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Pseudepigrapha Books

Pseudepigrapha Books (8)

The Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs

The Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs

A readed video of the Patriarchs:

The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs is a constituent of the apocryphal scriptures connected with the Bible. It is a pseudepigraphical work comprising the dying commands of the twelve sons of Jacob. It is part of the Oscan Armenian Orthodox Bible of 1666. Fragments of similar writings were found at Qumran, but opinions are divided as to whether these are the same texts. It is considered Apocalyptic literature.

The Testaments were written in Greek, and reached their final form in the second century CE. In the 13th century they were introduced into the West through the agency of Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, whose Latin translation of the work immediately became popular. He believed that it was a genuine work of the twelve sons of Jacob, and that the Christian interpolations were a genuine product of Jewish prophecy; he accused Jews of concealing the Testaments "on account of the prophecies of the Saviour contained in them."

With the critical methods of the 16th century, Grosseteste's view of the Testaments was rejected, and the book was disparaged as a mere Christian forgery for nearly four centuries. Presently, scholarly opinions are still divided as to whether the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs is an originally Jewish document that has been retouched by Christians, or a Christian document written originally in Greek but based on some earlier Semitic-language material. Scholarship tends to focus on this book as a Christian work, whether or not it has a Jewish predecessor (Vorlage). Summary

The work is divided into twelve books, each purporting to be the last exhortations of one of the twelve titular patriarchs. In each, the patriarch first narrates his own life, focusing on his strengths, virtues, or his sins, using biographical material from both the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition. Next he exhorts his listeners to emulate the one and to avoid the other. Most of the books conclude with prophetic visions.  


Rueben the first son of Jacob and Leah


Simeon, the second son of Jacob and Leah


Levi, the third son of Jacob and Leah

Part 1:

Part 2:


 Judah, the fourth son of Jaco and Leah

Part 1:

Part 2:


Issashar, the fifth son of Jaco and Leah


Zebulun, the sixth son of Jaco and Leah


Dan, the sevent son of Jacob and Bilhah


Naphtali, the eigh son of Jacob and Bilhah


Gad, the ninth son of Jacob and Bilhah


Asher, the tenth son of Jacob and Bilhah


Joseph, the sevent son of Jacob and Rachel


Benjamin, the sevent son of Jacob and Rachel


The Martyrdom of Isaiah

THE MARTYRDOM OF ISAIAH

From-The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament


Chapter 1

Hezekiah summons Manassah.

1. In the 26th year of his reign, Hezekiah, king of Judah summoned Manassah his son; he was his only son, in the presence of Isaiah the son of Amos the prophet, and in the presence of Josab the son of Isaiah.

2. This was in order to hand over to him the words of righteousness, which the king himself had witnessed and also the words regarding the eternal judgments and of the torments of Gehenna.

3. And of the prince of this world and his angels, his authority, his powers, and the words concerning faith in the Beloved, which he himself had seen in the 15th year of his reign during his sickness.

4. And he handed to him the written words, which Samnas the secretary had written out, and also those, which Isaiah the son of Amos had given to him and to the prophets.

5. That they might write out, and store up with him what he himself had seen in the house of the king concerning the robes of the righteous, and concerning the transformation, the persecution, and the ascension of the Beloved.

6. How in the 20th year of the reign of Hezekiah, Isaiah had seen the words of this prophecy, and had handed them to Josab his son. And while Hezekiah was giving commands, Josab the son of Isaiah stood by.

7. And Isaiah said to the king and those that were with him including Manassah. "As the Lord lives whose name has not been transmitted to this world, and as the Beloved of my Lord lives, and as the Spirit, which speaks in me lives.

8. All these commands and these words will have no effect on Manassah your son, and by the deeds of his hands tormented in body I will depart.

9. And Sammael will serve Manassah, and will do everything he wishes, and be a follower of Beliar rather than of me.

10. He will cause many in Jerusalem and Judah to desert the true faith, for Beliar will dwell in Manassah, and by his hands I will be sawed in halves."

11. And when Hezekiah heard these words he wept bitterly and tearing his robe he threw dust on his head and fell on his face.

12. And Isaiah said to him; "Sammael's plan against Manassah is complete, there will be no benefit to you from this day on". And Hezekiah thought in his heart to kill his son Manassah.

13. But Isaiah said to Hezekiah; "The Beloved has made your plan ineffective, the thought of your heart will not come about, for with this calling I have been called, and my inheritance will be with the Beloved."

Chapter 2

Manasseh's wicked reign

1. And it came about that after Hezekiah had died, and Manassah had become king, that he did not remember the commands of his father Hezekiah, but forgot them.

2. And Sammael dwelt in Manassah clinging closely to him. And Manassah abandoned the service of the Lord of his father, and served Satan and his angels and his powers.

3. And he turned those of his father's house, who had been with his father, away from the words of wisdom, and from the service of the Lord, to serve Beliar.

4. And Beliar, the angel of iniquity, or also named Matanbukus rejoiced over Jerusalem because of Manassah in causing aposty with all the iniquity done therein, the sorcery, magic, augury, divination, and fornication.

5. And persecution of the righteous increased through Manassah, and by Belkira, and Tobiah the Canaanite, and by John of Anathoth, and through Zaliq Neway.

