The Popol Vuh

The Sacred Book of The Mayas

The Book of The Community

English Version by

Delia Goetz and Sylvanus G. Morley

( 1950 by the University of Oklahoma Press)

Translation by Adri Recinos

PART I

Chapter 2

Then they made the small wild animals, the guardians of the woods, the spirits of the mountains, the deer, the birds, pumas, jaguars, serpents, snakes, vipers, guardians of the thickets.

And the Forefathers asked: "Shall there be only silence and calm under the trees, under the vines? It is well that hereafter there be someone to guard them."

So they said when they meditated and talked. Promptly the deer and the birds were created. Immediately they gave homes to the deer and the birds. "You, deer, shall sleep in the fields by the river bank and in the ravines. Here you shall be amongst the thicket, amongst the pasture; in the woods you shall multiply, you shall walk on four feet and they will support you. Thus be it done!" So it was they spoke.

Then they also assigned homes to the birds big and small. "You shall live in the trees and in the vines. There you shall make your nests; there you shall multiply; there you shall increase in the branches of the trees and in the vines." Thus the deer and the birds were told; they did their duty at once, and all sought their homes and their nests.

And the creation of all the four-footed animals and the birds being finished, they were told by the Creator and the Maker and the Forefathers: "Speak, cry, warble, call, speak each one according to your variety, each, according to your kind." So was it said to the deer, the birds, pumas, jaguars, and serpents.

"Speak, then, our names, praise us, your mother, your father. Invoke then, Hurac, Chipi-Caculh Raxa-Caculh the Heart of Heaven, the Heart of Earth, the Creator, the Maker, the Forefathers; speak, invoke us, adore us," they were told.

But they could not make them speak like men; they only hissed and screamed and cackled; they were unable to make words, and each screamed in a different way.

When the Creator and the Maker saw that it was impossible for them to talk to each other, they said: "It is impossible for them to say our names, the names of us, their Creators and Makers. This is not well," said the Forefathers to each other.

Then they said to them: "Because it has not been possible for you to talk, you shall be changed. We have changed our minds: Your food, your pasture, your homes, and your nests you shall have; they shall be the ravines and the woods, because it has not been possible for you to adore us or invoke us. There shall be those who adore us, we shall make other [beings] who shall be obedient. Accept your destiny: your flesh shall be torn to pieces. So shall it be. This shall be your lot." So they said, when they made known their will to the large and small animals which are on the face of the earth.

They wished to give them another trial; they wished to make another attempt; they wished to make [all living things] adore them.

But they could not understand each other's speech; they could succeed in nothing, and could do nothing. For this reason they were sacrificed, and the animals which were on earth were condemned to be killed and eaten.

For this reason another attempt had to be made to create and make men by the Creator, the Maker, and the Forefathers.

"Let us try again! Already dawn draws near: Let us make him who shall nourish and sustain us! What shall we do to be invoked, in order to be remembered on earth? We have already tried with our first creations, our first creatures; but we could not make them praise and venerate us. So, then, let us try to make obedient, respectful beings who will nourish and sustain us." Thus they spoke.

Then was the creation and the formation. Of earth, of mud, they made [man's] flesh. But they saw that it was not good. It melted away, it was soft, did not move, had no strength, it fell down, it was limp, it could not move its head, its face fell to one side, its sight was blurred, it could not look behind. At first it spoke, but had no mind. Quickly it soaked in the water and could not stand.

And the Creator and the Maker said: "Let us try again because our creatures will not be able to walk nor multiply. Let us consider this," they said.

Then they broke up and destroyed their work and their creation. And they said: "What shall we do to perfect it, in order that our worshipers, our invokers, will be successful?"

