COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

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CHAPTER XV

THE MIRACLE OF THE RED SEA

Did the children of Israel really cross the Red Sea? We are told in the Bible that Israel fled Egypt during the Days of Unleavened Bread. That they were driven out because the Egyptians had been supernaturally punished by God.

But at the last minute, Pharaoh changed his mind! It took yet another miracle to deliver the children of Israel out of Egypt, says the Bible -- the 'miracle of the Red Sea.' Did this miracle really happen?

DO MIRACLES HAPPEN TODAY?

It is time Christians recognized it takes a miracle today to separate from this world, to come out of this world's society, and to live as God has ordained! Those who say that the miracle of the Red Sea did not happen are the same people who today say we do not have to rely on any supernatural power to overcome this world.

The supreme lesson to be learned from the Days of Unleavened Bread is that, after Christ has passed over our mistakes and overlooks our past, we have to go through a period of separating from this world -- and in this process we cannot extricate ourselves from this world without a divine miracle. This miracle is something that God, not man, has to perform -- just as God performed, according to the Scripture, the miracle of the Red Sea! God told the children of Israel, 'Stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord.'

Now consider the story of what really took place during the seven days of Unleavened Bread -- from the time the children of Israel left the land where they observed the Passover to the time they crossed he Red Sea.

Modern critics have all kinds of theories as to the directions the children of Israel took when they journeyed in Egypt from the city of Rameses, where they met at the night of the Festival, to the Red Sea.

One sometimes wonders where the children of Israel would have been taken had all the modern critics instead of Moses led them from Pharaoh!

What portion of the land of Egypt did Israel journey through upon leaving? What is the route of the Exodus? Did the crossing of the Red Sea really occur?

BACKGROUND OF THE STORY

The background of the story is found in Genesis 15:18. 'In the same day the Lord made a covenant with Abram, saying, Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates.' Is this 'river of Egypt' the Nile?

Some modern critics tell us 'no.' They claim it is, instead, a dry river bed, which flows only in the winter, in midst of the Sinai peninsula.

But the Bible plainly declares it is the River of Egypt, not the river of the Sinai peninsula. It is not the river of the Philistines. It is the river of Egypt!

There is only one river of Egypt -- the Nile.

God gave Abraham's descendants dominion to the river of Egypt, not a dry river bed in the middle of the Sinai desert. His descendants -- the British and other Western Europeans -- built the Suez Canal.

The very fact that God used Israel to bulled the Suez Canal is in itself proof that the children of Israel should possess the land of Egypt about Suez to the Nile!

Certainly from fulfilled prophecy the river of Egypt is the Nile -- Joshua 15:4. This Scripture tells us that the border of the land in the south 'passed toward Azmon, and went out unto the river of Egypt; and the goings out of that coast were at the sea: this shall be your south coast.'

Also in verse 47, 'Ashdod with her towns and her villages, Gaza with her towns and her villages, unto the river of Egypt, and the great sea, and the border thereof.'

In I Kings 8:65 we find the same border: 'And at that time Solomon held a feast, and all Israel with him, a great congregation, from the entering in of Hamath (near the Euphrates) unto the river of Egypt' celebrated a festival.

Now we want to find out if God ever caused the children of Israel to possess the territory east of the Nile. Was the land east of the Nile ever possessed by the children of Israel?

WHERE IS GOSHEN?

Notice what the Egyptians themselves promised for the children of Israel because of what Joseph did for them. Here is what we find in Genesis 45:10, 'And thou shalt dwell in the land of Goshen,' says Joseph to his father at Pharaoh's command, 'and thou shalt be near unto me, thou, and thy children, and thy children's children, and thy flocks, and thy herds, and all that thou hast.'

Jacob and all of the family of Israel could dwell in the land of Goshen.

But -- where is the land of Goshen?

Modern scholars tell us that it is a small, semi-desolate area east of the Nile halfway between the Nile and the Suez Canal today.

This is supposed to be the land with which God blessed Jacob in the land of Egypt.

Because critics have assumed this is the land of Goshen, they cannot believe that there were 600,000 Israelite men, beside women and children, at the time the exodus occurred.

Of course in this area which the scholars tell us is the land of Goshen, there couldn't have even been 6,000 men, beside women and children, with all of their cattle. The fact is, scholars haven't understood where the land of Goshen is.

Genesis 46:28 tells us more of the story. 'And he (Jacob) sent Judah before him unto Joseph, to direct his face unto Goshen.' Jacob was coming down from Beersheba in Palestine into Egypt. 'And they came into the land of Goshen. And Joseph made ready his chariot, and went up (northward) to meet Israel his father, to Goshen, and presented himself unto him.'

Did you notice that Joseph was not in the land of Goshen? Joseph dwelt where Pharaoh was. And Pharaoh was at Memphis, the capital of lower Egypt. 'Joseph made ready his chariot, AND WENT UP TO MEET Israel his father.' He went up to Goshen. He was going NORTH. Therefore, the land of Goshen was NORTH of the capital of Egypt at this time.

Now verses 33 and 34 of Genesis 46: 'And it shall come to pass, when Pharaoh shall call you, and shall say, What is your occupation?' -- Joseph instructs his father to say this -- 'That ye shall say, Thy servants' trade hath been about cattle from our youth even until now, both we, and also our fathers; that ye may dwell in the land of Goshen; for every shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians.' Egyptians often hired foreigners to tend to their cattle. So the purpose was to have the children of Israel dwell in the land of Goshen to tend cattle there.

Chapter 47, verge 5 continues the story. 'And Pharaoh spake unto Joseph, saying, Thy father and thy brethren are come unto thee: The land of Egypt is before thee; in the best of the land make thy father and brethren to dwell; in the land of Goshen let them dwell: and if thou knowest any men of activity among them, then make them rulers over my cattle.'

Did you notice that Pharaoh said to the children of Israel, 'The land of Egypt is before you, the best of the land, the land of Goshen.'

This is the portion of Egypt that Pharaoh is actually turning over to the children of Israel because of what Joseph did!

Remember, God told Abraham that his descendants were going to control land to the river of Egypt -- the Nile. This is how God began to fulfill that promise!

Now to verse 10: 'And Jacob blessed Pharaoh, and went out from before Pharaoh. And Joseph placed his father and his brethren, and gave them a possession in the land of Egypt, in the best of the land, in the land of Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded.'

The best of the land, in verse 6, is called 'the land of Goshen,' while in verse 11, it is called 'the land of Rameses.'

Obviously, then, the land of Goshen and the land of Rameses are the same! It is the best of all the land of Egypt.

THE LAND OF RAMESES

One of the titles belonging to rulers of Egypt was 'Rameses.' This title, one of several applied to the rulers of Egypt, existed from the beginning of Egyptian history -- long before the Pharaoh 'Rameses the Great' of history, who actually began to reign in 773 (see Vol. I of the Compendium).

Ancient Egypt was a feudalistic world. In feudalism the king claims theoretically to own everything He leased the land out to his princelings and lords (who lease parts of their land to others of still lower rank), but the king reserves a certain portion for himself.

Pharaoh naturally reserved the best land for himself -- the land of Goshen. It belonged personally to Pharaoh. So Pharaoh was not taking land leased to his lords. He is granting this territory to Joseph, who was next highest in the kingdom, for his service. The fee for receiving the land of Goshen of Rameses is stated in verse 6 'And if thou knowest any men of activity among them, then make them rulers over MY cattle.'

Where were Pharaoh's cattle? In the land of Goshen, the land of Rameses. Pharaoh knew that if Joseph could bless all Egypt as he had done, his family would also be bound to bless his own stock. But in so doing, the Egyptians granted the right of the children of Israel to this territory. And by command of their ruler all the land of Goshen, the land of Rameses, is given to the children of Israel -- as partial fulfillment of God's promise that Abraham's seed should extend to the river of Egypt, to the Nile.

GOSHEN DURING THE PLAGUES

Continuing the story with Exodus 8:22. Another dynasty has risen up; Moses is dealing with a new Pharaoh. One of the plagues is about to occur: 'I will sever in that day,' God says, 'the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there; to the end thou (Pharaoh) mayest know that I am the Lord in the midst of the earth. And I will put a division between my people and thy people: tomorrow shall this sign be.'

And this sign did occur, '... the Lord did so' (verse 24). These flies contaminated and plagued all the land of Egypt where the Egyptians were, but the flies did not plague the land where the children of Israel dwelt.

The land of Goshen is a particular territory where the children of Israel were dwelling. This was the land that had once belonged to the royal house. God makes a separation between that land and the rest of the land of Egypt.

Verse 26, chapter 9 tells us almost the same thing: 'Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail.'

Now to Exodus 12:29, the night of the Passover. 'And it came to pass, that at midnight the Lord smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt' -- this was midnight on the 14th day -- 'from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sat on his throne unto the firstborn of the captive that was in the dungeon (or the prisonhouse) and all the firstborn of cattle. And Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and there was a great cry in Egypt; for there was not a house where there was not one dead. And he called for Moses and Aaron by night, and said, Rise up, and get you forth from among my people, both ye and the children of Israel; and go, serve the Lord, as ye have said. Also take your flocks and your herds, as ye have said, and be gone; and bless me also. And the Egyptians were urgent upon the people, that they might send them out of the land in haste; for they said (if they were to stay there any longer), We be all dead men.'

In verses 34 and 35 the story continues. 'The children of Israel next night -- the 15th of Abib -- having 'spoiled the Egyptians' and driven their cattle, the Israelites came to the city of Rameses.

Stop for the moment and consider these facts. God told Moses, 'Go not out of your houses until the morning.'

Moses and Aaron naturally would have remained in their house this night -- all of the night of the 14th. But Pharaoh, who was not a firstborn son, came out of his house by night to find Moses and urge him and all Israel to leave.

Modern critics tell us that Pharaoh at this time lived in the city of Thebes in upper Egypt, the land of ancient Sheba. But they are all wrong! Pharaoh's headquarters was at the city of Memphis. The ruling dynasty in Moses' day came from Xois in the Delta, but the capital of all lower Egypt was at Memphis. This is where the government administration originated. It was at Memphis that Pharaoh that night rose up and went to Moses, and said, 'Get out of the land and all your people, and he was urgent on them.'

Pharaoh could not have been far from where Moses was. That very night, he saddled his camel and went to Moses and Aaron! Wherever the children of Israel observed the Passover was a place very near the city of Memphis!

Remember, Israel dwelt in all the land of Goshen, but they had assembled in one particular area to keep the Passover. From this area they journeyed on the daylight part of the 14th of Abib to the city of Rameses, and met there the next night, the night of the 15th!

THE NIGHT OF THE EXODUS

'The children of Israel journeyed from Rameses to Succoth, about six hundred thousand on foot that were men, beside children. And a mixed multitude went up also with them; and flocks, and herds, even very much cattle' (Ex. 12:37-38).

From here the children of Israel left on the night of the 15th! (Deut. 16:1).

Numbers 33:3 makes it even plainer. The children of Israel 'departed from Rameses in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the morrow after the passover the children of Israel went out with an high hand in the sight of all the Egyptians.'