6. And the rest of the acts are written in the books of the kings of Judah and of Israel. Isaiah withdraws from Jerusalem.

7. And when Isaiah, the son of Amos, saw the great iniquity being done in Jerusalem, and the service of Satan and his wantonness, he withdrew from Jerusalem, and dwelt in Bethlehem of Judea.

8. But there also was great iniquity, and he withdrew from there and dwelt on a mountain in a desert place, and with him Micha the prophet, and the aged Ananias, and Joel, and Habakuk, and Josab his son, and many of the faithful who believed in the inheritance of heaven.

9. And they were clothed in sackcloth, and had nothing with them, but were destitute, and lamented bitterly over Israel having gone astray.

10. And they ate the herbs of the field, which they gathered from the mountains, and cooked them to eat. And so they dwelt there for two years of days.

The prophets Zedekiah, and Micaiah.

11. Belkira now was of the family of Zedekiah, of Chenaanah who was the brother of the father of Belkira, a teacher in the days of Ahab of the four hundred prophets of baal.

12. This Belkira then struck and abused Micaiah the son of Amida the prophet, and Micaiah was thrown into prison with the prophet Zedekiah, by Ahaziah the son of Ahab.

13. For Elijah the prophet reproved Ahaziah and Samaria and prophesied concerning Ahaziah that he would die on his bed of sickness. And that Samaria would be given into the hands of Shalmaneser, for he had killed the prophets of the Lord.

14. And when the prophets that were with Ahaziah, and Jalerias their teacher from mount Joel, heard about Micaiah in prison, they persuaded Ahaziah to kill Micaiah, and he did so. Jelerias now was a brother of Zedekiah.

Isaiah accused.

15. Belkira then prophesied lies in Jerusalem, and many were joined with him. For it came about that when the king of Assyria captured Samaria, and took nine tribes into captivity into the provinces of the Medes and the rivers of Gozan, this Belkira, as a youth, escaped and came to Jerusalem in the days of Hezekiah the king of Judah.

16. But he did not walk in the ways of his Samaritan father, because he hated Hezekiah, and in the days of Hezekiah he was found speaking words of iniquity in Jerusalem, and he was accused by the servants of Hezekiah, but he escaped to the district of Bethlehem.

17. Belkira then discovered where Isaiah was and those with him, and he accused Isaiah and the prophets before Manassah saying:

18. Isaiah and the prophets that are with him, prophecy against Jerusalem, and against the cities of Judah that they will be laid waste, and also against Benjamin that it will go into captivity, and against you O lord king, that you will go with hooks and in chains of iron.

19. But their prophecies are lies against Israel and Judah. And Isaiah himself said; "I saw more than Moses." While Moses said that there is no one who can see the Lord, and live.

20. So therefore O king knows that they are false prophets. And he has called Jerusalem, Sodom. And the princes of Judah and Jerusalem, he declared as people of Gomorrah.

21. In thus way he brought many accusations before Manassah against Isaiah and the prophets that were with him.

22. Beliar then dwelling in the heart of Manassah and in the hearts of the princes of Judah and Benjamin, an in that of the eunuchs and the kings counselors, so it was that the words of Belkira pleased him very much, and he sent and seized Isaiah.

Chapter 3

Why Satan was angry with Isaiah.

1. Beliar now was very angry with Isaiah because of the exposure with which had exposed Sammael, and because of his vision that by him was revealed the coming of the Beloved from the seventh heaven.

2. For unto Isaiah was this revealed, His transformation, His descent, His form into a man, and the persecutions and torments with which the children of Israel were to torment Him.

3. And of his disciples, and that before the Sabbath He would be hung on a tree, and be buried, and that his disciples would be offended at Him, and of the guards that would guard the grave.

4. And to Isaiah was also revealed the descent of the angel of the temple, which is in heaven, whom He will summon in the last days. And that the angel of the Holy Spirit, and Michael, chief of the holy angels, would open His grave on the third day.

5. And that the Beloved would come forth on their shoulders, and sent forth his disciples to teach all nations, to proclaim to every tongue the resurrection of the Beloved.

6. And also His ascension to the seventh heaven, from where He had come, was shown, and that many that believed in Him would speak through the Holy Spirit and that there would be many signs and miracles in those days.

7. And afterwards, at his approach, the disciples will abandon the teachings He gave to his apostles, together with the faith, the love, and the purity, and that there would be much contention at His coming.

8. In those days there will be many that love office yet lacking wisdom, and there will be many wicked elders and shepherds that wrong their sheep.

9. They will be rapacious, because they do not have holy shepherds, and many exchange the glory of the righteous robes for the love of money, and there will be much respect of persons in those days and lovers of the glory of this world.

10. And many slanderers and vain glory will there be at the approach of the Lord, and the Holy Spirit will withdraw from many.

11. In those days there will not be many prophets, nor such as speak reliable words except one here and there in different places.

12. For many who say to serve the One - will love the spirit of error and of adultery and vain-glory having the love of money, and there will be hatred among the shepherds towards each other.

13. For there will be great jealousy in the last days, and everyone will speak whatever is pleasing in his own eyes, and they will make the prophecy of prophets ineffective, and my vision will they also make ineffective in order that they may speak what comes from their own heart.