Thus they spoke when they conferred again: "Let us say again to Xpiyacoc, Xmucan HunahpVuch, HunahpUti 'Cast your lot again. Try to create again.' " In this manner the Creator and the Maker spoke to Xpiyacoc and Xmucan

Then they spoke to those soothsayers, the Grandmother of the day, the Grandmother of the Dawn, as they were called by the Creator and the Maker, and whose names were Xpiyacoc and Xmucan

And said Hurac, Tepeu, and Gucumatz when they spoke to the soothsayer, to the Maker, who are the diviners: "You must work together and find the means so that man, whom we shall make, man, whom we are going to make, will nourish and sustain us, invoke and remember us."

"Enter, then, into council, grandmother, grandfather, our grandmother, our grandfather, Xpiyacoc, Xmucan make light, make dawn, have us invoked, have us adored, have us remembered by created man, by made man, by mortal man. Thus be it done.

"Let your nature be known, HunahpVuch, HunahpUti twice mother, twice father, Nim-Ac, Nima-Tzi, the master of emeralds, the worker in jewels, the sculptor, the carver, the maker of beautiful plates, the maker of green gourds, the master of resin, the master Toltecat,*grandmother of the sun, grandmother of dawn, as you will be called by our works and our creatures.

*Here the text seems to enumerate the usual occupations of the men of that time. The author calls upon ahqual, who is evidently the one who carves emeralds or green stones; ahyamanic, the jeweler or silversmith; ahchut, engraver or sculptor; ahtzalam, carver or cabinetmaker; ahraxalac, he who fashions green or beautiful plates; ahraxazel, he who makes the beautiful green vases or gourds (called Xicalli in Nuatl,)--the word raxhas both meanings; ahgol, he who makes the resin or copal; and, finally, ahtoltecat, he who, without doubt, was the silversmith. The Tolteca were in fact, skilled silversmiths who, according to the legend, were taught the art by Quetzalcoatl himself.

"Cast the lot with your grains of corn and the tzit**Do it thus, and we shall know if we are to make, or carve his mouth and eyes out of wood." Thus the diviners were told.

**Erythrina corallodendron. Tzit arbol de pito in Guatemala; Tzompanquahuitl in the Mexican language. It is used in both countries to make fences. Its fruit is a pod which contains red grains resembling a bean which the Indians used, as they still do, together with grains of corn, in their fortunetelling and witchcraft. In his Informe contra Idolorum Cultores, Schez de Aguilar says that the Maya Indians "cast lots with a large handful of corn." As is seen, the practice which is still observed by the Maya-Quichis of respectable antiquity.

They went down at once to make their divination, and cast their lots with the corn and the tzit "Fate! Creature!'' said an old woman and an old man. And this old man was the one who cast the lots with Tzit the one called Xpiyacoc. And the old woman was the diviner, the maker, called Chirac Xmucan

Beginning the divination, they said: "Get together, grasp each other! Speak, that we may hear." They said, "Say if it is well that the wood be got together and that it be carved by the Creator and the Maker, and if this [man of wood] is he who must nourish and sustain us when there is light when it is day!

"Thou, corn; thou, tzit thou, fate; thou, creature; get together, take each other," they said to the corn, to the tzit to fate, to the creature. "Come to sacrifice here, Heart of Heaven; do not punish Tepeu and Gucumatz!''

Then they talked and spoke the truth: "Your figures of wood shall come out well; they shall speak and talk on earth."

"So may it be," they answered when they spoke.

And instantly the figures were made of wood. They looked like men, talked like men, and populated the surface of the earth.

They existed and multiplied; they had daughters, they had sons, these wooden figures; but they did not have souls, nor minds, they did not remember their Creator, their Maker; they walked on all fours, aimlessly.

They no longer remembered the Heart of Heaven and therefore they fell out of favor. It was merely a trial, an attempt at man. At first they spoke, but their face was without expression; their feet and hands had no strength; they had no blood, nor substance, nor moisture, nor flesh; their cheeks were dry, their feet and hands were dry, and their flesh was yellow.

Therefore, they no longer thought of their Creator nor their Maker, nor of those who made them and cared for them.