Between the morning after the Passover and the next night, 'the children of Israel did according to the word of Moses; and they borrowed of the Egyptians Jewels of silver, and Jewels of gold, and raiment: And the Lord gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians, so that they lent unto them,' that is, paid them, 'such things as they required. And they spoiled the Egyptians,' that is, they took their wages that the Egyptians withheld from them for nearly two centuries.

Then they gathered at Rameses. Where was this city?

Let us read what Josephus plainly tells us. Josephus, 'Antiquities of the Jews', Book II, Chapter XV. 'So the Hebrews went out of Egypt, while the Egyptians wept, and repented that they had treated them so hardly ... Now they took their journey by Letopolis, a place at that time deserted, but where Babylon was built afterwards, when Cambyses laid Egypt waste.' So Rameses was the city of Letopolis, which later under Persian rule, was called the city of Babylon. Did you know there was also a Babylon in Egypt as well as in Mesopotamia where Nimrod started his kingdom?

What city is this today? Josephus, writing in Greek, calls this the city of Letopolis -- a Greek name for Rameses. Polis means city in Greek. A metropolis is a 'mother city.' So Letopolis was the city of Letona -- one of the names of Semiramis or Easter, the Queen of Heaven.

It is the same from which Latin has come. So this was one of the cities dedicated anciently to the Queen of Heaven. No wonder it was also called Babylon later!

'Smith's Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography' says of the city of Babylon in Egypt that it 'is in later times called Fostat OR OLD CAIRO, a fortress in lower Egypt on the right bank of the Nile exactly opposite to the pyramids of Giza, and at the beginning of the canal which connected the Nile with the Red Sea.

The city of Rameses, built by the children of Israel in honor of the Pharaoh, was Letopolis, the very city which today the Mohammedans call Old Cairo!

God gave the children of Israel the land all the way to the Nile River. The land east of the Nile toward Palestine was the land of Goshen. That's where the cattle of Israel were grazing.

The capital city of lower Egypt was Memphis. That is where Pharaoh had his court.

The children of Israel, when they assembled in Rameses, were assembling at Old Cairo. Since they reached Rameses or Old Cairo on the night after the Passover, they must have assembled for the Passover a little to the south of Old Cairo -- near Memphis, Pharaoh's capital.

Memphis is on the west side of the Nile. Old Cairo is a little farther north on the east of the Nile River. Old Cairo is but a suburb of modern Cairo today. It is just an old section of town. Most visitors are not even permitted today to see Old Cairo because it is such a ramshackle place -- though it is not as deserted today as the children of Israel found it then. That is why they met there -- because there weren't Egyptians living in that area.

Many Bible maps cannot be relied upon. They disagree with each other and with the Bible. The producers of these maps do not use the Bible as evidence, but their human theories instead!

Josephus at least should know as much as the scholars today. And when you put his evidence with the Bible, it's very clear that it had to be near the city of Memphis where they kept the Passover! As the congregation of Israel were leaving northward they gathered at the city of Rameses, which Josephus calls Letopolls -- Babylon or Old Cairo in Egypt.

ISRAEL BUILT PYRAMIDS

Israel naturally had their headquarters near Memphis because at Memphis, the Egyptian orders were issued. That is the region where the pyramids were built.

Interestingly enough, as we go through the account of Josephus we find the following surprising facts. Josephus tells us in his 'Antiquities of the Jews' (Book II. Chapter IX) that the children of Israel 'were forced to channel (make channels for the river), to build walls for the Egyptians and make cities and ramparts .... they set them also to build pyramids (after the pattern of the Great Pyramid), and by all this wore them out ...'

The majority of the pyramids start from Old Cairo and go south, not north. The children of Israel must have labored in the area centered at the region of Old Cairo and on south throughout the heart-land of Egypt.

Notice a plain statement in the 'Imperial Bible Dictionary' (published in England, Volume 5, subject, 'Rameses'): 'Immediately south of this region of Old Cairo there is an area where there were ancient quarries in a rocky mountain, from which much of the material for the pyramids was procured, and in which the poor Jews are said by Manetho (an Egyptian historian) to have worked.'

This confirms what Josephus tells us in his work entitled 'Apion', Book I, Chapter 26. Near these quarries on the east of the Nile opposite Memphis is an area called 'Mera-vad-Musa, or the 'Habitation (or dwelling) of Moses.' ' Moses was the leader and as he communicated back and forth with Pharaoh it is logical that opposite Memphis, where many of the lesser pyramids were built, Moses should have his headquarters -- to this day bearing the name, 'the Habitation of Moses.'

Now continuing with the 'Imperial Bible Dictionary': 'From thence (that is, Mera-vad-Musa or the 'Habitation of Moses') they moved northward, passing, as Josephus says, by ancient Babylon or Old Cairo, and then by or over the city of modern Cairo, proceeding along the direct route to the land of Canaan, as far as Succoth, or Berket el Hadj, the 'Pool of the Pilgrims' ...' 'Succoth' merely means booths -- or an encampment. It was there Moslem pilgrims, to this day, can go from Egypt over to Mecca, the holy city of the Mohammedan religion.

It is on the way that led out of Egypt to the wilderness of the Red Sea.

But let us go on to Numbers 33 and read the rest of the account. 'And they departed from Rameses (Old Cairo) in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month ... and went out with a high hand in the sight of all the Egyptians. For the Egyptians buried all their firstborn, which the Lord had smitten among them: upon their gods also the Lord executed judgments. And the children of Israel removed from Rameses, and pitched in Succoth.

'And they departed from Succoth, and pitched in Etham, which is in the edge of the wilderness. And they removed from Etham, and turned again (literally turned back) unto Pihahiroth, which is before Baalzephon: and they pitched before Migdol. And they departed from before Pihahiroth, and passed through the midst of the sea into the wilderness, and went three days' journey in the wilderness of Etham, and pitched in Marah.'

The miracle of the Red Sea! Did it really happen?

WHAT ROAD DID ISRAEL TAKE?

Now let us pick up the story with Exodus 13:17: 'And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines.' Here we have the first of several highways named.

In ancient Egypt there were major roads which went out of Egypt.

One was 'the way of the Red Sea' which was southeast from the Delta.

Another was 'the way of Etham,' or 'the wilderness of Shur' which went from Egypt through Beersheba. It was the road by which Jacob came down into Egypt. The third is 'the way of the land of the Philistines' which went up from the coast through Gaza by the Mediterranean. See the accompanying map.

As Israel was proceeding north through Old Cairo, they could have easily taken the way, or the highway of the Philistines -- the Philistine highway.

Many assume that this road must have been by the Mediterranean.

They are wrong! The way of the land of the Philistines extended far into Egypt.

While the Israelites were still in Egypt, they could have traveled by the road that led northward to the land of the Philistines. But, instead of taking that, near as it was, God said, 'Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war, and return to Egypt,' God led the people about through the way of the wilderness of the Red Sea.

This is another road. This is the most southerly of the three major roads in Egypt. Instead of taking the northerly route which would have taken them through the land of the Philistines, or the middle route in an easterly direction through Beersheba, they took the road leading southeast into Sinai and Arabia. God led them, not straight north, but through the way of the Red Sea.

This is the common road that even to this day the Moslem pilgrims take to the holy city of Mecca in Arabia. It is a road that has been used from the very beginning of time when human beings have dwelt in the land of Egypt.

Continuing: 'And the children of Israel went up harnessed (or, in ranks of five) out of the land of Egypt' marching up the road. 'And Moses took the bones of Joseph (perhaps from the Great Pyramid just west of Old Cairo?) with him: for he had straightly sworn the children of Israel, saying, God will surely visit you; and ye shall carry up my bones away hence with you. And they took their journey from Succoth,' the first stopping point on this road which went toward the Red Sea.

And from there, they took their journey 'and encamped in Etham, in the edge of the wilderness (of Sinai).'

At this point, they could have gone straight out of Egypt into Sinai, and Pharaoh never could have caught them! All they had to do was to follow the road just as the Arabs do today -- out of Egypt through the Sinai peninsula down through Arabia to Mecca.

Here they were at the border of Egypt, just north of the Red Sea, not by the Mediterranean. What happened next?

Now 'the Lord went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light; to go by day and night' (Ex. 13:21). It took them the seven days of Unleavened Bread to leave Egypt altogether.

God 'took not away the pillar of the cloud by day, nor the pillar of fire by night, from before the people' (verse 22). 'And the Lord spake unto Moses (Ex. 14:1-2), saying, Speak unto the children of Israel, that they turn (don't continue, but turn sharply to the right) and encamp before Pihahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, over against Baalzephon: before it shall ye encamp by the sea.' They now camp by the seashore.

WHERE ARE THESE PLACES?

The 'Imperial Bible Dictionary' tells us again.

'Pihahiroth, therefore, must have been the name of some natural locality, such as a mountain, or a range of mountains, a cliff, precipice, cape or promontory. It is said of the children of Israel, when (they were) overtaken by Pharaoh at the Red Sea, that they were entangled in the land, being shut in by the 'wilderness' or mountains (Ex. 14:3).'

Israel could not have gone farther in its line of march. Pharaoh had them bottled up in front of the Pihahiroth range of mountains! Did God make a mistake in leading them by the hand of Moses?

Israel ended up on an area at the upper portion of the Red Sea by the Gulf of Suez where there is a huge mountain range that comes right down to the sea. When they got into this area, it was like entering a bag. They could not go any farther by land. The only place they could go was out into the water because the mountain range comes right down to the seashore.

Opposite Pihahiroth was Baalzephon. This must have been a city where Baal was worshipped. Zephon means 'the north.' This was 'Baal of the North' -- the Baal that comes down from the north pole, clad in red and white every December 25! This was the ancient seat of Santa Claus worship.

They also camped near Migdol. Where was it?

Trumbull, in his book called 'Kadesh-Barnea', page 377, reveals something about the city of Migdol: 'A short distance to the northwest of Suez ... there is a station, or a pass, known as El Maktal' -- the Migdol. 'It is directly on the line of the Hajj, route.' The Hajj is a modern Arabic term for 'the way of the Red Sea.' The modern El Maktal is 'near the track noted ... as the 'Way of the Bed'ween into Ancient Egypt.' ' 'Wilkinson judged 'from its name and position,' that this represents 'the Migdol of the Bible.' '

As they encamped before Pihahiroth, which is a mountain range, and Baalzephon, then Baalzephon was on the north, and Pihahiroth was the mountain range on the south. Then between Migdol, in the west, and the Red Sea, in the east, there is an area large enough for the children of Israel to be bottled up.

The Red Sea is nearly 8 miles across here! There is a very extensive area -- many thousands of feet wide -- which could have opened up for the children of Israel to cross.

CROSSING THE RED SEA

Let's continue with Exodus 14:3: 'For Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel, They are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in.' And God hardened Pharaoh's heart, 'And he took six hundred chosen chariots, and all the chariots of Egypt, and captains over every one of them. And the Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he pursued after the children of Israel.' Pharaoh overtook them camping by the Red Sea on what probably was the sixth day of Unleavened Bread.

The Israelites were now frightened. They said in verse 12, 'Let us alone, that we may serve the Egyptians. For it had been better for us to serve the Egyptians, than that we should die in the wildernese. And Moses said unto the people, Fear ye not, stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord, which he will shew to you to day: for the Egyptians whom ye have seen to day, ye shall see them again no more for ever. The Lord shall fight for you, and ye shall hold your peace. And the Lord said unto Moses, Wherefore criest thou unto me? speak unto the children of Israel, that they go forward' -- into the water? No!

