Volume 2 Appendix
COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY
VOLUME 2
A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy
by Herman L. Hoeh
1963 1966, 1969 Edition
APPENDIX A
THE ENIGMA OF DYNASTY I AND II OF KISH RESOLVED
The lengths of reigns assigned to the rulers of Dynasties I and II of Kish are clearly not the true lengths of reign. They are all too long. Yet they cannot be explained merely by scribal errors. The figures are intentionally long.
The Babylonian priestly scribes at an early period intentionally lengthened the original figures to make Babylon excessively ancient.
The question is: Can the true lengths of reign still be deduced from the figures now preserved? The answer is Yes!
What the Babylonians did was very clever. To preserve the original figures which they had in their possession -- and yet hide them -- they resorted to a clever mathematical trick.
To understand, let's look at the Sumerian and Babylonian method of numbering. Today we are familiar with the use of decimals -- multiples of ten. But we are generally unfamiliar with the Babylonian use of multiples of sixes and sixties. Samuel Kramer explains it for laymen in 'The Sumerians, Their History, Culture and Character,' p. 92. To express the number 60, for example, the Sumerians used a particular symbol. But to express 600 they used another symbol, not 10 x 60. To express 3,600, they used another symbol, not 6 x 600.
Now what the clever priest-kings did was this: They took for example, a man whose length of reign was 14 years and altered the figures the following way. They multiplied the 4, the first figure to the left of the decimal point by 60. The result was 240. Then they multiplied the 1, the second figure to the left of the decimal point by 600. The result was 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 840. By working back from the expanded figures now preserved, it is possible to determine the real lengths of reigns of the priest-kings of Kish who were elected to the office. The Dynasty, it should be noted, is placed before that of Erech. It indicates that events which led to the establishment of Nimrod's political government in 2254, began two years earlier in a religious revolt that expressed itself in the building of the Tower of Babel in 2256.
Rulers of Dynasty II of Kish -- Priest-Kings | Length of Reign from King List | Calculation of True Reign | Actual Reign |
Su- | more than 201, not more than 205 | 0 x 600 + 3 x 60 = | 3 yrs. + mos |
Dadasig | more than 1785, not more than 1789 | 2 x 600 + 9 x 60 = | 29 yrs.+ mos |
Mamagal | 420 | 0 x 600 + 7 x 60 = | 7 yrs |
Kalbum, son of Mamagal. | 132 | 0 x 600 + 2 x 60 = | 2 yrs. + mos |
Tuge | 360 | 0 x 600 + 6 x 60 = | 6 yrs. |
Mennumna | 180 | 0 x 600 + 3 x 60 = | 3 yrs. |
Lugalmu | 420 | 0 x 600 + 7 x 60 = | 7 yrs. |
Ibbi-Ea | 290 | 0 x 600 + 4 x 60 = | 4 yrs. + mos. |
Eight kings are said to have reigned 3792 years; the correct total is given in the Document L1 (see p. 97 of Jacobsen's 'Sumerian King List'). For all other figures, see pp. 328-329 of S. N. Kramer's, 'The Sumerians, their History, Culture and Character.'
Rulers of Dynasty II of Kish | Actual Length of Reign | Dates of Reign |
Su- | 3 | 1809-1806 |
Dadasig | 29 | 1806-1777 |
Mamagal | 7 | 1777-1770 |
Kalbum, son of Mamagal | 2 | 1770-1768 |
Tuge | 6 | 1768-1762 |
Mennumna | 3 | 1762-1759 |
Lugalmu | 7 | 1759-1752 |
Ibbi-Ea | 4 | 1752-1748 |
Rulers of Dynasty I of Kish -- Priest-Kings | Length of Reign from King List | Calculation of True Reign | Actual Reign |
Gaur | 1200 | 2 x 600 + 0 x 60 = | 20 yrs. |
Gulla-Nidaba-annapad | 960 | 1 x 600 + 6 x 60 = | 16 yrs. |