These were the first men who existed in great numbers on the face of the earth.

The Popol Vuh

The Sacred Book of The Mayas

The Book of The Community

English Version by

Delia Goetz and Sylvanus G. Morley

( 1950 by the University of Oklahoma Press)

Translation by Adri Recinos

PART I

Chapter 1

This is the account of how all was in suspense, all calm, in silence; all motionless, still, and the expanse of the sky was empty.

This is the first account, the first narrative. There was neither man, nor animal, birds, fishes, crabs, trees, stones, caves, ravines, grasses, nor forests; there was only the sky.

The surface of the earth had not appeared. There was only the calm sea and the great expanse of the sky.

There was nothing brought together, nothing which could make a noise, nor anything which might move, or tremble, or could make noise in the sky.

There was nothing standing; only the calm water, the placid sea, alone and tranquil. Nothing existed.

There was only immobility and silence in the darkness, in the night. Only the Creator, the Maker, Tepeu, Gucumatz, the Forefathers,*were in the water surrounded with light.**They were hidden under green and blue feathers, and were therefore called Gucumatz. By nature they were great sages and great thinkers. In this manner the sky existed and also the heart of

*E Alom, literally, those who conceive and give birth, e Qaholom, those who beget the children. In order to follow the conciseness of the text here the two terms are translated as the "Forefathers."

**They were in the water because the Quichassociated the name Gucumatz with the liquid element. Bishop Niez de la Vega says that Gucumatz is a serpent with feathers, which moves in the water. The Cakchiquel Manuscript says that one of the primitive peoples which migrated to Guatemala was called Gucumatz because their salvation was in the water.

Heaven, which is the name of God and thus He is called.

Then came the word. Tepeu and Gucumatz came together in the darkness, in the night, and Tepeu and Gucumatz talked together. They talked then, discussing and deliberating; they agreed, they united their words and their thoughts.

Then while they meditated, it became clear to them that when dawn would break, man must appear. Then they planned the creation, and the growth of the trees and the thickets and the birth of life and the creation of man. Thus it was arranged in the darkness and in the night by the Heart of Heaven who is called Hurac.

The first is called CaculhHurac. The second is ChipiCaculh The third is Raxa-Caculh And these three are the Heart of Heaven.

Then Tepeu and Gucumatz came together; then they conferred about life and light, what they would do so that there would be light and dawn, who it would be who would provide food and sustenance.

Thus let it be done! Let the emptiness be filled! Let the water recede and make a void, let the earth appear and become solid; let it be done. Thus they spoke. Let there be light, let there be dawn in the sky and on the earth! There shall be neither glory nor grandeur in our creation and formation until the human being is made, man is formed. So they spoke.

Then the earth was created by them. So it was, in truth, that they created the earth. Earth! they said, and instantly it was made.

Like the mist, like a cloud, and like a cloud of dust was the creation, when the mountains appeared from the water; and instantly the mountains grew.

Only by a miracle, only by magic art were the mountains and valleys formed; and instantly the groves of cypresses and pines put forth shoots together on the surface of the earth.

And thus Gucumatz was filled with joy, and exclaimed: "Your coming has been fruitful, Heart of Heaven; and you, Hurac, and you, Chipi-Caculh Raxa-Caculh"

"Our work, our creation shall be finished," they answered.

First the earth was formed, the mountains and the valleys; the currents of water were divided, the rivulets were running freely between the hills, and the water was separated when the high mountains appeared.

Thus was the earth created, when it was formed by the Heart of Heaven, the Heart of Earth, as they are called who first made it fruitful, when the sky was in suspense, and the earth was submerged in the water.

So it was that they made perfect the work, when they did it after thinking and meditating upon it.

INDEX A.