Notice: 'But lift thou up thy rod, and stretch out thine hand over the sea, and divide it: and the children of Israel shall go on dry ground through the midst of the sea.'

The miracle was wrought when Moses stretched his rod forth. The sea parted thousands of feet wide! Then the winds came in to drive back the waters and to build them up as a wall on either side!

Now verse 21: 'Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and the Lord caused the sea to go back.' It was a miracle! Contrary to seasonal weather a strong wind blew 'all that night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided. And the children of Israel went into the midst of the sea upon the dry ground: and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left. And the Egyptians pursued, and went in after them to the midst of the sea, even all Pharaoh's horses, his charlots, and his horsemen. And it came to pass, that in the morning watch the Lord looked unto the host of the Egyptians through the pillar of fire and of the cloud, and troubled the host of the Egyptians, And took off their chariot wheels, that they drove them heavily: so that the Egyptians said, Let us flee from the face of Israel; for the Lord fighteth for them against the Egyptians. And the Lord said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the sea, that the waters may come again upon the Egyptians, upon their charlots, and upon their horsemen. And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea returned to his strength when the morning appeared; and the Egyptians fled against it.'

Here was an area wide enough for 600 chosen chariots of the Egyptians to race through, beside a great many troops in order to capture the nearly 2,000,000 Israelite men, women and children. Verse 28, the waters 'returned, and covered the chariots, and the horsemen, and all the host of Pharaoh that came into the sea after them; there remained not so much as one of them. But the children of Israel walked upon dry land in the midst of the sea ... Thus the Lord saved Israel that day out of the hand of the Egyptians; and Israel saw the Egyptians dead upon the sea shore. And Israel saw that great work which the Lord did upon the Egyptians: and the people feared the Lord, and believed the Lord, and his servant Moses.'

EGYPT LEFT DESOLATE

Pharaoh was dead. His army was slain. There was not one left.

There was not even a solitary messenger to tell the Egyptians what happened (Ps. 106:11).

Read Exodus 15:4: 'Pharaoh's chariots and his host hath he cast into the sea: his chosen captains also are drowned in the Red Sea. The depths have covered them: they sank into the bottom as a stone. Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power: thy right hand, O Lord, hath dashed in pieces the enemy.'

God won the battle for the children of Israel. They were delivered out of the land of Egypt. They now rested on the peaceful shores of Sinai, where even today such names as 'Ayn Musa' and 'Ras Musa' testify to the Exodus. (See the map.) Not one of the Israelites perished, but all the Egyptians who pursued were overthrown.

Josephus adds some vivid details to the same story! 'The number that pursued after them was six hundred chariots, with fifty thousand horsemen, and two hundred thousand footmen, all armed. They also seized on the passages by which they imagined the Hebrews might fly, shutting them up between inaccessible precipices and the sea; for there was ... a (ridge of) mountains that terminated at the sea, which were impassable by reason of their roughness, and obstructed their flight; wherefore they there pressed upon the Hebrews with their army' ('Antiquities of the Jews', Josephus, Book III, ch. xv, sec. 3).

A few verses in Psalm 77 are worth reading at this point. 'I will remember the works of the Lord: surely I will remember thy wonders of old. I will meditate also of all thy work, and talk of thy doings' (verse 11). What were God's doings?

We find them in verse 16: 'The waters saw thee, O God, the waters saw thee; they were afraid: the depths also were troubled. The clouds poured out water: the skies sent out a sound: thine arrows also went abroad. The voice of thy thunder was in the heaven: the lightnings lightened the world: the earth trembled and shook. Thy way is in the sea, and thy path in the great waters, and thy footsteps are not known.

Thou leddest thy people like a flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron.'

Thunder and rain and great lightning shook the land that night. In early morning the waters just poured in on Pharaoh as his chariot became stuck in the mud at the bottom of the sea -- and he is there to this day!

Psalm 78 also tells us a little about it. Verse 12: 'Marvellous things did he in the sight of their fathers, in the land of Egypt, in the field of Zoan.' The word 'field' here is properly translated elsewhere as 'country' or 'kingdom.'

The 'land of Egypt' is 'the field,' or 'the country,' or 'the kingdom of Zoan.' Zoan gave its name to Egypt because it was the earliest city built in Egypt (Numbers 13:22 says that it was built 7 years after Hebron and was apparently the first city built in post-flood Egypt).

The country of Egypt was named after Zoan just as Israel was often named after Samaria, or Judah was named after Jerusalem.

The miracles that God wrought were in the land of Egypt -- in the land of Zoan. They mean the same thing! These miracles did not occur in some obscure field outside the city of Zoan near the Mediterranean!

EGYPT'S HISTORIANS ADMIT WHAT HAPPENED

That is the story of the miracle of the Red Sea. And it is corroborated from the Egyptians' own record of history!

From the Exodus forward, Egypt was for almost four centuries overrun by Amalekites (or Hyksos, the Egyptian word for 'shepherds') and punished for having enslaved the Israelites. Even as late as the days of Saul and David the Amalekites dominated Egypt.

In I Samuel 30 David meets an Egyptian slave led by his Amalekite master to die in the wilderness. 'And David said to him, To whom belongest thou? and whence art thou? And he said, I am a young man of Egypt, servant to an Amalekite; and my master left me ...' (verse 13).

The ancient Egyptian historian Manetho admits all this: 'There was a king of ours whose name was Timaus (a petty dynast) at the time of the Exodus. Under him it came to pass, I know not how, that God was averse to us, and there came after a surprising manner, men of ignoble birth out of the eastern parts (the Amalekites), and had boldness enough to make an expedition into our country, and with ease subdued it by force, yet without our hazarding a battle with them ...' ('Against Apion' by Josephus, Book I, Part 14).

So the historical record of Egypt, when rightly understood, confirms the Bible. There was neither Pharaoh nor army left to defend the country! They disappeared in the Red Sea without leaving a trace.

Not until the days of King Saul did Egypt recover her former power.

The miracle of the Red Sea did happen! The Bible is true!

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

---

CHAPTER XIV

THE HISTORY OF ARABIA

Arabia may be blanketed by arid plateaus and inhospitable deserts.

But Arabia is also a vast land inhabited by many different tribes. Fewhave ever compared it with Europe. Many of the great nations of Europewould be lost in Arabia's solitudes.

Arabia also has its past history -- one which joins together andconfirms the accounts of neighboring nations. Arabia borders -- by landand sea -- on Mesopotamia and Persia, on Syria and Palestine and on

Egypt and Ethiopia. Whatever happened in the heartland of the ancientworld inevitably affected the trade routes of Arabia.

WHO WERE THE FIRST ARABS?

The most famous name in Arabian history is that of Ishmael.

Ishmael, Abram and Hagar's son, is the progenitor of most of the Arab world. Then why are not the people called Ishmaelites today? Why do we not call the peninsula of Arabia the peninsula of Ishmael? How did Ishmaelites acquire the designation Arab?

Answer: the land was already known as Arabia before Ishmael was born!

The word Arab is derived from the Hebrew root 'arab.' It means evening, dusk, and also sterile (desert). The vast arid land of Arabia lay immediately to the west and south of Babylonia from whence human beings spread after Babel. It was only natural that they should call the land which lay to the west Arabia. As they migrated in Arabia they called the land to the south Yemen. Yemen means right and south (cf. the Biblical Ben-jamin) -- because in the Middle East people face east (not north) in defining directions.

Any who dwelt in this vast peninsula came to be known as Arabs. In fact, one of the earliest heroes in Arabia came to be known simply as Yarab -- the Arabian. His real name was Jerah, the son of Joktan. And with him we open the history of Arabia.

A simple account of Arabian history may be found in 'Universal History,' Vol. XVIII. It is immediately noticed that Arabian emphasis is on heroes, not time. Events can be dated only to contemporary generations. Only Yemen has an accurate chronology. This weakness is still witnessed in the Islamic calendar. It is lunar, but not solar. It neglects the seasons and loses seven months in nineteen solar years.

Arabian history opens up before the time of Ishmael, as one might readily expect. It begins with the life of Joktan, the son of Heber.

The Arabs call Joktan by the name Kahtan. Joktan was the father of thirteen sons mentioned in the Bible, eleven of whom journeyed into Europe where their descendants mainly live today. Several of those sons early planted colonies along the trade routes of the world -- just as have the children of Peleg, Joktan's brother, in the modern world.

Among the sons who planted colonies along south Arabia were Hazarmaveth, Jerah and Hadoram (whom the Arabs call Jorham). Ophir also planted colonies in other areas of the world.

In later history the sons of Hazarmaveth migrated out of Arabia, joined with the Elamites and journeyed into Europe after the fall of Persia. There they came to be known as Sarmatians.

THE JORHAMITES OF HEJAZ

The children of Hadoram or Jorham founded Hejaz. There princes reigned until the time of Ishmael, who is said by Arabian historians to have married the daughter of Modad, a daughter of one of the princes of

Jorham's family. The family of Ishmael afterward expelled the Jorhamites from Arabia. The names of the early princes of the Jorhamites have been preserved by Arab historians. Their account is summarized here:

1. Jorham, the brother of Yarab, founded Hejaz; he is Hadoram, the brother of Jerah.

2. Abd Yalil, the son of Jorham.

3. Jorsham, the son of Abd Yalil.

4. Abdo'l Madan, the son of Jorsham.

5. Nogailah, the son of Abdo'l Madan. (Note the name Medan at nearly the same time in Abraham's family.)

6. Abdo'l Masih, the son of Nogailah.

7. Modad, the son of Abdo'l Masih.

8. Amru, the son of Modad.

9. Al Hareth, brother of Amru. This name will appear again, though much later, in the form of Aretas, the king who sought to lay hands on the apostle Paul at Damascus.

10. Amru, the son of Al Hareth.

11. Basher, the brother of Amru.

12. Modad, the son of Amru, the son of Modad. It was his daughter whom Ishmael married, according to Arabian historians. His other wife his mother chose out of Egypt.

Thereafter the name of Kedar (Kidar in Arabic) appears.

Kedar was the son of Ishmael by the daughter of Modad. After the conquest of the Jorhamites, the family of Kedar continued to rule over the Hejaz for nine generations until Adnan, the last one named. There follows a blank period of about 1200 years, after which the Ishmaelites reappear under another leader called Adnan in 122 B.C. One branch of his descendants later established themselves as the Sherifs of Mecca. King Hussein of Jordan is their direct descendant.

THE KINGDOM OF YEMEN

In Arabia, at the southwest corner, is the modern Yemen -- Yaman in Arabic. It means south. It is a land of many diverse tribes -- many non-Ishmaelite. Yemen was founded by Kahtan -- the Joktan of the Bible.

Yemen anciently controlled the entrance to the Red Sea from the Indian Ocean. Hence its early importance to the Hebrew family. Hamza Ben-el-Hasan of Isfahan has preserved the history and chronology of Yemen to the time of Mohammed. The best summary of his work is found in 'Geschichte der Araber vor Muhamed' by August Ruhle von Lilienstern, Berlin, 1836, pp. 103 ff and especially Tafel I.