Pala-kinatim | 900 | 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = | 15 yrs. |
Nangishlishma and Bahina | 6960 | 1 x 3600 + 5 x 600 + 6 x 60 = | 156 yrs. |
Buanum | 840 | 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = | 14 yrs. |
Kalibum | 960 | 1 x 600 + 6 x 60 = | 16 yrs. |
Galumum | 840 | 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = | 14 yrs. |
Zukakip | 900 | 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = | 15 yrs. |
Atab | 600 | 1 x 600 + 0 x 60 = | 10 yrs. |
Mashda | 840 | 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = | 14 yrs. |
Arurim, son ofMashda. | 720 | 1 x 600 + 2 x 60 = . | 12 yrs |
Etana, the shepherd, who ascended to heaven, who MADE FIRM ALL THE LANDS. | 1560 | 2 x 600 + 6 x 60 = | 26 yrs. |
Balih | 400 | 0 x 600 + 6 x 60 = | 6 yrs.+ mos. |
Enmenunna | 660 | 1 x 600 + 1 x 60 = | 11 yrs. |
Melan-Kish, son of Enmenunna. | 900 | 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = | 15 yrs. |
Barsalnunna, son of Enmenunna. | 1200 | 2 x 600 + 0 x 60 = | 20 yrs. |
Meszemug, son of Barsalnunna. | 140 | 0 x 600 + 2 x 60 = | 2 yrs.+ mos. |
Tizkar, son of Meszamug. | 305 | 0 x 600 + 5 x 60 = | 5 yrs.+ mos. |
Ilku | 900 | 1 x 600 + 3 x 60 = | 15 yrs. |
Iltasadum | 1200 | 2 x 600 + 0 x 60 = | 20 yrs. |
Enmebaraggesi, who smote the weapons of the land of Elam. | 900 | 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = | 15 yrs. |
Agga, son of Enmebaraggesi. | 625 | 1 x 600 + 0 x 60 = | 10 yrs.+ mos. |
'Twenty-three kings reigned years.' | 24,510 | 6 x 3600 + 4 x 600 + 8 x 60 | 648 yrs. + mos. |
Rulers of Dynasty I of Kish -- Priest-Kings | Actual Length of Reign | Dates of
Reign |
Gaur Reckoned from commencement of building Tower of Babel | 20 | 2256-2236 |
Gulla-Nidaba-annapad | 16 | 2236-2220 |
Pala-kinatim | 15 | 2220-2205 |
Nangishlishma and Bahina | 156 | 2205-2049 |
Buanum | 14 | 2049-2035 |
Kalibum | 16 | 2035-2019 |
Galumum | 14 | 2019-2005 |
Zukakip | 15 | 2005-1990 |
Atab | 10 | 1990-1980 |
Mashda | 14 | 1980-1966 |
Arurim, son of Mashda. | 12 | 1966-1954 |
Etana, the shepherd. | 26 | 1954-1928 |
Balih, son of Etana. | 6 | 1928-1922 |
Enmenunna | 11 | 1922-1911 |
Melan-Kish, son of Enmenunna. | 15 | 1911-1896 |
Barsalnunna, son of Enmenunna. | 20 | 1896-1876 |
Meszamug, son of Barsalnunna. | 2 | 1876-1874 |
Tizkar, son of Meszamug. | 5 | 1874-1869 |
Ilku | 15 | 1869-1854 |
Iltasadum | 20 | 1854-1834 |
Enmebaraggesi, who smote the weapons of the land of Elam. | 15 | 1834-1819 |
Agga, son of Enmebaraggesi. | 10 | 1819-1809 |
APPENDIX B
ETHIOPIAN KING LIST
The following list of rulers is taken from 'In the Country of the Blue Nile' by C. F. Rey, London, 1927 (Appendix A). It is exactly correct in the original archives. The dates are stated in years according to the Gregorian calendar. They begin in September -- hence autumn to autumn reckoning. This list of rulers is as valuable as the Chinese Shoo King.
AGDAZYAN DYNASTY OF THE POSTERITY OF THE KINGDOM OF JOCTAN.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
1. Akbunas Saba I. Saba is the Arabian Abd Shems, son of Jerah (Yarab), the son of Joktan. | 55 | 1978-1923 |
2. Nakehte Kalnis. Kalnis is Kahlan of Arabian tradition, the son of Abd Shems. | 40 | 1923-1883 |
3. Kasiyope (queen) | 19 | 1883-1864 |
4. Sabe I | 15 | 1864-1849 |
5. Etiyopus I | 56 | 1849-1793 |
6. Lakndun Nowarari | 30 | 1793-1763 |
7. Tutimheb | 20 | 1763-I743 |
8. Herhator I | 20 | 1743-1723 |
9. Etiyopus II | 30 | 1723-1693 |
10. Senuka I | 17 | 1693-1676 |
11. Bonu I | 8 | 1676-1668 |
12. Mumazes (queen) | 4 | 1668-1664 |
13. Aruas, daughter of Mumazes. | 7 months | 1664 |