Chapter 4

Isaiah speaks of the last days

1. Now therefore Hezekiah and Josab my son, such will be the days at the completion of the world. And in that period Beliar (Satan) will descend, that great angel the king of this world, who has ruled it since it existed.

2. He will come down from his firmament in the form of a man, a king of iniquity, a murderer of his birth, and he will persecute the plant, which the apostles of the Beloved will have planted, and some will be given, into his hand.

3. This angel Beliar will come in the form of that king, and with him all the powers of his reign, and they will obey him in every wish.

4. By his word he will cause the sun to rise by night, and he will cause the moon to appear at the sixth hour, and will do whatever he wishes in the world.

5. He will act and speak like the beloved, and will say; I am the Lord, and before me there was no one, and all men in the world will believe in him.

6. And they will sacrifice to him and serve him saying. This is the Lord, and besides him there is none other.

7. And the majority of those that have held together to be received by the Beloved, these he will turn aside after him, and the power of his miracles will be in every city and district.

8. And he will set-up his image in every city, he will rule for three years and seven months and twenty-seven days.

9. And many of the faithful who when they thought they saw Him whom they hoped for, the Christ who was crucified, few of these will be left in those days as true servants fleeing from desert to desert as they await his "true coming."

10. Then after these days, the Lord will come with his angels and with the host of the righteous and elect from the seventh heaven with the glory thereof, and will place Beliar and his host in Gehenna.

11. And those coming with the Lord will have their robes, which were stored in the seventh heaven; they will descend and be present in the world.

12. And the Lord will strengthen those that are in their body together with those that are in their robes, and they will be taken upwards in their robes their body left in the world.

13. The voice of the beloved, in anger, will reprove this heaven and earth, and the mountains, the hills, the cities, the desert, the trees, and the sun and moon, and everywhere where Beliar has appeared and acted openly in this world.

14. There will be a resurrection and a judgment in their midst in those days, and the Beloved will cause fire to rise from Him, and it will consume the impious, and they will become as if they had never been created.

15. And the rest of the words of the vision are written in. "The vision of Babylon" (unknown). And the rest of the vision about the Lord is written in parables in my words that are written in the book, which I prophesied openly (book of Isaiah).

16. And the descent of the beloved in Sheol (hell), behold it is written in the section where the Lord says, "Behold My Son shall understand".

17. And all these things are written in the psalms, and in the parables of David son of Jesse, and in the proverbs of Solomon his son. And in the words of Korah, and of Ethan the Israelite, and in the words of Asaph, and in the rest of the psalms which the angel of the Spirit has inspired.

18. Namely in those which have no name written, and in the words of Amos my father, and of the other prophets.

Chapter 5

The execution of Isaiah.

1. Because of these visions now Beliar was angry with Isaiah, and he dwelt in the heart of Manassah, and he sawed Isaiah in half with a wood saw.

2. And while Isaiah was being sawed in halves his accuser Belkira stood by and also the false prophets, laughing and joyful because of Isaiah.

3. As then Belkira through Satan so stood before Isaiah laughing and deriding him, he said to Isaiah; "Say; I have lied in everything that I have said and the ways of Manassah are good and right, and also the way of Belkira and those with him are good."

4. Isaiah himself now was in a vision of the Lord with his eyes open beholding his accusers, and Belkira said to him when he began to be sawed in halves;

5. "Say what I say to you, and I will turn their heart, and make Manassah and the princes of Judah and the people and all Jerusalem worship you."

6. But Isaiah answered: "If it were in my power I would say. Condemned and cursed be you and all your host and your house, for there is nothing further that you can take except the skin of my body."

7. And they took Isaiah the son of Amos and sawed him in halves with a wood saw. And Manassah, Belkira, and the false prophets, as well as the princes and the people stood by and looked on.

8. But as for the prophets that were with Isaiah, before he was sawed in halves he had said to them to go to the district of Tyre and Sidon, because for me alone the Lord has mixed this cup.

9. And while Isaiah was sawed in halves he did not cry out nor weep, but his mouth spoke with the Holy Spirit until he was sawed in two.

10. Beliar did this to Isaiah through Belkira and through Manassah, for Sammael was very angry with Isaiah from the days of Hezekiah king of Judah, because of the exposure of Sammael by which Isaiah had exposed him in the days when Hezekiah was king, and he did as Satan wished.

THE VISION OF ISAIAH

Chapter 6

Isaiah visits Hezekiah.

1. In the 20th year of the reign of Hezekiah king of Judah, Isaiah, and Josab his son came to Hezekiah in Jerusalem from Gilgal.

2. And he sat on the couch of the king, and they brought a seat for him, but he would not sit thereon. And all the princes of Israel were there and the eunuchs and the kings counselors.

3. And there were also forty prophets, sons of the prophets, who when they had heard that Isaiah was coming had come from the neighboring districts, and from the mountains and the country.

4. They came so they might greet him and hear his words, and that he might lay his hands on them so that they might prophecy, and he might hear their prophecy. All these then were in the presence of Isaiah.

5. And when Isaiah spoke with Hezekiah the words of righteousness and faith, they all heard a door being opened, and the voice of the Spirit.

6. And the king summoned all the prophets and the people that were there, among which was Micah, and the aged Ananias, with Joel, and Josab sitting on his right.