Rulers of Yemen Length of Reign Dates
1. Kahtan or Joktan, first (His brother Peleg wasestablished his rule in born 2268) Yemen, then went into Europe where he was known as Hister (meaning same as original Hebrew JOKTAN).
2. Yarab, son of Kahtan, from whom the Kahtan Arabs of the south derive their origin. His Biblical name is Jerah.
3. Yashab, son of Yarab.
4. Abd Shems, surnamed Saba, son of Yashab. He led successful expeditions against enemies in the peninsula. In 1978 he expanded his power across the Red Sea into Ethiopia, (See Ethiopian history where he established for dates) himself as the head of a new Joktanite dynasty. In Ethiopian history he is known as Akbunas Saba. Abd Shems had several sons, among whom were Hamyar, Amru and Cahlan. Cahlan succeeded his father on thethrone in Ethiopia in 1923 under the name of Nakehte Kalnis.
5, Hamyar, son of Abd Shems, began his reign, according to Abulfeda, 129 years after the death of Hud (whom Arabs say is Eber). Hamyar drove the remnant of the Themudites or Troglodytes out of Yemen. These were later found by Greek Geographers on the African shore of the Red Sea.	150	1709-1559
6. Wayel, son of Hamyar, succeeded to the kingdom. Other writers mention Cahlan -- which implies a division of land among the princes.
7. Alsacsac, son of Wayel.
8. Yaafar, son of Alsacsac.
9. Dhu Rujash. At this point it ought to be noted that the number of generations over so long a period corresponds almost exactly to the Biblical record from Abraham to David. There were 14 generations in the Bible in just under 1000 years. As in the Biblical record the inheritance often passed to a son born late in life (as in the case of David, the youngest son of Jesse).
10. Al Numan, son of Yaafar.
11. Ashman, son of Numan.
12. Shaddad, son of Ad, son of Al Matata, son of Abd Shems. He was a very powerful prince in Arabic tradition He lived during the time of the great Hyksos expansion in the Middle East. Arab tradition claims he ruled 260 years.
13. Lokman, brother of Shaddad.
14. Dhu Sadad, brother of Lokman.	-	1150
15. Al Hareth, son of Dhu Sadad. In his time Yemen became immensely wealthy. Reason? The Trojan war. With trade shut off from Scythia, it was inevitable that there should be an expansion of commerce along the southern route.	125	1150-1025
16. Dhu'l Karnain Assaab. (Joint reign with successor who is assigned entire period.)
17. Dhutl Manar Abrahah, son of Assaab.	183	1025- 842
18. Africus, son of Dhu'l Manar Abrahah. His name signifies the connection between Egypt, Ethiopia and South Arabia at this time. He settled North Africa with Berbers from Palestine and Egypt.	164	842- 678
19. Dhu'l Adhaar Amru, son ofAfricus, made foreign expeditions.	25	678- 653
20. Sharhabil, descendant of Alsacsac. (Joint reign.)
21. Al Hodhad, son of Sharhabil.	75	653- 578
22. Balkis, son of Hodhad. Insome Arabic sources his name is confused with Belkis -- the Arabic name for the Queen of Sheba.	20	578- 558
23. Nasherol'neam, descendant of Sharhabil.	85	558- 473
24. Shamer Yaraash, son ofNasher. He gave his name to Samarkand in Central Asia. At this time there must have been extensive migration of Edomites and Joktanites out of Arabia into Central Asia, around Turkestan.	37	473- 436
25. Abu Malec, son of Shamer.	55	436- 381
26. Amran, son of Amer, descendant of Cahlan, the brother of Hamyar.
27. Amru, son of Amer (both brothers reign jointly, but the chronology is reckoned after the reigns of Abu Malec and Al Akran).
28. Al Akran, descendant of Abu Malec.	53	381- 328
29. Dhu Habshan, son ofAl Akran.	70	328- 258
30. Tobba, younger brotherof Al Akran.	163	258- 95
31. Colaicarb, son of Tobba.	35	95- 60
32. Abu Carb Asaad (Tobba). He is mentioned in the Koran. He revived religious interest among the Arabians and Hamyarites. He adorned the Kaaba, the sacred stone building at Mecca, and introduced Judaism among the Hamyarites, The Arab historian Ibu Khaldun reports that Abu Carb sent large military expeditions into Central Asia. Two of these reached Tibet and China, where they caused a great blood bath. On the way back many warriors of the Hamyarite armies settled in Tibet. Tribes using the Hamyarite alphabet were still found in that region in modern times (Marquart, 'Osteuropische und Ostasiatische Streifze', p. 84). Abu Carb was murdered, possibly for religious reasons.	20	60- 40
33. Hassan ben Tobbai, sonAbu Carb.	70	40 B.C.- 31 A.D.
34. Amru Tobbai (Dhu Lawad),son of Hassan.	63	31- 94
35. Abd Celal	74	94- 168
36. Tobba, grandson of Hassan.	78	168- 246
37. Al Haroth, son of Amru. (Joint reign.) He was king of Hamyarites who embraced Judaism.
38. Morthed, son of Celal, also surnamed Dhu Lawad.	41	246- 287
39. Waciaa, son of Morthed.	37	287- 324
40. Abrahah, son of Alsabah (Joint reign).
41. Sabban (Joint reign).
42. Sabbash (Joint rule with Abrahah).	15	324- 339
43. Hassan, descendant of Amru (Joint rule with Sabban).	57	339- 396
44. Dhu Shanater. He was finally dethroned for unnatural lusts, having abused several youths of the noblest families.	27	396- 423
45. Yusuf Dhu Nowas	20	423- 443
46. Dhu Jadan, the last of the Hamyaritic monarchs. He sought to enforce Judaism in opposition to Christianity. The Ethiopians, with help of Byzantium, defeated Dhu Jadan. He perished in the sea, fleeing from the Ethiopians. Ethiopia ruled Yemen for the next 72 years (503-575) until the Persian conquest.	60	443- 503
47. Arnat	20	503- 523
48. Abrahah	23	523- 546
49. Iecsoum (Yacsum)	17	546- 563
50. Masruk	12	563- 575
51. Seif Ebn Dhu Yazan, a descendant of the old royal family of Hamyar, recovered the throne from the Ethiopians with the aid of the Persian Khosru Anushirwan. Seif was, however, slain by certain Ethiopians whom he had failed to expel. After 575 the Persians appointed princes until the time of Mohammedan conquest of Yemen.		575

Arabian historians reckon 3000 years to the end of the Kingdom of Yemen. And it is indeed exactly 3000 years from the end of the Flood to the death of Mohammed in 632, when the government of Arabia passed to the Ishmaelite caliphs, the successors of Mohammed.

ARABIA'S INDIAN OCEAN NEIGHBORS

To complete Volume II, we must recount the brief history of Arakan, in Burma, and the history of early India before 1649.

The Arakanese, in Burma, have preserved a remarkable history going back to the Tower of Babel. The initial part of it was cited in the early history of Peru. A continuation of that chart is given below. It traces the migration of peoples out of Mesopotamia into the Ganges valley. For several centuries after the age of Horus (Maradzi II of Arakanese history) there are Hindu names ending in -sandra in the list of rulers. Abruptly the names change. There followed a migration of Southeast Asians out of India into the area of Arakan along the Burmese coast.

During the time in India the early Hindu rulers utilized the nonaccession-year method of dating. That is, the last calendar year of a king (during which he died or was deposed) was also reckoned as the first calendar year of his successor. This same method was used in the nation Israel to the time of Jehu -- in contrast to the accession-year system of Judah.

Arakanese records fill in the missing years of Indian history to1649. Properly restored from the palm-leaf records, their early rulers appear as follows:

Maradzi II (Horus), Babylonian accession-year reckoning	33	2004-1971
Marakeng, early Indian nonaccession-year reckoning	Year 1 1971-1970	Year 32 1940-1939
Ngatshapo (a usurper)	Year 1 1940-1939	Year 21 1920-1919
Dwaratsandra	Year 1 1920-1919	Year 40 1881-1880
Tholatsandra	Year 1 1881-1880	Year 33 1849-1848
Tsandathuriyatsandra	Year 1 1849-1848	Year 37 1813-1812
Kalatsandra	Year 1 1813-1812	Year 40 1774-1773
Titsandra	Year 1 1774-1773	Year 31 1744-1743
Madhuthatsandra	Year 1 1744-1743	Year 20 1725-1724
Dzeyatsandra	Year 1 1725-1724	Year 40 1686-1685
Mokkhatsandra	Year 1 1686-1685	Year 26 1661-1660
Gunnatsandra	Year 1 1661-1660	Year 12 1650-1649
Three Usurpers in one, calendar year. ending early Indian nonaccession-year reckoning		1650-1649

At this point the names of kings ending in -sandra cease. The succeeding centuries of Indian history may be found restored in Volume I of the Compendium. The migration in 1649 of Mongoloid peoples out of India to Arakan in Burma was a consequence of the war with Assyria in 1649.

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

---

CHAPTER XII A

FURTHER MIGRATIONS TO FRANCE

The old Trojan House, of the line of Dardanus, was restored to power after the Greek defeat at Troy in 1149. The Greeks did not preserve the history of this restoration for two reasons. One, they did not want to recall their defeat in 1149. Second, their writers deliberately confused the history of Troy to make it appear that only one great war occurred between the victorious Greek states and the Trojans. This corruption of Trojan history was the direct result of trying to make Greek history conform to a distorted account of Egyptian history.

The full story of the royal Trojan House that returned to power in Troy has been preserved -- of all places -- in the records of the Spanish Hapsburgs! The reason? The Hapsburgs were in fact lineal descendants of the House of Troy!

A complete list of Trojan rulers after the fall of Troy in 1181 may be found in the original Spanish work by Bartholome Gutierrez entitled: 'Historia del estado presente y antiguo, de la mui noble y mui leal ciudad de Xerez de la Frontera.' It was published in Xerez, Spain in 1886.

A son of Priam, during that fateful 10-year war which ended in 1181, was named Helenus (See 'Lempriere's Classical Dictionary,' art. 'Helenus'.) Through him the royal line was preserved in the Near East.

Helenus was given, by the Greeks, a part of Epirus. After 1149 his descendants captured control of Troy from the Greeks and the Jewish House of Dardanus was once again restored to Troy. The Spanish history records the following names of his descendants who governed Troy until the Third Trojan War which ended the city in 677.

Princes of Troy (with the common Latin endings)

1. Zenter, son of Helenus and grandson of Priam.

2. Francus

3. Esdron

4. Zelius

5. Basavelian

6. Plaserius

7. Plesron

8. Eliacor

9. Zaberian

10. Plaserius II

11. Antenor I

12. Trianus or Priam II

13. Helenus II

14. Plesron II

15. Basavelian II

16. Alexander -- the Paris of the last war against Troy. There were about 17 generations (including Helenus) in somewhat over five centuries or approximately 30 years per generation during this period.

Members of the Trojan royal family and most of the population fled to the northern shores of the Black Sea in eastern Europe after 677.