14. Amen Asro I | 30 | 1664-1634 |
15. Ori (or Aram) II | 30 | 1634-1604 |
16. Piori I | 15 | 1604-1589 |
17. Amen Emhat I | 40 | 1589-1549 |
18. Tsawi | 15 | 1549-1534 |
19. Aktissanis | 10 | 1534-1524 |
20. Mandes | 17 | 1524-1507 |
21. Protawos | 33 | 1507-1474 |
22. Amoy | 21 | 1474-1453 |
23. Konsi Hendawi | 5 | 1453-1448 |
24. Bonu II | 2 | 1448-1446 |
25. Sebi III (Kefe) | 15 | 1446-1431 |
26. Djagons | 20 | 1431-1411 |
27. Senuka II | 10 | 1411-1401 |
28. Angabo I (Zaka Laarwe) | 50 | 1401-1351 |
29. Miamur | 2 days | 1351 |
30. Helena (queen) | 11 | 1351-1340 |
31. Zagdur I | 40 | 1340-1300 |
32. Her Hator II | 30 | 1300-1270 |
33. Her Hator (Za Sagado) III | 1 | 1270-1269 |
34. Akate (Za Sagado) IV | 20 | 1269-1249 |
35. Titon Satiyo | 10 | 1249-1239 |
36. Hermantu I | 5 months | 1239 |
37. Amen Emhat II | 5 | 1239-1234 |
38. Konsab I | 5 | 1234-1229 |
39. Sannib II | 5 | 1229-1224 |
40. Sanuka III | 5 | 1224-1219 |
41. Angabo II | 40 | 1219-1179 |
42. Amen Astate | 30 | 1179-1149 |
43. Herhor | 16 | 1149-1133 |
44. Wiyankihi I | 9 | 1133-1124 |
45. Pinotsem I | 17 | 1124-1107 |
46. Pinotsem II | 41 | 1107-1066 |
47. Massaherta | 16 | 1066-1050 |
48. Ramenkoperm | 14 | 1050-1036 |
49. Pinotsem III | 7 | 1036-1029 |
50. Sabi IV | 10 | 1029-1019 |
51. Tawasaya Dews | 13 | 1019-1006 |
52. Makeda | 31 | 1006- 975 |
The year 975 is the year of death of Hatshepsowe, who is Makeda.
Her daughter married Solomon, Their son, Menelik, was adopted by Makeda as her heir since she had no son of her own. Menelik thus was of the line of Sheba, of Joktan and Peleg -- which explains the racial intermixture of the Ethiopian royalty.
Fifty-two sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia before the advent of Mehelik I.
DYNASTY OF MENELIK I.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
1. Menelik I | 25 | 975-950 |
2. Hanyon | 1 | 950-949 |
3. Sera I (Tomai). This is Zerah the Ethiopian -- here expressly recorded by name in the history of Abyssinia. | 26 | 949-923 |
4. Amen Hotep Zagdur | 31 | 923-892 |
5. Aksumay Ramissu | 20 | 892-872 |
6. Awseyo Sera II | 38 | 872-834 |
7. Tawasya II | 21 | 834-813 |
8. Abralyus Wiyankihi II | 32 | 813-781 |
9. Aksumay Warada Tsahay | 23 | 781-758 |
10. Kashta Hanyon | 13 | 758-745 |
11. Sabaka II | 12 | 745-733 |
12. Nicauta Kandake (queen) | 10 | 733-723 |
13. Tsawi Terhak Warada Nsgash | 49 | 723-674 |
14. Erda Amen Awseya, or Urdemane of Assyrian records of Assurbanipal | 6 | 674-668 |
15. Gasiyo Eskikatir | -- | 668 |
16. Nuatmeawn (Tanautamun) | 4 | 668-664 |
17. Tomadyon Piyankihi III | 12 | 664-652 |
18. Amen Asero | 16 | 652-636 |
19. Piyankihi IV, or Awtet | 34 | 636-602 |
20. Zaware Nebret Aspurta | 41 | 602-561 |
21. Saifay Harsiataw II | 12 | 561-549 |
22. Ramhay Nastossanan | 4 | 549-535 |
23. Handu Wuha Abra | 11 | 535-524 |
24. Safelya Sabakon | 31 | 524-493 |
25. Agalbus Sepekos | 22 | 493-471 |
26. Psmenit Waradanegash | 21 | 471-450 |
27. Awseya Tarakos | 12 | 450-438 |
28. Kanaz Psmis, son of Awseya Tarakos | 13 | 438-425 |
29. Apras | 10 | 425-415 |
30. Kashta Walda Ahuhu | 20 | 415-395 |
31. Elalion Taake | 10 | 395-385 |
32. Atserk Amen III | 10 | 385-375 |
33. Atserk Amen IV | 10 | 375-365 |
34. Hadina (queen) | 10 | 365-355 |
35. Atserk Amen V | 10 | 355-345 |
36. Atserk Amen VI | 10 | 345-335 |
37. Nikawla Kandake (queen) | 10 | 335-325 |
38. Bassyo | 7 | 325-318 |
39. Akawsis Kandake III (queen) | 10 | 318-308 |
40. Arkamen II | 10 | 308-298 |
41. Awtet Arawura | 10 | 298-288 |
42. Kolas II (Kaletro) | 10 | 288-278 |
43. Zawre Nebrat | 16 | 278-262 |
44. Stiyo | 14 | 262-248 |
45. Safay | 13 | 248-235 |