ABD-HADAD, Priest-King of Hierapolis, 27

Achilles, effigy of, 78

Adad (see also Hadad), name of the god of Hierapolis, 25

Adargatis, name of the goddess according to Macrobius, 25

Adonis, myth of, 3 ; river, 47 ; sacrifice to, 46 ; wounded, the legend of, 48

Agdistis, goddess of the Phrygians, 1

Agenor, 44

Agriculture, Hittite god of, 8

Alexandria, Lucian at, 31 ; statue of, 78 ; the false prophet, 30

Aleppo, bronze figure of goddess from, 16

Altar, draped, 13 ; of brass, 77 ; pedestal, draped, 24 , 73

Andromache, effigy of, 78

Animals, sacred, 78

Antioch, Lucian at, 30

Aphaca, temple of Aphrodite at, 49

Aphrodite, sacrifice to, 46 ; Syrian goddess embodies attributes of, 71 ; temple of, at Aphaca, 48

Apollo, a bearded, 74 ; oriental aspects of, 75

Archives of the Hittites, 4

Arms, the Hittite god of, 6

Artemis, Syrian goddess embodies attributes of, 71

Ashtoreth, 44 ; the goddess, 1

Asia Minor, attributes of the goddess in, 2

Askalon, connection with Atargatis, 26

Assemblies, sacred, 82

Assyria, used for Syria, 41 , 42

Astarte, as a Hittite goddess, 1 ; of Phnicia, 1 , 16 ; the Phnician, 43

Atargatis, 41 ; goddess of Hierapolis, 1 (see also Goddess); identified with Derceto, 52 ; resemblance to Kybele, 55 ; son of, 8 ; spelling and composition of the name, 21 ; the priest of, 27

Athar, name of Ishtar in Syria, 1

Atheh, goddess of Cilicia, 53 ; name of Cilician goddess, 1

Athene, Syrian goddess embodies attributes of, 71

Atlas, statue of, 77

Attes, traditional founder of the shrine at Hierapolis, 55

Attis, in legend and religion, 3 ; priest, possibly represented in Hittite art, 8

Axe, the double, emblem of Bellona, 18 ; the, emblem of thunder, 5

B.

BAAL, of Tarsus, 43 ; Kevan, suggested name of the god, 23

Bambyce, earliest name of Hierapolis, 41

Bellona, Roman goddess, identified with goddess of Comana, 18

Bird, consecration of, 33 ; in Hittite art, 14 ; symbol of the goddess, 13

Birth, goddess of, 16

Boar, wild, legend of, 46

Boghaz-Keui, Hittite god and goddess at, 7 ; sanctuary of youthful deity, 8

Bow, borne by Hittite deity, 6 ; in Hittite art, 14

Brazen statue at Hierapolis, 65

Bull, as counterpart of goddess on coins, 22 ; Europa sitting upon, 44 ; god, the Hittite, 10 ; Hadad leading a, 6 ; Hittite deity identified with, 6 ; replaces god in art, 10

Bulls, god seated on, 70

Byblos, Aphrodite of, 45 ; legend of Osiris at, 47 ; temple at, 45

C.

CAPITAL, the, of the Hittites, 4

Carchemish, fall of, 17 ; sculpture from, 8 ; sculptures of the goddess at, 14

Castration, 3 , 57 , 65

Caves, the goddess of, 7

Child, on knee of goddess, in Hittite art, 14 Christianity, in the time of Lucian, 35

Coast of Asia Minor, Hittites advance towards the, 4 Cock (sacred), 82

Coins of Hierapolis, 20

Comana, the goddess of war at, 18

Combabus, legends of, 58 , 60 ; statue of, 78

Commagene, 42

Communion scene in Hittite art, 13

Cones, sacred, of the goddess, 68

Conical obelisk, 45

Constantine destroys the shrine at Aphaca, 49

Corpses, unlucky to see, 85

Crsus, of Lydia, 17

D.

