supreme among men. (See Numbers 6.)

15 399- 414
6. Marcomer III: Pharamund with ruled in Franconia or Pharamund East Frankland 399-414; he ruled all France fromsole reign 417 till 424.

Marcomer III, Pharamund's brother, ruled in Franconia until Pharamund died in 428 (see 'Mirror of History').

14

4

414- 428

428- 432

7. Priamus 12 432- 444
8. Genebaldt II 20 444- 464
9. Sunno 23 464- 487
10. Clodius II: a West Frank, became duke of the East Franks (Germans). 16 487- 503
11. Clodomir 21 503- 524
12. Hugbald 26 524- 550
13. Helenus 30 550- 580
14. Gottfried 24 580- 604
15. Genebaldt III 20 604- 624
16. Clodomir II 23 624- 647
17. Heribert 30 647- 677
18. Clodoueus III 12 677- 689
19. Grosswert 26 689- 715
20. Gosspert 14 715- 729
21. Hetan 20 729- 749
Interregnum under Pepin 12 749- 761

The succeeding history of the Franks is so well known and thoroughly documented as to be everywhere available.

Hunibald's chronicle helps clear up misunderstandings about the Franks presented by the incomplete accounts of other medieval writers.

Tyro Prosper (Augustine's friend), for instance, contradicts practically every other ancient historian by stating that the first king of the Franks was Priam, the father of Marcomir, Sunno and Genebald, who lived around 382 A.D. This Priam was none other than Dagobert II (391-396). Priam was another of Dagobert's names. Dagobert had three sons Marcomir, Sunno and Genebald. He was the first governor (i.e. first ruler of lower rank than king) of the Franks. Tyro Prosper obviously did not have all his facts straight.

Another great misconception about the Franks is an alleged migration from Pannonia in the days of emperor Valentinian. The 'Frankish Chronicle' and Hugo of St. Victor both state that Caesar Valentinian attempted to exact tribute from the Franks living in Pannonia, after these had helped him defeat the Alani. The Franks, refusing to pay, were eventually forced to leave Pannonia and settle at the mouth of the Rhine.

Some loopholes in this story are immediately evident. First of all, Roman history is silent about any dealings with the Franks or other Germans in Pannonia in the days of Valentinian. Secondly, Valentinian I was emperor in the West, and died in an expedition against the Quadi. He was never active in the East. The same is true for Valentinian II, in whose reign the co-emperor Theodosius defeated a league of Huns, Goths and Alans in Moesia. This incident may possibly be partly responsible for the story that the Franks helped Valentinian to defeat the Alans.

Hunibald again comes to our aid. He informs us that both the Valentinians fought against the Franks in the West, not in Pannonia. Valentinian I fought against Clogio V in 369. It was Valentinian II, in the West, who tried to impose the tribute on the Franks in the reigns of Marcomirus V and Dagobert II. The chroniclers probably confused Priam (Dagobert II) and his sons Marcomir, Sunno and Genebald, with the original migration from Pannonia under Marcomir I and his brothers Priam, Panthenor and Sunno. As a result of this confusion, the migration was misplaced by some 700 years. Again, this just serves to demonstrate how valuable Hunibald's account is in presenting us with the true picture.

There is a bit of difficulty regarding the name Sicambri by which the Franks were for a while known. Hunibald states that it was derived from Cambra, the wife of Antenor I. The 'Frankish Chronicle,' Hugo of St. Victor and Aethicus Hister maintain, on the other hand, that Sicambria was a city near the shore of the Black Sea and that from it the people were called Sicambri.

Aethicus Hister, the Scythian geographer of c. 650 A.D., relates in his 'Cosmographia' the interesting fact that Caracalla -- whom he calls Romulus -- encountered some Franks in the vicinity of Troy in 214 A.D. Aethicus states that after occupying the area of Troy (see also Dio's 'Roman History' 78.16.7) Caracalla 'fought with Francus and Vassus, who were of royal descent, and they were defeated .... For Francus and Vassus had concluded an alliance with the Albani (Goths) and they were both moving their armies against Romulus (Caracalla); they crossed Histria (the region of Istria on the Dalmatian coast) ....