7. And when they heard the voice of the Holy Spirit they all worshipped on their knees and praised the God of righteousness, the Most High, the One who dwells in the upper world, who sits on high, the Holy One who rests among the holy ones.

8. And they gave glory to the One who had thus graciously given a door in the world of men. And while the Holy Spirit spoke in the hearing of all, Isaiah became silent as were his mind taken from him.

9. And though his eyes were open he did not see the men before him, but while his mouth was silent his breath was still in him, for he was in a vision.

10. And the angel who was sent to show him the vision was not of this firmament, nor was he of the angels of the glory of this world, but he came from the seventh heaven.

11. And the people that were standing by, apart from the circle of prophets, did not think that Isaiah had been taken up. Nor was the vision, which he had from this world, but from a place hidden from the flesh.

12. After Isaiah then had seen this vision he recounted it to Hezekiah and to Josab his son, and to the other prophets who had come.

13. But the officials, the eunuchs and the people, did not hear apart from Samnas the secretary of Jehoiakim, and Asaph the recorder, for they were doers of righteousness and the fragrance of the Spirit was in them.

14. But the people did not hear, for Micah and Josab had sent them out when the wisdom of this world was taken from Isaiah as were he dead.

Chapter 7

The angel that came for Isaiah.

1. The vision then, which Isaiah saw and recounted, is as follows. When I prophesied in accordance with the message, which you heard, I saw a glorious angel.

2. His glory now was not like that of the angels, which I always used to see, but he had great glory and an office such as I cannot describe.

3. And I saw when he took hold of my hand and I said to him: "Who are you, what is your name, and where are you taking me up to?"

4. For strength had been given me that I might speak with him, and he said to me "When I have taken you up through all the stages and shown you the vision for which I was sent, then you will understand who I am.

5. But my name you will not know, for you have to return into this body, but you will see that to where I am taking you up to, for to that purpose was sent."

6. And I rejoiced because he spoke to me with kindness. And he said to me "You rejoice because I have spoken kindly to you, but you will see one greater than me who will speak kindly and gentle with you.

7. And the Father of the One who is greater you will also see, because for this purpose was I sent from the seventh heaven, that I might make all this clear to you."

The firmament.

8. And he went up into the firmament, and there I saw Sammael and his host, and there was great struggle in it, and the words of Satan, and envying of one another.

9. And just as it is there above so also it is on earth, for the likeness of what is in the firmament is here on earth.

10. And I said to the angel. "What is this envying?" And he said. "So it has been since this world existed till now, and this struggle will last till the One comes whom you are to see, and He will destroy him."

The first heaven.

11. After this he took me up above the firmament into the first heaven, and there I saw a throne in the middle, and on the right and left of it were angels, and those on the left were not like those on the right.

12. But those on the right had more glory, and they all sang praises with one voice, praising the throne that was in the middle, and those on the left also sang after them.

13. But the voices of those on the left were not like the voices of those on the right, nor their praise like those on the right.

14. And I asked him who led me; "To whom is this praise directed?" And he said; "To the praise of the One who sits in the seventh heaven, the One who rests in the holy world, and to His Beloved from where I was sent to you, to there it is directed."

The second heaven.

15. And again he took me up into the second heaven, and the height of that heaven is like that from heaven to earth and to the firmament.

16. There I saw, as in the first heaven, angels on the right and left and a throne in the middle. And the praise of the angels in this heaven with the one on the throne had more glory than all the previous.

17. There was great glory in this second heaven, their praise was not like those of the first heaven, but greater.

18. And I fell on my face to worship, but the angel that led me would not allow me, but said to me. "Worship neither throne nor angel from the six heavens before I tell you to in the seventh heaven."

19. For above all the heavens and their angels is your throne placed, and also your robe and your crown, which you are to see.

20. And I rejoiced very much that those who love the Most High and His Beloved will at their end go up there through the angel of the Holy Spirit.

The third heaven.

21. And he took me up to the third heaven where I saw those on the right and on the left in the same way with a throne in the middle, and him who sat on it.

22. But no mention of this our world was made there, and also the glory of my spirit was being transformed as we went up from heaven to heaven. And I said to the angel with me; "Nothing of the vanity of that world below is named here."

23. And he answered; "Nothing is named because of its weakness, but nothing is hidden which is done there". Then I wished to know how it was known, and he said:

24. "When I have taken you up into the seventh heaven to the One who is above these, from where I was sent, then you will know that nothing is hidden from the thrones, and from those that dwell in the heavens, nor from angels."

25. And the praise which they sang, and the glory of the one who sat on the throne were great, and the angels on the right and left had more glory than those in the heavens below them.

The fourth heaven.

26. And again he took me up to the fourth heaven, and the height from the third to the fourth was greater than from earth to the firmament.

27. There I saw again those who were on the right and left, and the one who sat on the throne that was in the middle, and they also sang praises.

28. And the praise and glory of the angels on the right was greater than of those on the left, and the glory of the one on the throne was greater than that of the angels who were on the right. But theirs was greater than those of the angels of the lower heavens were.

The fifth heaven.

29. And he took me up into the fifth heaven, and again I saw those on the right and left, and the one who sat on the throne with more glory than those of the fourth heaven.