46. Nikosis Kandake IV (queen) | 10 | 235-225 |
47. Ramhay Arkamen IV | 10 | 225-215 |
48. Feliya Hernekhit | 15 | 215-200 |
49. Hende Awkerara | 20 | 200-180 |
50. Agabu Baseheran | 10 | 180-170 |
51. Sulay Kawswmenun | 20 | 170-150 |
52. Messelme Kerarmer | 8 | 150-142 |
53. Nagey Bsente | 10 | 142-132 |
54. Etbenukewer | 10 | 132-122 |
55. Safeliya Abramen | 20 | 122-102 |
56. Sanay | 10 | 102- 92 |
57. Awsena (queen) | 11 | 92- 81 |
58. Dawit II | 10 | 81- 71 |
59. Aglbul | 8 | 71- 63 |
60. Bawawl | 10 | 63- 53 |
61. Barawas | 10 | 53- 43 |
62. Dinedad | 10 | 43- 33 |
63. Amoy Mahasse | 5 | 33- 28 |
64. Nicotnis Kandake V | 10 | 28- 18 |
65. Nalke | 5 | 18- 13 |
66. Luzay | 12 | 13- 1 |
67. Bazen | 17 | B.C. 1- 17 A.D. |
Before Christ 119 sovereigns reigned. |
THOSE WHO REIGNED AFTER THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
1. Sartu Tsenfa Assegd | 21 | 17- 38 |
2. Akaptah Tsenfa Ared | 8 | 38- 46 |
3. Horemtaku | 2 | 46- 48 |
4. Garsemot Kandake VI. JenDaraba, favourite of Queen Garsemot Kandake, crowned by Gabre Hawariat Kandake, had made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem according to the law of Orit (the ancient law), and on his return Philip the Apostle taught him the gospel, and after he had made him believe the truth he sent him back. | 10 | 48- 58 |
5. Hatoza Bahr Asaged | 28 | 58- 86 |
6. Mesenh Germasir | 7 | 86- 93 |
7. Metwa Germa Asfar | 9 | 93-102 |
8. Adgale II | 10 | 102-112 |
9. Agba | 1 | 112-113 |
10. Serada | 16 | 113-129 |
11. Malis Alameda | 4 | 129-133 |
12. Hakabe Nasohi Tsiyon | 6 | 133-139 |
13. Hakli Sergway | 12 | 139-151 |
14. Dedme Zaray | 10 | 151-161 |
15. Awtet | 2 | 161-163 |
16. Alaly Bagamay | 7 | 163-170 |
17. Awadu Jan Asagad | 30 | 170-200 |
18. Zagun Tsion Hegez | 5 | 200-205 |
19. Rema Tsion Geza | 3 | 205-208 |
20. Azegan Malbagad | 7 | 208-215 |
21. Gafale Seb Asagad | 1 | 215-216 |
22. Tsegay Beze Wark | 4 | 216-220 |
23. Gaza Agdur | 9 | 220-229 |
24. Agduba Asgwegwe | 8 | 229-237 |
25. Dawiza | 1 | 237-238 |
26. Wakana (queen) | 2 days | 238 |
27. Hadawz | 4 months | 238 |
28. Ailassan Sagal | 3 | 238-241 |
29. Asfehi Asfeha | 14 | 241-255 |
30. Atsgaba Seifa Arad | 6 | 255-261 |
31. Ayba | 17 | 261-278 |
32. Tsaham Laknduga | 9 | 278-287 |
33. Tsegab | 10 | 287-297 |
34. Tazer | 10 | 297-307 |
35. Ahywa Sofya (queen) | 7 | 307-314 |
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHRISTIAN SOVEREIGNS.
1. Ahywa. Her regnal name was Sofya, and she was the mother of Abreha Atsbeha. | ||
2. Abreha Atsbeha, reigned partly with his mother. | 26 | 314-340 |
3. Atsbeha, alone. | 12 | 340-352 |
4. Asfeh Dalz | 7 | 352-359 |
5. Sahle | 14 | 359-373 |
6. Arfed Gebra Maskal | 4 | 373-377 |
7. Adhana I (queen) | 5 | 377-382 |
8. Riti | 1 | 382-383 |
9. Asfeh II | 1 | 383-384 |
10. Atsbeha II | 5 | 384-389 |
11. Amey | 15 | 389-404 |
12. Abreha II | 7 months | 404 |
13. Ilassahl | 2 months | 404 |
14. Elagabaz I | 2 | 404-406 |
15. Suhal | 4 | 406-410 |
16. Abreha III | 10 | 410-420 |
17. Adhana II (queen) | 6 | 420-426 |
18. Yoab | 10 | 426-436 |
19. Tsaham I | 2 | 436-438 |
20. Amey II | 1 | 438-439 |
21. Sahle Ahzob | 2 | 439-441 |
22. Tsebah Mahana Kristos | 3 | 441-444 |
23. Tsaham II | 2 | 444-446 |
24. Elagabaz II | 6 | 446-452 |
25. Agabi | 1 | 452-453 |
26. Lewi | 2 | 453-455 |
27. Ameda III | 3 | 455-458 |
28. Armah Dawit | 14 | 458-472 |
29. Amsi | 5 | 472-477 |
30. Salayba | 9 | 477-486 |
31. Alameda | 8 | 486-494 |
32. Pazena Ezana | 7 | 494-501 |
Of the posterity of Sofya and Abreha Atsbeha until the reign of Pazena Ezana thirty-one sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.