For the next two and a third centuries after 677 (the date of the final fall of Troy in a third war) there were the following 12 generations -- averaging about 21 years between generations. None of these men were kings in the strict sense until Antenor, who died in 445. The genealogy of the Jewish Trojan House continues as follows:

1. Priam III, son of Alexander or Paris.

2. Gentilanor

3. Almadius

4. Dilulius

5. Helenus III

6. Plasserius III

7. Dilulius II

8. Marcomir

9. Priam IV

10. Helenus IV

11. Antenor II , who assumed kingly power among the refugees from Troy in Southeastern Europe

12. Marcomir

But, before we continue with Marcomir, the son of Antenor, another part of the story should be told. The 8th century anonymous 'Frankish Chronicle' (De Rebus Francorum) states that after the fall of Troy in 1181 about 12,000 Trojans fled by ship across the Black Sea to the mouth of the Tanais. From there they spread to the Maeotic Swamps and as far as the borders of Pannonia.

This account agrees very well with the report of Dionysius of Halicarnassus in his 'Roman Antiquities,' I, 46, 47, who states that after the fall of Troy '... a larger number escaped than were taken prisoner ... the Achaeans, intent on capturing the citadel, were giving no thought to the pursuit of the multitude who were escaping from the city .... Aeneas abandoned the palace; and opening the gates he marched forth with the rest of the fugitives in good order ... they were joined not only by the inhabitants of Dardanus ... but by the whole populace of Ophyrnium .... this force of the Trojans became a very large one.' In other words, a large number of people escaped.

Dionysius goes on to state that they obtained permission from the Greeks to travel about unmolested in order to find a new country in which to settle. Aeneas headed to the Greek coast near Thessalonika, and from there southwards to the Mediterranean and Italy. But others took a different route. '... Ascanius, his eldest son, with some of the allies, chiefly Phrygians, (went) to the country of Dascylitis (near the Bosphorus) .... But Ascanius did not tarry there for any length of time ....' He returned to the site of Troy and tried to reestablish the city.

Here Dionysius breaks off the account about Ascanius. We know, however, that Ascanius did not remain at the site of Troy, for Virgil and others report him as being with his father Aeneas in Italy shortly afterwards.

But what of the Phrygian army that was with Ascanius? It did not go with him to Italy. This could be, however, the army of 12,000 which according to the 'Chronicle' settled at the mouth of the Danube.

Fredegarius Scholasticus, claiming Jerome as his authority, says that the Trojans fled, some to Macedonia, some to the Danube under a king Friga. Greek historians, like Strabo, generally confirm this exodus to Macedonia, but are silent about Friga. Since this name can mean, in Greek, simply 'the Phrygian', this just indicates that the Phrygians, under some obscure Phrygian leader, crossed over to the European shore and settled in Macedonia, Pannonia and near the mouth of the Danube.

Fredegarius, the 'Frankish Chronicle' and Hugo of St. Victor all agree with 'Smith's Dictionary' in stating that the Phrygians settled in that general area of the Balkans. The Macedonians, according to the latter, called the Phrygians Bryges. Gregory of Tours also states that the Franks were originally in Pannonia.

From the lower Danube and Pannonia the Trojan Phrygians moved on into Europe. Fredegarius and the later 'Knigschronik' both claim that they moved under a king Franko or Francio to the mouth of the Rhine where they built New Troy at Xanten (a rivulet named after Xanthus, the river of Phrygia). That a New Troy was built at Xanten is attested to by the Romans, who called the town of Xanten Troia Nova. (See 'Der Grosse Brockhaus,' article 'Troia Nova'.) In the same way Julius Caesar called the Londoners Trinovantes in reference to their city having been founded as New Troy by Brutus.

The original settling of the Franks at the mouth of the Rhine is supported by Procopius: '... the Rhine empties into the ocean ... and this is where the Germans lived of old ... who are now called Franks' (Procopius of Caesarea, 'History of the Wars,' V, xii, 7, 8). Holland, in other words, was the first home of the Franks in Western Europe. It is in the region of Scythia Minor that Hunibald, the Frankish chronicler, begins his history. According to him the Trojans, having dwelt in this region for a number of years after the fall of Troy, are finally involved in a series of wars with the Goths from Scandinavia.

In 445 B.C. their leader Antenor falls in battle against the Goths.

From this point in history begins Hunibald's list of Frankish kings.

The Trojans who left Troy in 677 after the Third Trojan War went to the area of the Black Sea where they joined the group that had been led there by Ascanius after the First Trojan War in 1181. Both were Trojans, both went to the northern shores of the Black Sea but, at different times. Both record the same kings as they proceed across Europe.

SICAMBRIAN KINGS

Kings	Length of Reign	Dates
1. Antenor: a king over Trojan settlers on the Black Sea, himself of royal Trojan blood. Died in 445
2. Marcomirus I: king of the Sicambri (from the German Cimbri in whose ancient territory they settled). In 441 he brought the people out of Scythia and seated them on the Danube. During a council he was told by a pagan priest to go west where Brutus of Troy had previously gone. A pagan prophecy promises him victory over the Gauls and the Romans. Sends embassy to Saxons and asks for land in which to settle. In April 439 B.C. they leave the lower Danube and move overland, first north, then west, to the mouth of the Rhine. A total of 489,360 persons (including 175,658 warriors but not including slaves and servants) take part. Marcomirus had brothers Priam, Panthenor and Sunno. They settled the country now called West Friesland, Gelders and Holland. Marcomirus crossed the Rhine and conquered part of Gaul. One of his brothers was made governor. Then the conquest of all Gaul was gradually completed. Marcomirus, according to the 'Chronicle of Hunibald', dies 926 years before the death of the first Christian king of the Franks, Clovis, in 511.	28	444- 416
3. Antenor I marries Cambra, the beautiful daughter of Belinus, king of Britain. She introduces worship of Janus, establishes herself as prophetess and priestess of Diana. From Cambra the Scythian Trojans begin to call themselves Sicambri. Antenor's nephew, Grun, builds Grningen in 386 B.C. Antenor conquered Phrygia -- the original Trojan homeland -- and slew all the males. (This recalls Judah's punishment of the Edomites, many of whom were now living in Phrygia.) He died in 386 when Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia, having finished the Cyprian War, led an army of 300,000 men against the Cadusians.	30	416- 386
4. Priamus: under him Sicambrians adopt Saxon language, Greek being retained only by priests for purposes of religious worship. Neumagen, near the mouth of the Rhine, becomes seat of Jupiter worship established by Cambra.	26	386- 360
5. Helenus I: he erected an oratory to Pallas, whom he worshipped by sacrificing to her captive children. In 353 he slew 16,000 Gauls (Chaldeans) in battle in the land of the Tungri.	19	360- 341
6. Diocles: he has wars with both the Gauls and the Goths. In 331 B.C. Goths from Scania attack Saxons, but are repelled by a combined Sicambro-Saxon force. He aided the Saxons against the Goths in 327. In his absence the Gauls invaded his kingdom. By the valour of his officers they were expelled, losing 78,000 men, besides captives and children	39	341- 302
7. Helenus II: an effeminate individual, unable to ward off attacks of Gauls. He was deposed in 288, after which 8 years of government under priestly rule followed.	14	302- 288
8. Bassanus Magnus: the warlike brother of Helenus, liked to present an image of self- righteousness. So very severe in his laws that he executed his own son for adultery and put away his wife for reviling him for it, and sent her to her father. In his eighth year he built many forts against incursions of the Gauls and finally obtained the full kingship in his possession. In his sixteenth year built the city Bassanburg, where many of his successors had their residence. Trithemius calls this Aix la Chapelle). In 285 B.C, is attacked by father-in-law, king of the Orkneys, but repells him. In 264 B.C. takes over duties as priest of Jupiter, which leads to his ultimate deification as 'Theobasan.' In 257 B.C. leads a successful campaign as far south as Koblenz. At this time Heligastus, the great prophet of the Sicambri, flourished. Bassanus later conquered from the Saxons all the country from the entrance of the Rhine to Mentz. In year 29 he slew Thaborinus, king of the Togazani (now Westphalians). He put his son on the throne in 252 and then disappeared.	36	288- 252
9. Clodomir I: in his third year the Gauls demanded restitution of their lands. Clodomir overcame them by the aid of the king of Thuringia and Saxony.	18	252- 234
10. Nicanor: married Constantina, daughter of king of Britain. In his first year he aided the Saxons against the Slavs and Goths and returned with much spoil. In his third year he aided his father-in-law against the king of the Orcades. In 222 B.C. Sicambrians, Saxons and Thuringians defeat the Goths. In year 15 he was defeated by the Goths from Scandinavia, but afterwards expelled them. In 215 B.C. he aided the king of Britain in a war against the Orkneys, but was unsuccessful because of lack of experience in warfare on the sea.	34	234- 200
11. Marcomirus II: successfully attacked the Romans, Gauls, Goths in his first year. In his fifth year he commanded the acts of the Gauls to be written in rhyme and sung by the bards.	28	200- 172
12. Clodius I: in his tenth year the Romans and Gauls wasted his country. Being next year aided by the Saxons, he defeated them, but fell himself in the battle.	11	172- 161
13. Antenor II: he concluded a peace with the Gauls for ten years and abolished the Trojan custom of sacrificing his enemies' children.	16	161- 145
14. Clodomirus II: in histenth year the Gauls broke the peace. They were overcome in 125, the last year of his reign.	20	145- 125
15. Merodachus: in his fifth year he levied an army of 220,000 of his own people with Saxons and Germans and entered Italy as far as Ravenna. In his fifteenth year, because of several inundations of the sea and the Rhine, the Sicambri and Cimbri were forced to transplant themselves to the interior -- the Hercynian Forest -- about modern Bohemia. In his twentieth year the Romans and Gauls invaded their territories and set the Goths and Slavs on the Saxons that they might not aid the Sicambri. In year 23 (102-101) the Sicambri joined the Cimbri in a war against Rome. They were all defeated by Marius. After this defeat Merodachus, with a fresh army, marched against the Gauls, gave them a great defeat and settled again in their old country.	28	125- 97
16. Cassander: in his second year the Romans and Gauls entered his kingdom. In his ninth year he aided Arabius, king of the Saxons, against Berobista, king of the Goths, who after five years again invaded Germany. Cassander, aided by Damercus king of the Thuringi, expelled the Goths.	21	97- 76
17. Antharius: in his twentieth year some of Caesar's soldiers revolted to the Sicambri, who refused to deliver them up at Caesar's demand. Caesar, in revenge, entered their country and marched all the way to Britain 55-54. In 41 Antharius and 2000 of his men were slain by the Gauls. He was the last 'King of the Sicambri'. Hereafter the Sicambri were called Franks or Franconians after the name of his son and successor, Francus.	35	76- 41