30. And the glory of those on the right was greater than of the left, and the glory of the one on the throne was greater than those on the right, and their praise was greater than those of the fourth heaven.

31. And I praised the One who was not named and who is unique, who dwells in the heavens, whose name is unknown to all flesh. The One who has given such glory to the different heavens, who makes the glory of the angels great, and the glory of the one who sits on the throne even greater.

Chapter 8

The air of the sixth heaven

1. And again he took me up into the air of the sixth heaven where I saw a splendor such as I had not seen in the five heavens as I went up.

2. The angels had great glory, and the praise there was holy and wonderful. And I said to the angel who led me;

3. "What is this I see my lord?" And he said; I am not your lord, but your, companion." And again I asked him, "Why are there not corresponding groups of angels here?"

4. And he said; "From the sixth heaven and upwards there are no longer those on the left, nor is there a throne placed in the middle. But they are directed by the power of the seventh heaven where the One who is not named dwells, and His chosen One whose name is unknown.

5. And no heaven can learn His name, for He to whose voice all the heavens and the thrones answer - is alone.

6. I therefore have been empowered and sent to bring you up here that you may see this glory, and that you may see the Lord of all these heavens and of these thrones, being transformed until He resembles your appearance and your likeness.

7. But I say to you Isaiah, that no man that has to return into a body of that world - has come up, or seen, or understood what you have seen, and what you are to see, for you are destined in the lot of the Lord to come here. From there is the power of the sixth heaven."

8. I then proclaim the greatness of my Lord with praise that through His lot I should come here. And he said to me, "Hear this also from your companion, when by the will of God you have come up here divested from the body, then you will receive the robe, which you are to see now.

9. And the other robes you will also see here, then you will be equal to the angels who are in the seventh heaven."

The sixth heaven.

10. And he took me up into the sixth heaven where there was no right or left, nor a throne in the middle, but all were of one appearance, and their praises equal.

11. And strength was given me that I also sang praises with them, and the angel also sang, and our praise was like theirs.

12. The voice then of these angels was not like those of the fifth heaven, but of a different voice, and there was much light.

13. And by comparison, I thought the light, which I had seen in the fifth heaven as darkness to this of the sixth, and I rejoiced and praised the One who had graciously given such light to those who await His promise.

14. And I entreated the angel that led me, that from there on I might not return to the world of flesh. Indeed I say to you Hezekiah, and Josab my son, and Micah that there is much darkness here.

15. And the angel who led me knew what I thought, and said to me. "If you rejoice over this light, how much more will you not rejoice in the seventh heaven when you see the light where the Lord and His Beloved are, He that in the world is to be called "The Son."

16. He who is not yet revealed in the corruptible world, nor are the robes, nor the thrones, nor the crowns which are placed there for the righteous, for those who believe in the Lord, the Lord who will descent in your form.

17. For the light, which is there is great and wonderful. And concerning you not returning into your body, your days Isaiah are not yet complete for coming here."

18. And when I heard this I was sad, but he said to me, "Do not be sad".

Chapter 9

The air of the seventh heaven.

1. And he led me into the air of the seventh heaven where I heard a voice saying: How far is he who dwells among flesh to go up? And I was afraid and trembled.

2. And he said to me as I was trembling; "Behold!" And another voice was sent out and said; "The holy Isaiah is permitted to co me up here, for his robe is here."

3. And I asked the angel who was with me; "Who is the one who prevented me, and who is the One that turned to me that I might go up?" And he said;

4. "The one who prevented you, is the one in charge of the praise of the sixth heaven, and the One who turned to you, He is your Lord, the Lord the Christ who in the world is to be called Jesus. But you cannot hear His name until you have come up from this body."

The seventh heaven.

5. And he took me up into the seventh heaven where I saw a wonderful light, and angels without number, there I saw all the righteous.

6. They were stripped of their robes of flesh, and were like the angels who stand there in great glory.

7. But they were not sitting on their thrones, nor were their crowns of glory on them. And I asked the angel that was with me;

8. "How is it that they have received robes, but are not on their thrones, nor with their crowns?" And he said; "They do not receive the crowns and thrones of glory, even though they behold and know them to be, until the Beloved ascends in the form in which you will see Him."

9. The Lord will indeed descend into the world in the last days, He who is called the Christ, after He has descended and become like your form. And they will think that He is flesh and a man.

10. And the god of that world will stretch out and lay his hands upon Him and hang Him on a tree, not knowing who He is.

11. And thus His descend, as you will see, will be concealed even from the heavens, so that it will not be known who He is.

12. And when He has plundered the angel of death, He will rise on the third day, and will remain in that world for five hundred forty five days. Then many of the righteous will ascend with Him whose spirits will receive their robes when the Lord Christ ascends and they ascend with Him.

Record of man's deeds.

13. And I asked him what I asked of him in the third heaven, how it is known what is done in the world here. And while I was still speaking to him,

14. One of the angels that were standing by, who were more glorious than the angel who had brought me up, showed me books.

15. But these were not like books of this world, and opening them, I saw writing in them, but again not like the writing in this world, and they were given to me, and I read them.

16. And behold the deeds of the children of Israel were written there, the deeds which you know my son Josab. And I said; truly nothing which is done in this world is hidden in the seventh heaven.