DEA SYRIA, the local goddess of Hierapolis, identified with Atargatis, q.v.(see Goddess), 16 ; seated and robed, 16

Dead, the goddess of the, 14

Deluge, legend of, 51

Derceto, image of, 53 ; in form of a fish, 55 ; the fish goddess, 52

Deukalion, the story of, 50

Distaff, carried by the Syrian goddess, 71

Dionysus, 73 ; assumes woman's dress, 56 ; legendary founder of the temple at Hierapolis, 57

Divination, 76

Divine, father and mother, 8 ; marriage, 7 ; Triad, 8

Dodona, Zeus of, 7

Doliche, survival of Hittite cult at, 17

Dove, in Hittite art, 24 ; symbol of goddess, 23 ; the, 73

Doves, in Babylonian art, 86

Draped, altar, 13 ; altar pedestal, 73

Drum, carried by Atargatis, 56

Dual cult, at Hierapolis, 12 ; of Hittite origins, to; substantiated on coins, 25

E.

EAGLE, double-headed, 9 ; temple of the, 79 ; triumphing over lion on coins, 22

Earth, the fruits of, personified, 8

Earth-goddess in Greece, 7

Earth-Mother (see Earth-goddess), 7

Effigies of "Zeus" and "Hera" at Hierapolis, 70

Effigy of Apollo, bearded, 74 ; of fish-goddess, 54

Egyptian temples, 42

Eilithyia, statue of, 77

Empire, extent of Hittite, 4

Europa, 44

Exogamy, 47

Eyuk, double-headed eagle at, 9 ; goddess worshipped at, 14 ; Hittite sculptures at, 10

F.

FASSILER, Hittite monument at, 67

Fates, the, Syrian goddess embodies attributes of, 71

Feast, the ceremonial feast in Hittite sculptures, 15 ; the Ceremonial, 13

Festival of the Pyre, 83

Fish goddess, 53

Fishes, holy, 54

Flood, the, legend of, 33 , 50

Fraktin, Hittite sculptures of, 73 ; Hittite sculptures at, 13

G.

GALLI, the, 19 , 63 , 79 , 84 ; customs of the, 66

Garments on trees, 83

Girdle, the, 71 , 72

Goats sacrificed to Hittite god, io

God of Hierapolis, identical with Hittite chief deity, i i; on coins, 22

God on bull throne, 23

God, the chief Hittite, 5 ; resembles Zeus, 7 ; dominant, to; fall of, 17

God, the youthful Hittite, 8

Goddess of Hierapolis, identified, 12 ; described by Lucian, 11 ; recognisable, 20 ; seated on lion, 21

" on lion throne, 23 ; two varieties of, 15 ; of War at Comana, identified with Bellona, 18

" the chief Hittite, resembles the Great Mother, 7 ; the leading Hittite, i

" the Hittite, seated, 10 ; seated and robed, 16 ; wedded, 19

" the Mother, survival of cult, 18 ; as goddess of the dead, 14

" the Nature, explanation of abnormal tendencies, 3 ; in Asia Minor, 2 ; in Babylonia, 1 ; worship long established in Asia Minor, 4

Gods, the minor Hittite, 9

Great Mother, the (see Goddess).

H.

HADAD, name of Syrian deity, 5 ; of Hierapolis, 10 ; statue of, carried, 77

Hadad-Zeus, term describing the Hittite deity, 12

Hair, dedicated, 89 ; locks of, consecrated, 33

Hammer, emblem of thunder, 5

Heaven, Lord of, title of Hittite god, 5

Hecuba, effigy of, 78

Helen, effigy of, 78

Heliopolitan Triad, 26

Hera, goddess of Hierapolis called, 70 ; name given by Lucian to the goddess of Hierapolis, 11 ; offerings, 46 ; previously married, 7 ; Sancta, consort of Jupiter Dolichenus, 17 ; seen in a vision by Stratonice, 60 ; the Assyrian, 41

Hercules, of Tyre, 43 ; assumes woman's dress, 56

Hermes, statue of, 77

Hermocles, statue ascribed to, 65

Hierapolis, 42 ; bull-god on coins of, 10 ; central cult of Hittite origins, 12 ; coins of Atargatis at, 16 ; images in the sanctuary of, 11 ; name of the goddess at, 1 ; site of, 41 ; the shrine at, 49

Hierapolitan Triad, 26

High-priest, 79 ; the Hittite, to

Hippolytus, 63

Hittite, Chief Deity, 5 ; goddess, 1 ; dress, survival on coin, 27

Hittites, the, in history, 4 ; end of their domination, i6

I.