THE KINGS OF THE FRANKS

Kings	Length of Reign	Dates
18. Francus marries a pagan priestess, daughter of king of Thuringia. In his third year the Goths encroached upon the country and remained there for ten years, after which Francus expelled them. In the fourth year the name of Sicambri was changed to Franci by an edict at the people's request. The next year, being at war with the Goths, the Gauls wasted his dominions. As punishment he levied an army of 300,000 men and invading their country took much spoil and killed 200,000 people of all sexes and ages. The Romans hearing of this victory sent Lollius with forces into Germany. A long struggle with Rome followed. He made a league with the Germans and Saxons after their Roman allies were defeated.	28	41- 13
19. Clodius II or Clogio: an astronomer and diviner. This king of the Franconians fought the Romans in his second year.	30	BC13-18 AD
20. Herimerus: he was slain in battle by Romans and Gauls.	12	18- 30
21. Marcomirus III: a brother of Herimerus. Phrysius, a brother of Marcomirus was governor of Frisia.	18	30- 48
22. Clodomirus III: he devastated northern Gaul in 55 A.D. He recovered all that his predecessors had lost and fought with the Romans near Mentz and wasted the country of Triers.	12	48- 60
23. Antenor III: he drowns in the Rhine with much of his army while retreating from Gaul.	6	60- 66
24. Ratherius: he renewed the league with the Germans and Saxons in 74. He founded Rotterdam and was buried there.	21	66- 87
25. Richimerus I: he was strongly religious and even became a pagan high priest. In 97 he repelled a Gothic attack on Saxony. He sent 18,000 settlers under son Sunno into Saxony to secure it against Goths. He fought with the Romans and Gauls near Basana (now Aix-la- Chapelle) in 99. He received aid of Winderchind, king of the Saxons, and Verminfrid, king of the Thuringi, in 101. He opposed the Goths who invaded Germany. The Franks, Germans and Saxons planted colonies in that part of Germany, which is now called Brandenburg, in 106.	24	87- 111
26. Odomar: made a league with the Romans and Gauls. Founder of Utrecht and builder of Odemarsheim in 117.	14	111- 125
27. Marcomirus IV:marries Athilde, daughter of the king of Britain His son, Frank, builds Helenopolis (Frankfort), another son becomes pagan priest. He rebuilt Marburg in the Landgraviate of Hesse.	21	125- 146
28. Clodomirus IV:marries Hasilda, daughter of the king of Rugen.	17	146- 163
29. Farabertus: he renewed the ancient league with the Germans. In his reign the Dutch (Niederlander) are first mentioned.	20	163- 183
30. Sunno or Hunno:warred with the Romans and Gauls. Upon the death of the Emperor Severus, in 211, he entered Gaul and wasted it with fire and sword.	28	183- 211
31. Hildericus: he built a castle on an isle in the Rhine and called it Hildeburg, 214. Introduced a period of cultural and architectural expansion.	40	211- 251
32. Bartherus: the Franks attacked in 256 -- the year the last Odin invaded Saxony and led many of the tribes of Israel to northwestern Europe. Raids of Franks, Thuringians and Bavarians continue to 259 in Gaul and Italy. In 262 Franks and Saxons carry a raid as far south as Tarragona, which they besiege. They spoiled Italy, as far as Ravenna, 264 and razed the town of Aragon to the ground, 267.	18	251- 269
33. Clodius III or Clogio: in 283 he entered Gaul, and having slain many Romans, recovered some of that which he had formerly lost. But, the Romans again expelled him in 289.	27	269- 296
34. Walter	8	296- 304
35. Dagobertus I	11	304- 315
36. Clodius IV or Clogio: the Romans and Gauls invaded Franconia in 317. Clogio was slain in battle.	2	315- 317
37. Clodomirus V: brother of Clogio IV. Sends in 322 A.D. 30,000 colonists to river Main and establishes Dukedom of Franconia which survives under 21 Dukes till Pepin the Short. He aided the Sarmata against the Romans, of whom he slew 36,000 in 321. The Franks were now permitted to resettle themselves where Holland, Utrecht, Gelders, part of Friesia, Westphalia and Brabant now lie. The Franks now split, the East Franks settling in Germany. Their dukes are listed later.	18	317- 335
38. Richimir II: opposed Constantius with 200,000 men in 342. He fought with the Romans and was slain in battle in 348.	13	335- 348
39. Theodomirus: makes Tongres his capital, attacks and burns Trier. Was taken by the Emperor Julian, who slew him and his mother.	10	348- 358
40. Clodius V or Clogio: to revenge his father's death he took Cambray, slew many Romans, entered Gaul and annexed much of it (as far as the Sagon River) to his dominions. In 369 Valentinian I defeats him by surprise attack. Pepin and Charlemagne are descended from this king's third son, Hector.	18	358- 376
41. Marcomirus V: the last 'King of the Franks' until reign of Pharamund. He obtained a great victory over the Romans at Cologne in 382 and recovered all that the Emperor had possessed, except Armorica or Little Brittany, in 390. He was slain in battle in 391. The Romans overpowered the Franks, commanded them to elect no more kings but dukes, in the reign of Theodosius the Great.	15	376- 391
42. Dagobert II: appointed governor (not king) after the death of Marcomirus, refuses Romans tribute. Valentinian II admires courage of Franks, is unable to retaliate because otherwise occupied and finally killed by Arbogast a Frank.	5	391- 396
43. Genebaldus: also a mere governor, dies without heir.	21	396- 417
44. Pharamundus: he is the5th duke of Franconia and was elected king.	7	417- 424
45. Clodius VI: teaches Franks to wear hair long to distinguish them from Gauls.	20	424- 444
46. Meroveus: after whom Franks were called Merovingians Takes Trier, makes great gains in Gaul.	12	444- 456
47. Hildericus II: this appears to have been a joint year with Meroveus, his father. At death of Meroveus the son was deposed by Egidius and rebellious nobles. Hildericus II flees to Thuringia. Egidius: a Roman, set up by nobles in place of Hildericus. He was deposed. Hildericus: reinstated.	1 3 22	455- 456 456- 459 459- 481
48. Clodoveus or Clovis: accepts Roman Catholic religion. Baptized in 496 A.D.	30	481- 511

DUKES OF THE EAST FRANKS

Duke	Length of Reign	Dates
1. Genebald I: brother of Clodomlr IV, migrated with East Franks to the upper Rhine and became their first duke.	30	322- 352
2. Marcomer	21	352- 373
3. Claudius	10	373- 383
4. Marcomer II	16	383- 399
5. Pharamund became king of the West Franks in 417. He is reckoned by early historians as the first king of France. In 424 the succession passed to Clodion who founded the Merovingian Dynasty. Its kings all wore long hair. They kept their kingly office until the Pope suggested to the East Franks (Germans) that they could gain the power over the Merovingians by cutting the king's hair. The last Merovingian was accordingly tonsured. The government thereafter passed to Pippin, father of the German king Charlemagne, who restored the Roman Empire in the west in 800. The history of the Merovingians, who descended from the Trojan line and the house of Judah, is made especially interesting in a book entitled 'The Long-haired Kings,' by J. M. Wallace-Hadrill. (See especially chapter 7.) The Merovingians recognized that though they came from Judah, they were not of the throne of David and would hold their power only so long as they kept a Nazarite tradition -- long hair -- symbolizing their subjection to a Higher Power -- God -- who rules supreme among men. (See Numbers 6.)	15	399- 414
6. Marcomer III: Pharamund with ruled in Franconia or Pharamund East Frankland 399-414; he ruled all France fromsole reign 417 till 424. Marcomer III, Pharamund's brother, ruled in Franconia until Pharamund died in 428 (see 'Mirror of History').	14 4	414- 428 428- 432
7. Priamus	12	432- 444
8. Genebaldt II	20	444- 464
9. Sunno	23	464- 487
10. Clodius II: a West Frank, became duke of the East Franks (Germans).	16	487- 503
11. Clodomir	21	503- 524
12. Hugbald	26	524- 550
13. Helenus	30	550- 580
14. Gottfried	24	580- 604
15. Genebaldt III	20	604- 624
16. Clodomir II	23	624- 647
17. Heribert	30	647- 677
18. Clodoueus III	12	677- 689
19. Grosswert	26	689- 715
20. Gosspert	14	715- 729
21. Hetan	20	729- 749
Interregnum under Pepin	12	749- 761

The succeeding history of the Franks is so well known and thoroughly documented as to be everywhere available.

Hunibald's chronicle helps clear up misunderstandings about the Franks presented by the incomplete accounts of other medieval writers.

Tyro Prosper (Augustine's friend), for instance, contradicts practically every other ancient historian by stating that the first king of the Franks was Priam, the father of Marcomir, Sunno and Genebald, who lived around 382 A.D. This Priam was none other than Dagobert II (391-396). Priam was another of Dagobert's names. Dagobert had three sons Marcomir, Sunno and Genebald. He was the first governor (i.e. first ruler of lower rank than king) of the Franks. Tyro Prosper obviously did not have all his facts straight.

Another great misconception about the Franks is an alleged migration from Pannonia in the days of emperor Valentinian. The 'Frankish Chronicle' and Hugo of St. Victor both state that Caesar Valentinian attempted to exact tribute from the Franks living in Pannonia, after these had helped him defeat the Alani. The Franks, refusing to pay, were eventually forced to leave Pannonia and settle at the mouth of the Rhine.

Some loopholes in this story are immediately evident. First of all, Roman history is silent about any dealings with the Franks or other Germans in Pannonia in the days of Valentinian. Secondly, Valentinian I was emperor in the West, and died in an expedition against the Quadi. He was never active in the East. The same is true for Valentinian II, in whose reign the co-emperor Theodosius defeated a league of Huns, Goths and Alans in Moesia. This incident may possibly be partly responsible for the story that the Franks helped Valentinian to defeat the Alans.

Hunibald again comes to our aid. He informs us that both the Valentinians fought against the Franks in the West, not in Pannonia. Valentinian I fought against Clogio V in 369. It was Valentinian II, in the West, who tried to impose the tribute on the Franks in the reigns of Marcomirus V and Dagobert II. The chroniclers probably confused Priam (Dagobert II) and his sons Marcomir, Sunno and Genebald, with the original migration from Pannonia under Marcomir I and his brothers Priam, Panthenor and Sunno. As a result of this confusion, the migration was misplaced by some 700 years. Again, this just serves to demonstrate how valuable Hunibald's account is in presenting us with the true picture.

There is a bit of difficulty regarding the name Sicambri by which the Franks were for a while known. Hunibald states that it was derived from Cambra, the wife of Antenor I. The 'Frankish Chronicle,' Hugo of St. Victor and Aethicus Hister maintain, on the other hand, that Sicambria was a city near the shore of the Black Sea and that from it the people were called Sicambri.

Aethicus Hister, the Scythian geographer of c. 650 A.D., relates in his 'Cosmographia' the interesting fact that Caracalla -- whom he calls Romulus -- encountered some Franks in the vicinity of Troy in 214 A.D. Aethicus states that after occupying the area of Troy (see also Dio's 'Roman History' 78.16.7) Caracalla 'fought with Francus and Vassus, who were of royal descent, and they were defeated .... For Francus and Vassus had concluded an alliance with the Albani (Goths) and they were both moving their armies against Romulus (Caracalla); they crossed Histria (the region of Istria on the Dalmatian coast) ....

After the most bloody encounter Romulus defeated them. When Francus and Vassus saw that their armies had been cut down they fled with a few who remained ... the land was ruined, laid waste and reduced to desolation; they were driven from their own belongings and together with a few companions ... entered Raetia and reached uninviting and deserted Germany ...' Here we have a small group of Franks moving into Germany. Could this be where the chroniclers mentioned earlier got their idea of a migration under a Francus?

A little later Franks again appear on the lower Danube, but this time as settlers actually brought in from Germany by Probus (276-281).