After the most bloody encounter Romulus defeated them. When Francus and Vassus saw that their armies had been cut down they fled with a few who remained ... the land was ruined, laid waste and reduced to desolation; they were driven from their own belongings and together with a few companions ... entered Raetia and reached uninviting and deserted Germany ...' Here we have a small group of Franks moving into Germany. Could this be where the chroniclers mentioned earlier got their idea of a migration under a Francus?

A little later Franks again appear on the lower Danube, but this time as settlers actually brought in from Germany by Probus (276-281).

Zosimus relates in his History: 'But the Franks having applied to the Emperor, and having a country given to them, a part of them afterwards revolted, and having collected a great number of ships, disturbed all Greece; from whence they proceeded into Sicily, to Syracuse, which they attacked, and killed many people there. At length they arrived in Africa, whence they were repulsed by a body of men from Carthage, yet they returned home (to the Rhine) without any great loss' (Book I).

This adventurous excursion is also mentioned by Vopiscus and Capitolinus. Hunibald's Chronicle is from Johannes Trittenheim, 'Chronik von der Francken Ursprung,' Frankfurt, 1605.

THE HAPSBURGS ENTER

What connection have the Austrian Hapsburgs with the Trojan kings of the East Franks? Much more than historians today recognize. From Pharamond, king of the Franks, came a princely line of rulers who intermarried with Austrian royalty. This line is preserved in the 'Historia de Xerez' by Gutierrez, From Pharamond descended:

Clodion
Merovius
Childeric
Clodovius
Clotarius, whose son Sigibert became a king in Austria
Sigibert
Childubert, king of Austrasia and Burgundy
Theodobert, king of Austrasia
Ligibert, duke of Austrasia
Othobert, count of Altemburg
Amprinetus
Hectobert
Rampert
Guntramus I
Luiffridus I
Luiffridus II
Hundifridus
Gumtramus II
Bertus
Rapatus, whose son became count of Hapsburg
Werner, count of Hapsburg
Otho
Werner II
Werner III
Albert I
Rudolf I
Albert II
Rudolf II: of Hapsburg, who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1273.

THE DUKES OF GAUL

At the end of the First Trojan War in 1181 still another group left Troy. These Trojans were led by Franco the son of Hector. The story of their migration to Gaul is extant. It is found in a medieval French chronicle -- 'Le Myreur d'Histoire' ('The Mirror of History'). This line of rulers is preserved from France to Clovis.

(NOTE: To view the chart placed here, see the file CMPDM2E.TIF in the Images\OtherWCG directory.)

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Franco I: he left Troy with Aeneas and Antenor.

They sailed to Sizille (probably Sicily). Franco traveled to Italy and North Africa. Then with 3,000 of his followers he settled in southern Gaul.

They called the area Franche. The people were sons of Franco or Franchois. After his death they were known as Gauls.

10 1181-1171
2. Melus: a son of Franco. He rebuilds Troy in 1145. His daughter, Odela, married Silvius the king of Italy. 51 1171-1120
3. Bosses: a son of Melus.

He defeated Ascanius, king of Italy, in a battle. Bosses later married Grata the daughter of Ascanius. This may have settled the dispute between them.

24 1120-1096
4. Ector I: he was the grandson of Broncus.

Broncus was a son of Silvius and Odela. Ector founded Troy in Burgogne.

16 1096-1080
5. Alemaine: son of Bosses.

He conquered all Germany and fortified many cities.