DYNASTY OF ATSE (EMPEROR) KALEB UNTIL GEDAJAN.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
1. Kaleb | 30 | 501-531 |
2. Za Israel | 1 month | 531 |
3. Gabra Maskal | 14 | 531-545 |
4. Kostantinos | 28 | 545-573 |
5. Wasan Sagad | 15 | 573-588 |
6. Fere Sanay | 23 | 588-611 |
7. Advenz | 20 | 611-631 |
8. Akala Wedem | 8 | 631-639 |
9. Germa Asafar | 15 | 639-654 |
10. Zergaz | 10 | 654-664 |
11. Dagena Mikael | 26 | 664-690 |
12. Bahr Ekla | 19 | 690-709 |
13. Gum | 24 | 709-733 |
14. Asguagum | 5 | 733-738 |
15. Latem | 16 | 738-754 |
16. Talatam | 21 | 754-775 |
17. Gadagosh | 13 | 775-788 |
18. Aizar Eskakatir | 1/2 day | 788 |
19. Dedem | 5 | 788-793 |
20, Wededem | 10 | 793-803 |
21. Wudme Asfare | 30 | 803-833 |
22. Armah | 5 | 833-838 |
23. Degennajan | 19 | 838-857 |
24. Gedajan | 1 | 857-858 |
25. Gudit | 40 | 858-898 |
26. Anbase Wedem | 20 | 898-918 |
27. Del Naad | 10 | 918-928 |
Twenty-seven sovereigns of the posterity of Kaleb
SOVEREIGNS ISSUED FROM ZAGWE.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
1. Mara Takla Haymanot, his regnal name was Zagwe. | 13 | 928- 941 |
2. Tatawdem | 40 | 941- 981 |
3. Jan Seyum | 40 | 981-1021 |
4. Germa Seyum | 40 | 1021-1061 |
5. Yermrhana Kristos | 40 | 1061-1101 |
6. Kedus Arbe (Samt) | 40 | 1101-1141 |
7. Lalibala | 40 | 1141-1181 |
8. Nacuto Laab | 40 | 1181-1221 |
9. Yatbarak | 17 | 1221-1238 |
10. Mayari | 15 | 1238-1253 |
11. Harbay | 8 | 1253-1261 |
Of the posterity of Mara Takla Haymanot (whose regnal name was Zagwe) until the reign of Harbay eleven sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.
A JEWISH DYNASTY, WHICH WAS NOT RAISED TO THE THRONE, DURING THE PERIOD OF THE PRECEDING DYNASTY.
1. Mahbara Wedem |
2. Agbea Tsyon |
3. Tsinfa Arad |
4. Nagash Zare |
5. Asfeh |
6. Yakob |
7. Bahr Asagad |
8. Edem Asagad |
SOVEREIGNS FROM EMPEROR YEKUNO AMLAK, DESCENDED FROM THE ANCIENT REIGNING DYNASTIES.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
1. Yekuno Amlak | 15 | 1261-1276 |
2. Yasbeo Tseyon | 9 | 1276-1285 |
3. Tsenfa Arad | 1 | 1285-1286 |
4. Hesba Asagad | 1 | 1286-1287 |
5. Kedme Asagad | 1 | 1287-1288 |
6. Jan Asagad | 1 | 1288-1289 |
7. Sabea Asagad | 1 | 1289-1290 |
8. Wedma Ared | 15 | 1290-1305 |
9. Amda Tseyon | 30 | 1305-1335 |
10. Saifa Ared | 28 | 1335-1363 |
11. Wedma Asfare | 10 | 1363-1373 |
12. Dawit | 30 | 1373-1403 |
13. Tewodoros | 4 | 1403-1407 |
14. Yeshak | 15 | 1407-1422 |
15. Andreyas | 6 months | 1422 |
16. Hesba Nan | 4 | 1422-1426 |
17. Bedl Nan (6 months with Andreyas & 6 months) | 1 | 1426-1427 |
18. Amde Tseyon | 7 | 1427-1434 |
19. Zara Yakob | 34 | 1434-1468 |
20. Boeda Maryam | 10 | 1468-1478 |
21. Iskender | 16 | 1478-1494 |
22. Amda Tseyon | 1 | 1494-1495 |
23. Naod | 13 | 1495-1508 |
Of the posterity of Yekuno Amlak up to the reign of Naod 23 sovereigns ruled over Ethiopia.