Zosimus relates in his History: 'But the Franks having applied to the Emperor, and having a country given to them, a part of them afterwards revolted, and having collected a great number of ships, disturbed all Greece; from whence they proceeded into Sicily, to Syracuse, which they attacked, and killed many people there. At length they arrived in Africa, whence they were repulsed by a body of men from Carthage, yet they returned home (to the Rhine) without any great loss' (Book I).

This adventurous excursion is also mentioned by Vopiscus and Capitolinus. Hunibald's Chronicle is from Johannes Trittenheim, 'Chronik von der Francken Ursprung,' Frankfurt, 1605.

THE HAPSBURGS ENTER

What connection have the Austrian Hapsburgs with the Trojan kings of the East Franks? Much more than historians today recognize. From Pharamond, king of the Franks, came a princely line of rulers who intermarried with Austrian royalty. This line is preserved in the 'Historia de Xerez' by Gutierrez, From Pharamond descended:

Clodion

Merovius

Childeric

Clodovius

Clotarius, whose son Sigibert became a king in Austria

Sigibert

Childubert, king of Austrasia and Burgundy

Theodobert, king of Austrasia

Ligibert, duke of Austrasia

Othobert, count of Altemburg

Amprinetus

Hectobert

Rampert

Guntramus I

Luiffridus I

Luiffridus II

Hundifridus

Gumtramus II

Bertus

Rapatus, whose son became count of Hapsburg

Werner, count of Hapsburg

Otho

Werner II

Werner III

Albert I

Rudolf I

Albert II

Rudolf II: of Hapsburg, who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1273.

THE DUKES OF GAUL

At the end of the First Trojan War in 1181 still another group left Troy. These Trojans were led by Franco the son of Hector. The story of their migration to Gaul is extant. It is found in a medieval French chronicle -- 'Le Myreur d'Histoire' ('The Mirror of History'). This line of rulers is preserved from France to Clovis.

(NOTE: To view the chart placed here, see the file CMPDM2E.TIF in the Images\OtherWCG directory.)

Ruler	Length of Reign	Dates
1. Franco I: he left Troy with Aeneas and Antenor. They sailed to Sizille (probably Sicily). Franco traveled to Italy and North Africa. Then with 3,000 of his followers he settled in southern Gaul. They called the area Franche. The people were sons of Franco or Franchois. After his death they were known as Gauls.	10	1181-1171
2. Melus: a son of Franco. He rebuilds Troy in 1145. His daughter, Odela, married Silvius the king of Italy.	51	1171-1120
3. Bosses: a son of Melus. He defeated Ascanius, king of Italy, in a battle. Bosses later married Grata the daughter of Ascanius. This may have settled the dispute between them.	24	1120-1096
4. Ector I: he was the grandson of Broncus. Broncus was a son of Silvius and Odela. Ector founded Troy in Burgogne.	16	1096-1080
5. Alemaine: son of Bosses. He conquered all Germany and fortified many cities. Allemania, a section of Germany, derives its name from him	22	1080-1058
6. Castor: founds the city of Castre. Died in a fight with Silvius, king of Italy.	30	1058-1028
7. Ylion I	40	1028- 988
8. Alienoir	28	988- 960
9. Gossain	12	960- 948
10 Ector II	19	948- 929
11. Athanaise	21	929- 908
12. Franco II: married Ydoneas the daughter of Agrippa king of the Latins.	10	908- 898
13. Yborus I: son of Franco II and Ydoneas. He had a war with his cousin, the king of Italy. Founded Lutesse.	15	898- 883
14 Anthenoire I	17	883- 866
15. Yolens: he conquered Cyprus.	43	866- 823
16. Prian I	26	823- 797
17. Yborus II: he repelled two attacks on Gaul from Amulius king of the Latins. His daughter, Oderne, married Gaffre the king of Africa. After Yborus died Amulius married his widow.	22	797- 775
18. Ector III	50	775- 725
19. Ylion II: he founded Limoges.	40	725- 685
20. Nay: he founded Turnay.	34	685- 651
21. Alymodes: he married the daughter of a Roman senator. He was victorious in a war with the Roman king Priscus. One of his children, Aquitaine, gave his name to the region in France.	74	651- 577
22. Orlins (Aurelian): builtand gave his name to Orleans.	54	577- 523
23. Avrengnas: Auvergne derives its name from this ruler.	14	523- 509
24. Yborus III	40	509- 469
25. Frisones: Frise in Champagne is named after him.	28	469- 441
26. Flambo: the Gauls took Rome as far as the capitol during his rule.	48	441- 393
27. Flandroc	33	393- 360
28. Turrus (Turnus): founded Tours. That section of France called 'Touraine' derives its name from him.	59	360- 301
29. Brugen: Bruges was founded by him. His brother Amyrus founded Amiens.	25	301- 276
30. Duanus (Duaynus)	16	276- 260
31. Camberacion: founded Cambray.	55	260- 205
32. Bretanges: Brittany is named after him.	10	205- 195
33. Cletus	22	195- 173
34. Franco III: he joined the Flemish and Burgundians against Rome. The Romans under Scipio were defeated.	53	173- 120
35. Prians II	56	120- 64
36. Yborus IV: Julius Caesar invaded Gaul and took Paris while he ruled.	40	64- 24
37. Franco IV		28 B.C. 24- 5 AD.
38. Trojolus (Troielus) I	29	5- 34
39. Cloberius (Cloveius)	45	34- 79
40. Ector IV: he defeated the Romans and captured Emperor Domitian.	47	79- 126
41. Franco V: he was made duke of the Gauls by the Sicambrians.	25	126- 151
42. Anthenoir II: he was dukeof Gaul and count of Flanders.	31	151- 182
43. Ector V	5	182- 187
44. Franco VI	8	187- 195
45. Troiolus II	27	195- 222
46. Marcones I: wars were fought in which the Romans lost nearly 30,000 soldiers.	44	222- 266
47. Ector VI; the Germans held Paris for a short time.	16	266- 282
48. Porus: Diocletian was defeated by the dukes of Gaul and Brittany. Martin Bishop of Tongre baptized Porus.	19	282- 301
49. Marcones (Merones) II	32	301- 333
50. Anthenoir III	10	333- 343
51. Ector VII	1	343- 344
52. Prian III	32	344- 376
53. Marchones III under regent joint with son 34 383- 417 sole (31) (383- 414)	7	376- 383

KINGS OF FRANCE

Ruler	Length of Reign	Dates
1. Pharamond	11	417- 428
2. Clodius	20	428- 448
3. Meroveux	10	448- 458
4. Celdris	23	458- 481
5. Cloveis	30	481- 511

These are kings after Marcomirus V (376-391). Compare this list with that from the 'Chronicle of Hunibald.'

IN RETROSPECT

Historians would have us believe that Western Europe was inhabited by wild and barbarian Celts and Germans while Rome flourished in power and glory. But, the evidence proofs that civilized people migrated to Gaul and the Low Countries centuries before the founding of Rome.

In 1181 Troy fell to the Greek invaders. Franco, a son of Hector, fled to Southern Gaul. His group was later known as Gauls. Caesar subdued them during campaigns in Aquitania and proofnce.

Bavo and his followers arrived in Belgica in 1179. They were known as Belgians or Batavians. Another migration leaving in 1181 was led by Francus. They ultimately reached Celtica. The Celts lost their independence to Ursus (Belgian king) in 766. In 52 Caesar conquered both Gaul and Belgium.

Francio began a movement which eventually settled in Pannonia. One of their rulers, Brabon Silvius, was given Agrippina by Julius Caesar.

In 378 A.D. Gratian drove the Sicambrians out of Pannonia. Maximus

allowed them to migrate to Brabant. Clodius, king of the Franks, annexed Brabant. Thus, Brabon became a servant and Brabant a dukedom.

Trojans under Ascanius (1181) and Alexander (677) joined each other on the Danube. The trek across Europe began in 445. By 439 they reached the mouth of the Rhine. The Sicambrian and Frankish kings ruled the Trojans there. During the reign of Clodomirus V (317-335) the Franks split (East and West). Marcomirus V was the last king of the Franks until Pharamund.

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

---

CHAPTER XIII

HISTORY OF SWEDEN AND THE SAXONS

The Swedes, too, have a remarkable history which modern critical historians have largely rejected. Rejected, not because the historians have disproofd the facts, but because they simply do not want to believe the records.

Who today would believe that there was an Odin? -- a god who made his appearance among the Swedes and Saxons? The idea would be laughed out of school because there were no gods! It seems never to have occurred to historians that' the heathen would have called a flesh-and-blood king a god -- and deified him.

Has the twentieth century already forgotten a man named Hitler whom the German Propaganda Minister Goebbels called 'Mein Fuehrer und mein Gott' -- 'My Fuehrer and my God'?

THE RECORDS SPEAK

Let Swedish history speak for itself. The early chronicles and sagas of the Scandinavians reveal a remarkable story. The regnal lists give us the time setting The story they have to tell does not agree with the modern concept of northern barbarians who had no sense of history until perhaps nine or ten centuries after the Christian Era.

History writers have been so enamored of Rome that any record not preserved by the Romans is looked upon as unhistorical. What is unhistorical is the view that the Romans preserved all that merits the name history. Rome did not preserve. Rome destroyed. And anyway, of what interest would the history of Scandinavia have been to Roman circus-lovers?

In the Middle Ages Swedish writers began the process of digesting the mass of information preserved in their early chronicles and sagas.

Among them the name Bertius should be especially named. Bertius' 'History of Sweden' has been in part, though not altogether correctly, summarized by James Anderson in his 'Royal Genealogies.'

The early history of Scandinavia is a remarkable confirmation of the Biblical record and of the early history of the German and Mediterranean peoples. It begins with the story of the dispersal of the families of the earth by Noah. It was this God-decreed event against which Nimrod rebelled. Why should people not be free to go where they pleased? After all this was their earth! Or so he thought.

From Persian and Italian history it has already been determined that the migration to various parts of the world began in 2261. Swedish chronicles trace the history of this migration and of the peoples who have since inhabited Scandinavia. The story opens with the migration of Magog out of the region of Ararat or Armenia.

The family of Magog at first settled in the vast reaches of the Eurasian steppes. From there most of his descendants spread north and east through Bactria and Turkestan into Mongolia and China. A few spread northwest -- by 2260, says Bertius -- into the North Russian plains and the lands bordering on the Baltic. At this very day may be found a semi-Mongoloid people -- the Lapps -- inhabiting the Scandinavian Arctic with their reindeer. Sweden was also inhabited in early times by Goths -- whom all writers admit were the children of Gether, the son of Aram. Now notice the chronological record of these early events from Bertius outlined here:

1. Magog	43	2260-2217
2. Suevus or Sweno, the older brother of Gether. His Biblical name is Uz, the father of the Suevonians, Ausonians and Sitonians (see Gen. 10:23).	56	2217-2161
3. Gether, younger son of Aram	60	2161-2101
4. Ubbo, who settled Upsal Significantly, the date 2101 also brings Noah into Italy again. The year 2000 is the time of the division of Europe by Tuisto, king of the Germans.	101	2101-2000
5. Siggo	10	2000-1990

Danish history declares that from this date -- 1990 -- Scandinavia, and in particular Denmark, had Judges, rather than kings, who governed for the space of 950 years. It was exactly 950 years until 1040 and the coming of king Odin -- Danus I of Denmark (see Danish history).