IMAGE, of the god carried, 7 , 76 ; of the Mother-goddess, 13 Images, votive, of the naked goddess, 15

Ionic dialect, 31 , 32

Ishtar, the goddess, i; as goddess of the dead, 14 ; among the Mitanni, 10

Ivriz, Hittite sculpture at, 8 , 43 , 76

J.

JUPITER Dolichenus, 17

K.

KARA-BURSHLU, sculptures of the Hittite goddess at, 13 King-Priest, the Hittite, 10

Kizil-Dagh, Hittite deity carved on, 6

Kubile (Kybele) in Phrygian art, 14

Kybele (or Rhea), resemblance to goddess of Hierapolis, 26 ; in the West, 72 ; and Attis, cult of, 18 ; legends of, at Hierapolis, 55 ; Attis as a son of, 3

L.

LAKE, sacred, at Hierapolis, 80

Libation, 79 ; in Hittite worship, 88

Lion, devouring bull, on coins, 22 ; emblematic of earth, 25 ; goddess seated on, 21 ; throne, on coins, 21

Lioness, goddess on, 9

Lions, draw effigy of Atargatis, 56 ; goddess seated on, 70

Lituus, emblem of Hittite priesthood, 10

Lord of Heaven, title of Hittite god, 5

Loss of Hierapolis, 41

Lucian returns to Samosata, 30

Lyre, in Hittite art, 14

M.

MA, goddess of Comana, I

Mabog, Syrian name of Hierapolis, 41

Macrobius, describes the cult of the Syrian goddess, 20 ; describes the Syrian god and goddess, 25 ; quoted, 74

Malia, Hittite sculptures at, 6 ; local deity of, identified, 9

Mannikins of wood, 57 , 68

Marash, sculptures of the Hittite goddess at, 14

Marriage scene at Boghaz-Keui, 7

Mated divinities in Cilicia and Phnicia, 18

Mermaid, effigy like a, 54

Mirror in Hittite art, 14

Mitanni, treaty of Hittites with, 10

Mother-earth (see Earth-goddess).

" -goddess (see Goddess).

" of the gods, 25

Mount Lebanus, 47

Mumbidj, identified with Hierapolis, 41

Musicians, 79

Mylitta, name of Ishtar in Herodotus, 16

Myth of Ishtar and Tammuz, 3

N.

NAKED goddess, 15

Nanai, goddess of Pre-semitic Babylonia, 1

Nature-goddess (see Goddess of Nature).

Nemesis, Syrian goddess embodies attributes of, 71

Nigrinus, the philosopher, 29

Nireus, statue of, 78

O.

OBLATION scene in Hittite art, 13

Oracles, 76 ; at Hierapolis, 49

Osiris, legend of, at Byblos, 47

P.

PAPHOS, pillars at, 67

Paris, effigy of, 78

Peregrinus, the impostor, 36

Phalli, ascent of the, 69 ; dedicated by Dionysus, 57

Philomela, statue of, 78

Phrygian goddess, 25

Phrygians in Asia Minor, 17

Pigeon, a golden, 73 ; emblem of Semiramis, 55

Pilgrimages to Hierapolis, 49

Pillar of altar, draped, 24

Pillars, pairs of, 67

Poem by Catullus, 3

Priestess, the high, 11

Priestesses, Hittite representations of, 9

Priesthood of Attis, 3

Priest-King, the Hittite, so Priests, 79 ; of the goddess, 18

Procne, statue of, 78

Prostitution, sacred, 19 , 46

Pteria, fall of, 17

R.