ELEVATION TO THE THRONE OF ATSE (EMPEROR) LEBNA DENGEL, AND THE INVASION OF ETHIOPIA BY GRAN.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
1. Lebna Dengel | 32 | 1508-1540 |
2. Galawdewos | 19 | 1540-1559 |
3. Minas | 4 | 1559-1563 |
Fifteen years after Atse (Emperor) Lebna Dengel came to the throne Gran devastated Ethiopia for fifteen years.
THE HOUSE OF GONDAR.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
1. Sartsa Dengel | 34 | 1563-1597 |
2. Yakob | 9 | 1597-1606 |
3. Za Dengel | 1 | 1606-1607 |
4. Susneyos | 28 | 1607-1635 |
5. Fasil | 35 | 1635-1670 |
6. Degu-Johannis | 15 | 1670-1685 |
7. Adyam Sagad Iyasu | 25 | 1685-1710 |
8. Takla Haymanot | 2 | 1710-1712 |
9. Tewoflus | 3 | 1712-1715 |
10. Yostos | 4 | 1715-1719 |
11. Dawit | 5 | 1719-1724 |
12. Bakaffa | 9 | 1724-1733 |
13. Birhan Sagad Iyasu | 24 | 1733-1757 |
14. Iyoas | 15 | 1757-1772 |
15. Johannis . | 5 mos. & 5 dys | 1772 |
16. Takla Haymanot | 8 | 1772-1780 |
17. Solomon | 2 | 1780-1782 |
18. Takla Giyorgis | 5 | 1782-1787 |
Of the posterity of Sartsa Dengel up to the reign of King Takla Giyorgis eighteen sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.
SOVEREIGNS OF ABYSSINIA SUBSEQUENT TO THE FOREGOING LIST
From about 1730 up to the advent of Theodore in 1855 these kings exercised no real power. They were murdered, deposed, restored and driven out again, or treated as nonentities by anyone of the great
Rases or semi-independent kings who were strong enough to maintain themselves against their rivals, such as, for example, Ras Mikael Suhul of Tigre (1730-1780), Ras Guksa of Amhara a Galla (1790-1819), and the son (Ras Marye) and grandson (Ras Ali) of the latter.
In 1813, indeed, no less than six nominal 'Kings of Kings of Ethiopia' were all alive, having been successively turned out of office by others.
The names of all these kings (who were actually raised to the throne) are, however, given below in order to maintain continuity, together with the dates (according to our calendar) of their chequered reigns.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
1. Yasus | 1 | 1787-1788 |
2. Takla Haymanot | 1 | 1788-1789 |
3. Iskias | 6 | 1789-1795 |
4. Baeda Maryam | 2 | 1795-1797 |
5. Junus | -- | 1797 |
6. Adimo | 2 | 1797-1799 |
7. Egwala Sion | 19 | 1799-1818 |
8. Joas | 3 | 1818-1821 |
9 Gigar | 5 | 1821-1826 |
10. Baeda Maryam III | -- | 1826 |
11. Gigar (again) | 4 | 1826-1830 |
12. Iyasu IV | 2 | 1830-1832 |
13. Gabra Kristos | -- | 1832 |
14. Sahala Dengel | 8 | 1832-1840 |
15. Johannes III | 1 | 1840-1841 |
16. Sahala Dengel (again) At this time the empire was re-established by Theodore. | 14 | 1841-1855 |
17. Theodore | 13 | 1855-1868 |
18. John IV | 21 | 1868-1889 |
19. Menelik II | 24 | 1889-1913 |
20. Le; Yasu | 3 | 1913-1916 |
21. Zauditu, empress, and Tafari Makonnen, regent and heir. | 14 | 1916-1930 |
22. Haile Selassie I, is the title of Tafari Makonnen after Zauditu's
death.
Except for period of Italian annexation (1936 1942) |
6 33 |
1930-1936 1941-1974 |
For purposes of comparison, it should be remembered that the present Abyssinian autumn-to-autumn calendar is seven or eight years behind ours, according to the period of the year. That is, the Ethiopian date differs by eight years from 1st January to 10th September. It differs by seven years from 11th September to 31st December.
Thus the year which the Abyssinians regard as A.D. 1 is for us September A.D. 8 to September A.D. 9.
This difference is not of course exactly the same all the way back throughout the List of Kings, as revisions of the calendar took place at various dates throughout the period. But it is near enough for general comparison.