Swedish history continues with names of famous Scandinavian Judges -- in some cases they assumed the royal title. Bertius lists them as follows:

6. Eric I, began in 1990 11. Biorn I

7. Uddo 12. Gethar II

8. Ale 13. Siggo II

9. Osten I 14. Berich or Eric

10. Karl or Charles I

MIGRATION OUT OF SWEDEN

Berich became king in 1511 according to Bertius. He ruled the Goths 40 years. According to Jordanus, the historian of the Goths, Berich led them out of Scandinavia to the Middle East. This is also the period of the sudden appearance in Mesopotamia of the Gothic people -- the Guti. (At that time, as in later days, the Goths were widely scattered. Many had settled in the regions of Bactria northeast of Mesopotamia; others had been in Eastern Europe and Scandinavia.) Berich or Eric appears in Greece in the Athenian list of kings. There his name is Erichthonius He came to power in Athens the year of the Exodus -- 1487.

After Berich, Bertius' Swedish history preserves only one other name -- the fifteenth in order -- Humulf. He is called the successor of Berich. Swedish history does not pick up again until the time of Humble, son of Danus I of Denmark.

At this point in Swedish history Bertius has placed his list upwards of between two and three centuries too early. His confusion arose from misunderstanding who Danus I of Denmark was. There was an earlier Danus -- in the 1200's. He led the Tuatha De Danaan (who had come from Greece in the time of Jabin king of Canaan) from Scandinavia to Scotland and then into Ireland. That Danus was not Danus I of Denmark.

RENEWED MIGRATION

Swedish history recommences after the period of judges, just after the time of Danus I. Danus led a Hebrew-Trojan migration to Northwestern Europe.

Properly restored from a comparison with contemporary Danish history, Bertius' list of Swedish rulers should appear as follows:

16. Humble, son of Danus I of Denmark. The figure and date at the right are from Danish history Bertius gives no figure.	(8)	(999- 991)
17. Gothlias	(40)	(991- 951)
18. Sigtaug	33	951- 918
19. Scarin	40	918- 878
20. Suibdager, king of Norway. He ruled Denmark for 40 years	60	878- 818
21. Hasmund, son of Suibdager	48	818- 770
22. Uffo, son of Hasmund	44	770- 726
23. Hunding	48	726- 678
24. Regner, son of Hunding and younger brother-in-law of Frotho I of Denmark.	29	678- 649
25. Hotobrod, son of Regner He was associated with his father on the throne during a period of Danish domination of Sweden.	65	678- 613
26. Atilla I	49	613- 564
27. Hothar, king of Sweden andDenmark. Hothar is usually dated 527-485 in Danish history. And his son Roric in Denmark is given 49 years -- 485-436, But the list of Danish kings in 'Historisch -- und Geographisches' Lexicon by Jacob Iselin, art. 'Danemarck,' assigns 50 years to Roric -- 486-436. This confirms the Swedish dating. The year 486-485 was the climax of a Danish revolt against Hotobrod.	78	564- 486
28. Roric. He reigned jointly with his father for many years, while his father governed Denmark.	84	520- 436
29. Attila II, or Atisle	30	436- 406
30. Botwildus, son of Attila II	42	406- 364
31. Charles II	48	364- 316
32. Gramus	--	316-

From here on there is no record of the lengths of reign of any Swedish ruler until the time of Augustus Caesar. The political divisions of the country probably acknowledged no supreme ruler over the whole of the land. Only the following list of names is recorded for the intervening period.

33. Tordo I

34. Gotharus

35. Adolphus, son of Gotharus

36. Algodus I

37. Erich II

38. Lindornus, son of Eric II

39. Alrich or Abric. He became king of Sweden in the days of Augustus Caesar. Following his murder Eric III ascended the throne.

40. Eric III 22 18 B.C. to A.D. 5 Bertius gives the longer (or 79) 75 B.C. to A.D. 5 figure, which must indicate that a lengthy struggle for the kingship occurred in the days of Alrich and Eric. Hereafter there is a consecutive list of kings. The political stability of Sweden returned.

Swedish history now continues to the time of Njord or Nearch -- 56. The following list of Swedish kings may be readily found in James

Anderson's 'Royal Genealogies.' Unfortunately the author failed to take note of no Year 0. Consequently all these Swedish kings are dated one year too early! The corrected dates are below.

41. Godrich	30	5- 35
42. Haldan I	36	35- 71
43. Filmer	14	71- 85
44. Nordian	16	85- 101
45. Siward I	31	101- 132
46. Charles II	38	132- 170
47. Erich IV	12	170- 182
48, Haldan II (Bergiamus), died without heir	13	182- 195
49. Unguin. He ruled Denmark 146-155. He came to the Swedish throne in his old age.	9	195- 204
50. Ragwald	17	204- 221
51. Amund I	5	221- 226
52. Haron	9	226- 235
53. Siward II	6	235- 241
54. Ingo I, Gylfe.Odin appears in his day.	6	241- 247
55. Nearch or Njord	9	247- 256

DYNASTY OF YNGLING

56. Froda or Frey called Yngve	2	256- 258
57. Urbarus	5	258- 263
58. Ostevus	1	263- 264
59. Fiolmus	10	264- 274
60. Swercher I	5	274- 279
61. Waland or Vanland	4	279- 283

The Yngling family began to reign in 256, the year Saxon history (which will appear at the end of this chapter) brings the family of Odin to Northwestern Europe. The people whom Odin brought originally came from Asaheim -- the home or land of God ('the gods' in pagan Swedish terminology). Many writers have placed the migration of this period three centuries too early. They have confused another Odin -- Danus III (146-77) -- with this later Odin.

62. Wisbur	6	283- 289
63. Domalder	19	289- 308
64. Domar	7	308- 315
65. Attila III	22	315- 337
66. Dignerus or Dygve	5	337- 342
67. Dagerus or Dag	24	342- 366
68. Alricus	2	366- 368
69. Ingemarus I	11	368- 379
70. Ingelderus	4	379- 383
71. Germundus	5	383- 388
72. Hakon	12	388- 400
73. Egilus	6	400- 406
74. Gotharus or Ottar	16	406- 422
75. Fasto	6	422- 428
76. Gumundus	6	428- 434
77. Adelus	4	434- 438
78. Osten II	16	438- 454
79. Ingemarus II	2	454- 456
80. Holstenus	5	456- 461
81. Biornus II	4	461- 465
82. Ragwaldus II	17	465- 482
83. Swartmannus	28	482- 510
84. Tordo II	1	510- 511
85. Rodulf	17	511- 528
86. Hatinus	21	528- 549
87. Attila IV	16	549- 565
88. Tordo III	18	565- 583
89. Algodus	24	583- 607
90. Godstagus	24	607- 631
91. Arthus	19	631- 650
92. Hakon II	21	650- 671
93. Charles IV	6	671- 677
94. Charles V	9	677- 686
95. Borgerus	15	686- 701
96. Eric V	17	701- 718
97. Tordo IV	47	718- 765
98. Biorn III	16	765- 781
99. Alaric II	33	781- 814
100. Biorn IV	11	814- 825
101. Bratemunder	3	825- 828
102. Siward III	15	828- 843
103. Heroth	14	843- 857
104. Charles VI	12	857- 869
105. Biorn V	15	869- 884
106. Ingold	8	884- 892
107. Claus I	9	892- 901
108. Ingo II	7	901- 908
109. Eric VI	19	908- 927
110. Eric VII	14	927- 941
111. Eric VIII	40	941- 981
112. Olaus II, the Lap-king	38	981-1019
113. Amund II	21	1019-1040
114. Amund III	2	1040-1042
115. Hakon Ruffus	13	1042-1055

DYNASTY OF STENKIL

116. Stenchil	5	1055-1060
117. Ingo II, first Christian king of Sweden and Gothland.	5	1060-1065
118. Halsten	16	1065-1081
119. Philip	30	1081-1111
120. Aquin or Ingo IV Ingo is said to have been poisoned in 1125. A struggle for thethrone ensued. As there was no direct male heir of the house ofStenkil, the descendants on the female side of the family claimed right to rule.	19	1111-1130
121. Ragnald, king of the Upper Swedes during period of confusion.
122. Mangus I, a Danish prince,king of West Gothland	4	1130-1134
123. Swecher II, chosen in 1133, began to reign in 1134 (see 'Encyclopaedia Britannica,' eleventh edition, art. 'Sweden'). Most thorough histories on Sweden are complete and accurate from thisperiod. A helpful work to consult is the 'History of Sweden' byCronholm. Some dates may vary because the end of reign does not always mark the date of death.

SAXON HISTORY

Saxon history is intimately tied to the history of Denmark and especially Sweden. The Saxon throne in England today goes back to the same royal lines that anciently governed Denmark and Sweden. Each ultimately stems from the Jewish Trojan House of Darda or Dardanus.

Let us pick up our investigation of this Jewish royal family that came from Troy to Denmark under Odin or Danus I in 1040. In the chapter on Danish history the records of Iceland and Phoenicia proofd that Jacob or Israel was the ancestor of the ancient Trojan royal house.

From Israel the line descended through Judah and Zarah to Dardanus. Dardanus carved out an important inheritance for himself at Troy. The lineage of Dardanus is brought down after the first fall of Troy for several generations to Sceaf or Odin (Danus) in the Icelandic records.

From the Danish royal house the following branch sprang, giving rise to the Saxon royal house that today governs England.

This collateral line is preserved in the old 'Saxon Chronicle' and in the Icelandic Langfedgatal. Spellings vary slightly, and not every generation is recorded in each.

For that matter neither did Matthew record every generation of Jesus' lineage. This list commences with Shem, son of Noah and continues with.

Sceaf or Odin I (1040-999) Beu

Beadwig Gearwa

Wala Fingondwelf

Hathra Frederewelf

Itermond Freolf

Heremod Fredewald

Celdwa Woden (256-300)

This Odin -- only a part of whose ancestors appear above -- is a famous hero in all Scandinavian literature His fame rests upon having led a vast multitude from the Near East, on the borders of the Roman Empire, to Northwest Europe. The real name of Woden was Bodo. He is found also listed among the early princes of Saxony The following list preserves the traditional chronology and genealogy of Bodo's immediate ancestors who ruled the Saxons to the time of Bodo the Woden.

Kings Over the Saxons	Lengths of Reign	Dates
1. Harderich	93	90 B.C. to A.D. 4
2. Anserich	4	4- 8
3. Wilke I	22	8- 30
4. Svarticke I	46	30- 76
5. Svarticke II	4	76- 80
6. Sigward	20	80- 100
7. Witekind I	6	100- 106
8. Wilke II	84	106- 190
9. Marbod	66	190- 256
10. Bodo or Woden. His queen was named Frea. From Bodo sprang, among many others, the following princes after 300:	44	256- 300
11. Witte I	50	300- 350
12. Witte II	50	350- 400
13. Witigislus	34	400- 434
14. Hengist	14	434- 448

Hengist traditionally sailed to England in 449 and established several sons on thrones over the various divisions of the Anglo-Saxons.

They finally united into the single royal house that now, through many intermarriages, rules the British Isles. In his continental realm Hengist left his son Hartwaker who ruled 32 years -- 448-480. The line continued in Saxony in Germany until Witekind II, the Great -- 768-785.

Witekind was conquered by Charlemagne in 785.