RAMMAN, incorrect rendering of name Adad, 5

Rams, sacrificed to Hittite god, 10

Red colour of Adonis River, 48

Religion in the East, 19

Rhea (or Kybele), resemblance to goddess of Hierapolis, 26 ; legends of, 55 ; Syrian goddess embodies attributes of, 71

Robed goddess, 55

Rome, Lucian at, 30

S.

SACRIFICES, 80

Sakje-Geuzi, goddess worshipped at, 14 ; Hittite walls at, 66

Sammuṙamat, identified with Semiramis, 52

Samosata, birthplace of Lucian, 29

Samsat, birthplace of Lucian, 42 ; Hittite remains at, 42

Sanctuary of Hierapolis, described, 70 ; represented on coin, 23

Sandan, possible effigy of, at Hierapolis, 76

Sandan-Hercules of Ivriz, 26

Sardanapalus, statue of, 78

Sceptre, carried by the Syrian goddess, 71

Selene, Syrian goddess embodies attributes of, 71

Semiramis, 52 , 73 ; effigy of, 55 ; image of, 78

Senjerli, Hittite storm god at, 5 ; the Syro-Hittite city at, 66

Shaving of heads, 46

Shepherd origin of Attis, 3

Shrines, Gro-Phnician, 45

Simios, lover of Atargatis, 26

Sipylus, Mount, image of the goddess on, 13

Sisythus (see Xisuthros), 50

Solomon, temple of, at Jerusalem, 67

Son of Atargatis, 26

Statue, brazen, at Hierapolis, 65 ; of the goddess carried, 76 , 77

Statues, of the god and goddess of Hierapolis, 70 ; of gods, moved, at Hierapolis, 49

Stheneboea, 63

Storms, controller of, attribute of Hittite god, 5

Stratonice, legendary builder of temple at Hierapolis, 58

Subject-matter of the "De Dea Syria," 39

Suidas' life of Lucian, 29

Sun, Hittite god identified with, 5

Sun-god, a throne for the, 74

Survival of Hittite dress at Hierapolis, 27 ; of cult, 20

Swine, abhorrence of, 85 ; god, 86

Syria, coalition of the Hittites in, 16

Syrian cults impassioned, 16

Syro-Cappodocians, 17

T.

TAMMUZ, relation to Ishtar, 2

Tarsus, bull-god on coins of, 10

Tattooing, 89

Taurus Region, submission of, 17

Temple at Hierapolis, described, 69 ; its sizes, 67 ; legends about the, 61 ; position of the, 66

Temples in Syria, 43

Teshub, identical with chief Hittite deity, 5

Text of the "De Dea Syria," 37

Thor's hammer, 5

Tower, head-dress of Atargatis, 56

Treaty with Egypt, 1

Triad, of Hierapolis, 26 ; the divine, 8

Tyre, Hercules of, 43

U.

UNION of two deities, 8

V.

VEDIC deities, 56 Vegetation, the god of, 76

W.

WALLS, double, in North Syria, 66

Water, brought to the temple, 52

Wedded deities at Hierapolis, 11

Winged deity from Carchemish, 15

Woman in service of the goddess, 19

Woman's dress, Attes in, 56

Women in Hittite art, 81 ; in the temple service, 79

Women's dress, men assume, 66

X.

XANTHOS, legend of Atargatis and her son, 26

Xisuthros, story of the flood, 51

Y.

YAHWEH, resemblance of Hittite deity to, 5

Yarre in Phrygia, image of the goddess at, 13

Z.