17. Having then seen these many robes, crowns and thrones placed there, I asked the angel: Whos all are they?

18. And He said; there are many from the world that will receive them through believing in the words of that One who will be named, as I told you.

19. And they will keep them, and believe in them, and believe in His cross, for these are they placed here.

The Lord.

20. And I saw One standing whose glory surpassed that of all, His glory was great and wonderful. And as I beheld Him the angels and the righteous came Him, and sang praises.

21. And He, who was so glorious, was transformed and became like an angel. Then the angel who led me up said to me;

22. "Worship this One, for this is the Lord of all the praise which you have seen." And I did so and sang praises.

23. Then I saw another glorious person who was like Him, unto whom they approached and worshipped, and sang praises, and I also sang. But His glory was not transformed to accord with their form.

24. And I saw the Lord, and also a second Angel standing with Him, which was on His left. And I asked the angel with me; who is this One?

25. And he said to me, "Worship Him, for this is the angel of the Holy Spirit who has spoken in you, and also in the other righteous".

26. Thus I beheld the great glory while the eyes of my spirit were open, and I saw the righteous as they with great power beheld the glory of that One.

27. And I beheld how my Lord and the angel of the Holy Spirit both together worshipped and praised the great Lord.

28. Thereafter all the righteous worshipped, and the angels approached and worshipped, and sang praises.

29. Then I heard the voices and the hymns of praise, which I had heard in each of the six heavens as I ascended up by them. And they all were directed to that Glorious One whose glory I could not see, but I heard and saw the praise that was directed to Him.

30. And the Lord and the angel of the Spirit heard and saw everything, for the praise, which was sent up from the six heavens, was not only heard but also seen.

31. And the angel who led me said: "This is the Most High of the high ones, who dwells in the holy world, who rests among the holy ones, who will be called by the Holy Spirit in the mouth of the righteous "The Father of the Lord.''

Chapter 10

The Lord commissioned by the Father.

1. And I heard the voice of the Most High, the Father of my Lord as He said to my Lord who will be called Jesus; " Go out and descend through all the heavens.

2. You shall descend through the firmament and through the world as far as the angel who is in Sheol, but you shall not go as far as perdition.

3. And you shall make your likeness like that of all who are in the five heavens, and you shall take care to make your form like that of the angels of the firmament, and also like that of the angels of Sheol.

4. And none of the angels of that world shall know that you are Lord with Me in the seven heavens and of their angels. They shall not know that you were with Me, when with the voice of the heavens I summon you to come up through the six heavens, so that you may destroy the princes and the angels, and the gods of that world, and the world that is ruled by them.

5. For they have denied Me, and said they were alone, and there is no-one besides us.

6. Afterwards you shall ascend from the gods of death to your place, and you shall not be transformed in each of the heavens.

7. But in glory you shall ascend, and sit at My right hand. Then the princes and the powers of that world will worship you."

8. This command I heard the Great Glory giving to my Lord.

The descend of the Lord.

9. Thus I saw when my Lord went out from the seventh heaven into the sixth, and the angel who had led me said; "Understand Isaiah and look that you may see the transformation and descend of the Lord."

10. And I looked, and when the angels in the sixth heaven saw Him, they praised and glorified Him, for He had not been transformed into the form of the angels there.

11. And I beheld when He descended into the fifth heaven that there He made His form like of the angels there, and they did not praise Him, for His form was like theirs.

12. Then He descended into the fourth heaven, making His form like theirs, and they seeing Him did not praise Him, since He was like theirs.

13. And again I saw when descended into the third heaven, making His form like theirs, and those who kept the gate of the third heaven demanded the password, and the Lord gave it them, so that He might not be recognized.

14. And again I saw that He descended into the second heaven where again He gave the password, since they of the gate demanded it, and His form being like theirs - they did not praise Him.

15. And descending into the first heaven, He gave the password to them that guarded the gates, and His form was like theirs, like of the angels on the left of the throne. And no one questioned me, because of the angel that led me.

16. And again He descended into the firmament where the prince of this world dwells, and He gave the password to those who were on the left.

17. And His form was like theirs wherefore they did not praise Him there, but in envy they were fighting with one another, for there is a power of evil there, and envy over trifles.

18. And I saw when He descended and made Himself like the angels of the air, to be like them, and He did not give the password, for they were plundering and doing violence to one another.

19. After this I looked, and the angel who spoke with me and led me, said to me, "Understand Isaiah son of Amos, it is to this purpose that I was sent from the Lord."

20. And I saw a woman of the family of David the prophet (Mary), a virgin, and she was betrothed to a man (Joseph) a carpenter, who also was of the seed and family of David.

21. And when she was found to be pregnant the man wished to divorce her, but the angel of the Spirit appeared in this world, and He did not divorce her, nor did he reveal this to anyone, nor did he approach her.

22. And they were all blinded concerning the infant, they all knew Him, but they did not know from where He was. And they took Him and went to Nazareth in Galilee.

23. And I saw O Hezekiah, and Josab my son, and say to the other prophets also, that it was hidden from all the heavens, and all the princes, and from every god of this world.

24. And I saw that He sucked the breast as an infant, as was customary that He might not be recognized. And when He had grown up He performed great signs and miracles in the land of Israel, and in Jerusalem.