Allemania, a section of Germany, derives its name from him

22 1080-1058
6. Castor: founds the city of Castre. Died in a fight with Silvius, king of Italy. 30 1058-1028
7. Ylion I 40 1028- 988
8. Alienoir 28 988- 960
9. Gossain 12 960- 948
10 Ector II 19 948- 929
11. Athanaise 21 929- 908
12. Franco II: married Ydoneas the daughter of Agrippa king of the Latins. 10 908- 898
13. Yborus I: son of Franco II and Ydoneas. He had a war with his cousin, the king of Italy. Founded Lutesse. 15 898- 883
14 Anthenoire I 17 883- 866
15. Yolens: he conquered Cyprus. 43 866- 823
16. Prian I 26 823- 797
17. Yborus II: he repelled two attacks on Gaul from Amulius king of the Latins. His daughter, Oderne, married Gaffre the king of Africa. After Yborus died Amulius married his widow. 22 797- 775
18. Ector III 50 775- 725
19. Ylion II: he founded Limoges. 40 725- 685
20. Nay: he founded Turnay. 34 685- 651
21. Alymodes: he married the daughter of a Roman senator. He was victorious in a war with the Roman king Priscus. One of his children, Aquitaine, gave his name to the region in France. 74 651- 577
22. Orlins (Aurelian): builtand gave his name to Orleans. 54 577- 523
23. Avrengnas: Auvergne derives its name from this ruler. 14 523- 509
24. Yborus III 40 509- 469
25. Frisones: Frise in Champagne is named after him. 28 469- 441
26. Flambo: the Gauls took Rome as far as the capitol during his rule. 48 441- 393
27. Flandroc 33 393- 360
28. Turrus (Turnus): founded Tours. That section of France called 'Touraine' derives its name from him. 59 360- 301
29. Brugen: Bruges was founded by him. His brother Amyrus founded Amiens. 25 301- 276
30. Duanus (Duaynus) 16 276- 260
31. Camberacion: founded Cambray. 55 260- 205
32. Bretanges: Brittany is named after him. 10 205- 195
33. Cletus 22 195- 173
34. Franco III: he joined the Flemish and Burgundians against Rome. The Romans under Scipio were defeated. 53 173- 120
35. Prians II 56 120- 64
36. Yborus IV: Julius Caesar

invaded Gaul and took

Paris while he ruled.

40 64- 24
37. Franco IV 28 B.C. 24- 5 AD.
38. Trojolus (Troielus) I 29 5- 34
39. Cloberius (Cloveius) 45 34- 79
40. Ector IV: he defeated the Romans and captured Emperor Domitian. 47 79- 126
41. Franco V: he was made duke of the Gauls by the Sicambrians. 25 126- 151
42. Anthenoir II: he was dukeof Gaul and count of Flanders. 31 151- 182
43. Ector V 5 182- 187
44. Franco VI 8 187- 195
45. Troiolus II 27 195- 222
46. Marcones I: wars were fought in which the Romans lost nearly 30,000 soldiers. 44 222- 266
47. Ector VI; the Germans held Paris for a short time. 16 266- 282
48. Porus: Diocletian was defeated by the dukes of Gaul and Brittany. Martin Bishop of Tongre baptized Porus. 19 282- 301
49. Marcones (Merones) II 32 301- 333
50. Anthenoir III 10 333- 343
51. Ector VII 1 343- 344
52. Prian III 32 344- 376
53. Marchones III under regent joint with son 34 383- 417 sole (31) (383- 414) 7 376- 383

KINGS OF FRANCE

Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Pharamond 11 417- 428
2. Clodius 20 428- 448
3. Meroveux 10 448- 458
4. Celdris 23 458- 481
5. Cloveis 30 481- 511

These are kings after Marcomirus V (376-391). Compare this list with that from the 'Chronicle of Hunibald.'

IN RETROSPECT

Historians would have us believe that Western Europe was inhabited by wild and barbarian Celts and Germans while Rome flourished in power and glory. But, the evidence proofs that civilized people migrated to Gaul and the Low Countries centuries before the founding of Rome.

In 1181 Troy fell to the Greek invaders. Franco, a son of Hector, fled to Southern Gaul. His group was later known as Gauls. Caesar subdued them during campaigns in Aquitania and proofnce.

Bavo and his followers arrived in Belgica in 1179. They were known as Belgians or Batavians. Another migration leaving in 1181 was led by Francus. They ultimately reached Celtica. The Celts lost their independence to Ursus (Belgian king) in 766. In 52 Caesar conquered both Gaul and Belgium.

Francio began a movement which eventually settled in Pannonia. One of their rulers, Brabon Silvius, was given Agrippina by Julius Caesar.

In 378 A.D. Gratian drove the Sicambrians out of Pannonia. Maximus

allowed them to migrate to Brabant. Clodius, king of the Franks, annexed Brabant. Thus, Brabon became a servant and Brabant a dukedom.

Trojans under Ascanius (1181) and Alexander (677) joined each other on the Danube. The trek across Europe began in 445. By 439 they reached the mouth of the Rhine. The Sicambrian and Frankish kings ruled the Trojans there. During the reign of Clodomirus V (317-335) the Franks split (East and West). Marcomirus V was the last king of the Franks until Pharamund.

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