ZEUS and Europa, 44 ; as a god of agriculture, etc., in Greece, Io; as a bull-god, 44 ; god of Hierapolis called, 70 ; Hagios, 17 ; the Dodonian, 7 ; the name given by Lucian to the god of Hierapolis, 11

Zeus-Hadad, term describing the Hittite deity, 12

BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE.

The following advertisement appeared at the end of The Syrian Goddess. It is included for completeness.--JBH

The Land of the Hittites. BY PROFESSOR J. GARSTANG, D.Sc. With Photographs, Maps, Plans and a Bibliography. (12/6net.)

[This] "work will be the standard authority on the subject for a long while to come."--Prof. Sayce, in the Introduction.

"Professor Garstang's book will be of great value to students of Near Eastern antiquity, and must supersede all predecessors written with a like purpose. . . With great skill, acuteness, and patience, the author has laid not only the Boghaz-Keui tablets, the records of Tell-el-Amarna, and others longer known, in hieroglyphic and cuneiform under contribution, but also the archlogical evidence from various sites, many of which he has himself visited and studied with the eyes of a trained excavator."--The Times(Literacy Supplement).

"It is a great book. For the subject is a greater one than some have realised yet, and Professor Garstang rises to the height of it."--Expository Times.

"The book is the work of a scholar, quietly written, the fruit of thought, study and personal exploration. It stands as a contribution to learning."--Cambridge Review.

"The last 75 pages contain a valuable attempt to piece together the history of the Hittite States from the scanty and often perplexing data now available in Egyptian and cuneiform documents."--Manchester Guardian.

"It is no small achievement to have recovered some pages from the history of three thousand years ago, and this valuable and interesting piece of synthetical work will take its place among the growing store of books which are giving us an insight into the realities of that distant past, and slowly but inevitably forcing a reconsideration of the usual ideas of the Bible lands."--Guardian.

"The book is a noteworthy work of British archlogical scholarship."--The Scotsman.

"The scheme which Professor Garstang has followed in these pages resembles the method he has adopted in his work of research; everything is carefully recorded and classified in such a way as to bring it clearly and in its proper order before the reader, while the Bibliography and Appendices help to consolidate and buttress the whole."--Glasgow Herald. "Its references are many and excellent; it is well written, and is packed with photographs and maps. An Appendix, among other things, contains a Hittite bibliography, of very great use to every student."--Bookman.

"Nowhere will the reader be able to find a more careful and trustworthy account of the successive stages in the history of this famous and forgotten people than in Professor Garstang's pages."--New York City.

"Professor Garstang, who has conducted two expeditions from Liverpool, has done yeoman's service in presenting in popular form a historical, descriptive and critical account of the recovered monuments and their significance."--Educational Times.

"An able and informing hook on recent archlogical exploration and discoveries in Asia Minor."--Nature.

"The book is admirably illustrated, not only with reproductions of the monuments of the Hittite race, but also, in fulfilment of the promise of the title, with views of Anatolia and North Syria which bring before the reader the land which was their home. . . . A valuable contribution to Biblical archaeology."--Churchman.

"A notable feature of the book is the numerous illustrations, which, apart from views of purely Hittite monuments, give an excellent idea of the country and its present population."--Illustrated London News.

"The story of the resurrection of the Hittite race and empire from the ghostly realm of legend to which they had been consigned by many hasty historians is part of the romance of history."--Liverpool Courier.

"Illustrated with maps and plans, and just upon too photographs, the work will, as we have said, Evidence fascinating to all readers possessed of any taste for learning of the distant, misty past which history is patiently clearing."--Daily Telegraph.

"Students of history and Scripture are deeply indebted to Professor Garstang for this well written, well illustrated and well indexed volume."--Christian World.

"Very much in advance of any hitherto published account of the Hittite greatness."--The Spectator.

"A learned, interesting, and beautifully illustrated volume."--Catholic Times.

"In learning the history of this most interesting people under his guidance we have the advantage of receiving our information from one whose deductions and judgments have hitherto been singularly justified."--Liverpool Post.