25. And after this, the adversary envied Him, and roused the children of Israel, who did not know who He was, against Him. And they handed Him to the ruler and crucified Him, and He descended to the angel in Sheol.

26. I saw how they crucified Him on a tree, and how on the third day He rose and remained many days.

Chapter 11

The ascension of the Lord.

1. And the angel who led me said, "Understand Isaiah". And I saw when He sent out the twelve disciples and ascended. And I saw Him in the firmament but not transformed in their form, and all the angels of the firmament and Satan saw Him and worshipped.

2. And there was much sorrow there as they said "How did our Lord descend upon us and we did not notice the glory which was upon Him that we now see?"

3. And He ascended into the second heaven, and was not transformed, and the angels on the right and left and the throne in the middle worshipped and praised Him, and said; "How did our Lord remain hidden from us as He descended, and we did not notice?"

4. And in the same way He ascended into the third heaven, and in the fourth, and fifth heaven, and they spoke exactly the same way.

5. I saw when He ascended into the sixth heaven that they worshipped Him and praised Him, and in each heaven as He went up, the praise was more profound.

6. And I saw how He ascended into the seventh heaven, and all the righteous the angels praised Him. Then He sat down at the right hand of that Great Glory, whose glory I told you I could not behold. And I also saw that Angel of the Holy Spirit sat on His left.

7. And the angel said to me: Isaiah son of Amos, it is sufficient, you have observed what no-one born of flesh has observed, and you shall return in your body until your days are complete, then you shall come here. These things I saw.

Isaiah instructs Hezekiah.

8. And Isaiah told this to all who were standing before him, and they sang praises. And he said to Hezekiah the king; "These things have I spoken, and at the end of this world all this vision will be brought about in the last generations."

9. And Isaiah made him swear that he would not tell this to the people of Israel, and that he would not allow any man to copy these words, but later they shall read them.

10. But as for you, be in the Holy Spirit that you may receive your robes, and the thrones, and the crowns of glory, which are placed in the seventh heaven.

11. And because of these visions and prophecies, Sammael-Satan sawed Isaiah the son of Amos, the prophet, in halves by the hand of Manassah.

12. And Hezekiah gave all things to Manassah in the 26th year of his reign, but Manassah did not remember these things, nor place them in his heart, but he became the servant of Satan, and was destroyed.

Here ends the book of Isaiah the prophet.

The Third book of Maccabees

The Third book of Maccabees

Books of the Maccabees

Two books written a century before the birth of Jesus, 1 and 2 Maccabees, tell the inspiring story of the Jewish people fighting for the right to worship God. Written during the time between the Old and New Testaments, these books are from a collection call the Apocrypha (meaning "hidden" books). They are not considered part of the Hebrew or Protestant Bibles.

Both books tell about the war that erupted in Israel afar Alexander the Great conquered the Middle East. After Alexander's death in 232 B.C., the Syrian empire grew very powerful, invaded Israel, and began pressuring the Jews to give up their religion and start worshipping Greek gods.

For years most Jews refused. But in 175 B.C. a new Syrian king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, decided to force the Jews to obey. He killed 40,000 Jews, enslaved 40,000 others, turned the Jewish Temple into a temple for the Greek god Zeus, and ordered Jews to offer sacrifices to the Greek deities. In retaliation, one man and his five sons, who were nicknamed the Maccabees (meaning "the hammerers"), overthrew the Syrians and ruled Israel themselves until the Romans took over 100 years later.


Chapter 1

1: When Philopator learned from those who returned that the regions which he had controlled had been seized by Antiochus, he gave orders to all his forces, both infantry and cavalry, took with him his sister Arsinoe, and marched out to the region near Raphia, where Antiochus's supporters were encamped.

2: But a certain Theodotus, determined to carry out the plot he had devised, took with him the best of the Ptolemaic arms that had been previously issued to him, and crossed over by night to the tent of Ptolemy, intending single-handed to kill him and thereby end the war.

3: But Dositheus, known as the son of Drimylus, a Jew by birth who later changed his religion and apostatized from the ancestral traditions, had led the king away and arranged that a certain insignificant man should sleep in the tent; and so it turned out that this man incurred the vengeance meant for the king.

4: When a bitter fight resulted, and matters were turning out rather in favor of Antiochus, Arsinoe went to the troops with wailing and tears, her locks all disheveled, and exhorted them to defend themselves and their children and wives bravely, promising to give them each two minas of gold if they won the battle.

5: And so it came about that the enemy was routed in the action, and many captives also were taken.

6: Now that he had foiled the plot, Ptolemy decided to visit the neighboring cities and encourage them.

7: By doing this, and by endowing their sacred enclosures with gifts, he strengthened the morale of his subjects.

8: Since the Jews had sent some of their council and elders to greet him, to bring him gifts of welcome, and to congratulate him on what had happened, he was all the more eager to visit them as soon as possible.

9: After he had arrived in Jerusalem, he offered sacrifice to the supreme God and made thank-offerings and did what was fitting for the holy place. Then, upon entering the place and being impressed by its excellence and its beauty,

10: he marveled at the good order of the temple, and conceived a desire to enter the holy of holies.