TRIBE OF POSTERITY OF ORI OR ARAM
An Aramaic royal line spread into Africa, as well as into Shinar and Syria. In Africa, the sons of Aram through Mash (and perhaps Uz also) migrated into Egypt and Ethiopia, mixing with Israel, Cush and the Egyptians.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
1. Ori or Aram, son of Shem. | 60 | 2222-2162 |
2. Gariak I. Mash, son of Aram, settled Charax Spasini (see Josephus).
Greek word Charax is translation of Ethiopian Gariak. This Gariak I would appear to be of the family of Mash. These Arameans spread into Africa, just as Cush, north of God's Land (Palestine) are reported in Syria and Mesopotamia. |
66 | 2162-2096 |
3. Gannkam | 83 | 2096-2013 |
4. Borsa (queen) | 67 | 2013-1946 |
5. Gariak II | 60 | 1946-1886 |
6. Djan I | 80 | 1886-1806 |
7. Djan II | 60 | 1806-1746 |
8. Senefrou=Snefru. Job was son-in-law of Snefru. | 20 | 1746-1726 |
9. Zeenabzamin | 58 | 1726-1668 |
10. Sahlan | 60 | 1668-1608 |
11. Elaryan | 80 | 1608-1528 |
12. Nimroud | 60 | 1528-1468 |
13. Eylouka (queen) | 45 | 1468-1423 |
14. Saloug | 30 | 1423-1393 |
15. Kharid | 72 | 1393-1321 |
16. Hogeb | 100 | 1321-1221 |
17. Makaws | 70 | 1221-1151 |
18. Assa | 30 | 1151-1121 |
19. Affar | 50 | 1121-1071 |
20. Milanos | 62 | 1071-1009 |
21. Soliman Tehagui. Soliman, an elderly man probably in his 90's, died the year in which he received the news of the overthrow of Zerah and the Ethiopians and their allies (937-936). | 73 | 1009- 936 |
Twenty-one sovereigns of the Tribe of Ori ruled. |
THE LINE OF HAM, CUSH AND SABTAH IN NUBIA (THE SUDAN).
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
1. Kam = Ham. Date of Ham is predated to the autumn preceding overthrow of Babel. The Chinese predated to the winter solstice. | 78 | 2255-2177 |
2. Kout = Cush. Son of Ham. | 50 | 2177-2127 |
3. Habassi | 40 | 2127-2087 |
4. Sebtah | 30 | 2087-2057 |
5. Elektron | 30 | 2057-2027 |
6. Neber | 30 | 2027-1997 |
7. Amen I | 21 | 1997-1976 |
8. Nehasset Nais (queen) | 30 | 1976-1946 |
9. Horkam | 29 | 1946-1917 |
10. Saba II | 30 | 1917-1887 |
11. Sofard | 30 | 1887-1857 |
12. Askndou | 25 | 1857-1832 |
13. Hohey | 35 | 1832-1797 |
14. Adglag | 20 | 1797-1777 |
15. Adgala | 30 | 1777-1747 |
16. Lakniduga | 25 | 1747-1722 |
17. Manturay | 35 | 1722-1687 |
18. Rakhu | 30 | 1687-1657 |
19. Sabe I | 30 | 1657-1627 |
20. Azagan | 30 | 1627-1597 |
21. Sousel Atozanis | 20 | 1597-1577 |
22. Amen II | 15 | 1577-1562 |
23. Ramenpahte | 20 | 1562-1542 |
24. Wanuna | 3 days | 1542 |
25. Piori II, father of the Ethiopian whom Moses married when he
overthrew Cush in Nubia.
The daughter of Piori betrayed the city and her father in 1527. |
15 | 1542-1527 |
Twenty-five sovereigns of the tribe of Kam ruled in the land of Cush. |
APPENDIX C
KASHMIR -- CHRONOLOGY FROM THE RAJATARANGINI
The following information is taken from the 'Rajatarangini, a Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir', by Kalhana, translated by A. Stein, 2 volumes, Westminster, 1900.
Kalhana's account of Kashmir is thorough. The history need not be presented here as it can be found in detail in his chronicle. Modern scholars misunderstand Kalhana's method of using whole calendar years.
Of course, Kalhana added months and days to the whole calendar years in those instances where the exact month and day of a ruler's death was known. But, Kalhana did not intend the months and days to be counted, for they were already included in the first calendar year of the succeeding king.
The first native Kashmir dynasty -- the Gonandiya dynasty -- lasted for 1002 years. It was followed by a usurping dynasty for 192 years. The restored Gonandiya dynasty lasted 588 calendar years. Next, the Karkota dynasty ruled 253 years -- ending in 855 A.D. Working backward we discover that Kalhana began the Gonandiya dynasty of Kashmir in 1181 B.C.
This is a significant date since it corresponds to the end of the first Trojan war and the defeat of the Trojan alliance. Prior to 1181 the land of Kashmir had been part of the Indo-Persian, Assyrian and Trojan alliance against the Greeks. Hence, the beginning of this line of rulers indicates a breakup in the alliance. The Indo-Iranian peoples of Kashmir became independent under their own kings.
GONANDIYA DYNASTY.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
Gonanda III | 35 | 1181-1146 |
Vibhisana I | 53 | 1146-1093 |
Indrajit | 35 | 1093-1058 |
Ravana | 30 | 1058-1028 |
Vibhisana II | 35 | 1028- 993 |
Nara I (Kimnara) | 40 | 993- 953 |
Siddha | 60 | 953- 893 |
Utpalaksa | 30 | 893- 863 |
Hiranyaksa | 37 | 863- 826 |
Hiranyakula | 60 | 826- 766 |
Vasukula | 60 | 766- 706 |
Mihirakula | 70 | 706- 636 |
Baka | 63 | 636- 573 |
Ksitinanda | 30 | 573- 543 |
Vasunanda | 52 | 543- 491 |
Nara II | 60 | 491- 431 |
Aksa | 60 | 431- 371 |
Gopaditya | 60 | 371- 311 |
Gokarna | 57 | 311- 254 |
Khinkhila-Narendraditya | 36 | 254- 218 |
Yudhisthira | 39 | 218- 179 |
USURPING DYNASTY.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
Pratapaditya I | 32 | 179- 147 |
Jalaukas | 32 | 147- 115 |
Tunjina I | 36 | 115- 79 |
Vijaya | 8 | 79- 71 |
Jayendra | 37 | 71- 34 |
Samdhimati-Aryaraja | 47 | B.C. 34- 14 A.D. |
RESTORED GONANDIYA DYNASTY.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
Meghavahana | 34 | 14- 48 |
S'resthasena-Pravarasena I
(Tunjina II) |
30 | 48- 78 |
Hiranya, with Toramana | 30 | 78- 108 |
Matrgupta | 4 | 108- 112 |
Pravarasena II | 60 | 112- 172 |
Yudhisthira II | 39 | 172- 211 |
Lahkhana-Narendraditya | 13 | 211- 224 |
Ranaditya (Tunjina III) | 300 | 224- 524 |
Vikramaditya | 42 | 524- 566 |
Baladitya | 36 | 566- 602 |
THE KARKOTA DYNASTY.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
Durlabhavardhana-Prajnaditya | 36 | 602- 638 |
Durlabhaka-Pratapaditya II | 50 | 638- 688 |
Candrapida-Vajraditya | 8 | 688- 696 |
Tarapida-Udayeditya | 4 | 696- 700 |
Muktapida-Lalitaditya | 36 | 700- 736 |
Kuvalayspida | 1 | 736- 737 |
Vajraditya-Bappiyaka-Lalitaditya | 7 | 737- 744 |
Prthivyapida | 4 | 744- 748 |
Samgramapida I | 7 days | 748 |
Jajja | 3 | 748- 751 |
Jayapida-Vinayaditya | 31 | 751- 782 |
Lalitapida | 12 | 782- 794 |
Samgramapida II (Prthivyspida) | 7 | 794- 801 |
Cippatajayspida-Brhaspati | 12 | 801- 813 |
Ajitapida | 37 | 813- 850 |
Anangapida | 3 | 850- 853 |
Utpalapida | 2 | 853- 855 |
THE DYNASTY OF UTPALA.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
Avantivarman | 28 | 855- 883 |
S'amkaravarman | 18 | 883- 901 |
Gopalavarman | 2 | 901- 903 |
Samkata | 10 days | 903 |
Sugandha | 2 | 903- 905 |
Partha | 16 | 905- 921 |
Nirjitavarman (Pangu) | 1 | 921- 922 |
Cakravarman | 11 | 922- 933 |
S'uravarman I | 1 | 933- 934 |
Partha (restored) | 1 | 934- 935 |
Cakravarman (restored) -- | 935 | |
S'amkaravardhana | 1 | 935- 936 |
Cakravarman | 1 | 936- 937 |
Unmattavanti | 2 | 937- 939 |
S'uravarman II | -- | 939 |
Yasaskaradeva | 9 | 939- 948 |
Varnata | 1 day | 948 |
Samgramadeva | -- | 948 |
Parvagupta | 2 | 948-950 |
Ksemagupta | 8 | 950- 958 |
Abhimanyu | 14 | 958- 972 |
Nandigupta | 1 | 972- 973 |
Tribhuvana (gupta) | 2 | 973- 975 |
Bhimagupta | 5 | 975- 980 |
Didda | 23 | 980-1003 |
FIRST LOHARA DYNASTY.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
Samgramaraja | 25 | 1003-1028 |
Hariraja | 22 days | 1028 |
Ananta | 35 | 1028-1063 |
Kalasa | 26 | 1063-1089 |
Utkarsa | 22 days | 1089 |
Harsa | 12 | 1089-1101 |
SECOND LOHARA DYNASTY.
Ruler | Length of Reign | Dates |
Uccala | 10 | 1101-1111 |
Radda-S'ankharaja | 1 day | 1111 |
Salhana | 1 | 1111-1112 |
Sussala | 8 | 1112-1120 |
Bhiksacara | 1 | 1120-1121 |
Sussala (restored) | 7 | 1121-1128 |
Jayasimha (Simhadeva) Jayasimha was still on the throne when Kalhana completed his history in 1150 A. D. | 22 | 1128 |
- 0
- Published in Compendium of World History
- Written by LC Geerts