11: When they said that this was not permitted, because not even members of their own nation were allowed to enter, nor even all of the priests, but only the high priest who was pre-eminent over all, and he only once a year, the king was by no means persuaded.

12: Even after the law had been read to him, he did not cease to maintain that he ought to enter, saying, "Even if those men are deprived of this honor, I ought not to be."

13: And he inquired why, when he entered every other temple, no one there had stopped him.

14: And someone heedlessly said that it was wrong to take this as a sign in itself.

15: "But since this has happened," the king said, "why should not I at least enter, whether they wish it or not?"

16: Then the priests in all their vestments prostrated themselves and entreated the supreme God to aid in the present situation and to avert the violence of this evil design, and they filled the temple with cries and tears;

17: and those who remained behind in the city were agitated and hurried out, supposing that something mysterious was occurring.

18: The virgins who had been enclosed in their chambers rushed out with their mothers, sprinkled their hair with dust, and filled the streets with groans and lamentations.

19: Those women who had recently been arrayed for marriage abandoned the bridal chambers prepared for wedded union, and, neglecting proper modesty, in a disorderly rush flocked together in the city.

20: Mothers and nurses abandoned even newborn children here and there, some in houses and some in the streets, and without a backward look they crowded together at the most high temple.

21: Various were the supplications of those gathered there because of what the king was profanely plotting.

22: In addition, the bolder of the citizens would not tolerate the completion of his plans or the fulfillment of his intended purpose.

23: They shouted to their fellows to take arms and die courageously for the ancestral law, and created a considerable disturbance in the holy place; and being barely restrained by the old men and the elders, they resorted to the same posture of supplication as the others.

24: Meanwhile the crowd, as before, was engaged in prayer,

25: while the elders near the king tried in various ways to change his arrogant mind from the plan that he had conceived.

26: But he, in his arrogance, took heed of nothing, and began now to approach, determined to bring the aforesaid plan to a conclusion.

27: When those who were around him observed this, they turned, together with our people, to call upon him who has all power to defend them in the present trouble and not to overlook this unlawful and haughty deed.

28: The continuous, vehement, and concerted cry of the crowds resulted in an immense uproar;

29: for it seemed that not only the men but also the walls and the whole earth around echoed, because indeed all at that time preferred death to the profanation of the place.

Chapter 2

1: Then the high priest Simon, facing the sanctuary, bending his knees and extending his hands with calm dignity, prayed as follows:

2: "Lord, Lord, king of the heavens, and sovereign of all creation, holy among the holy ones, the only ruler, almighty, give attention to us who are suffering grievously from an impious and profane man, puffed up in his audacity and power.

3: For you, the creator of all things and the governor of all, are a just Ruler, and you judge those who have done anything in insolence and arrogance.

4: You destroyed those who in the past committed injustice, among whom were even giants who trusted in their strength and boldness, whom you destroyed by bringing upon them a boundless flood.

5: You consumed with fire and sulphur the men of Sodom who acted arrogantly, who were notorious for their vices; and you made them an example to those who should come afterward.

6: You made known your mighty power by inflicting many and varied punishments on the audacious Pharaoh who had enslaved your holy people Israel.

7: And when he pursued them with chariots and a mass of troops, you overwhelmed him in the depths of the sea, but carried through safely those who had put their confidence in you, the Ruler over the whole creation.

8: And when they had seen works of your hands, they praised you, the Almighty.

9: You, O King, when you had created the boundless and immeasurable earth, chose this city and sanctified this place for your name, though you have no need of anything; and when you had glorified it by your magnificent manifestation, you made it a firm foundation for the glory of your great and honored name.

10: And because you love the house of Israel, you promised that if we should have reverses, and tribulation should overtake us, you would listen to our petition when we come to this place and pray.

11: And indeed you are faithful and true.

12: And because oftentimes when our fathers were oppressed you helped them in their humiliation, and rescued them from great evils,

13: see now, O holy King, that because of our many and great sins we are crushed with suffering, subjected to our enemies, and overtaken by helplessness.

14: In our downfall this audacious and profane man undertakes to violate the holy place on earth dedicated to your glorious name.

15: For your dwelling, the heaven of heavens, is unapproachable by man.

16: But because you graciously bestowed your glory upon your people Israel, you sanctified this place.

17: Do not punish us for the defilement committed by these men, or call us to account for this profanation, lest the transgressors boast in their wrath or exult in the arrogance of their tongue, saying,

18: `We have trampled down the house of the sanctuary as offensive houses are trampled down.'

19: Wipe away our sins and disperse our errors, and reveal your mercy at this hour.

20: Speedily let your mercies overtake us, and put praises in the mouth of those who are downcast and broken in spirit, and give us peace."

21: Thereupon God, who oversees all things, the first Father of all, holy among the holy ones, having heard the lawful supplication, scourged him who had exalted himself in insolence and audacity.

22: He shook him on this side and that as a reed is shaken by the wind, so that he lay helpless on the ground and, besides being paralyzed in his limbs, was unable even to speak, since he was smitten by a righteous judgment.

23: Then both friends and bodyguards, seeing the severe punishment that had overtaken him, and fearing lest he should lose his life, quickly dragged him out, panic-stricken in their exceedingly great fear.

24: After a while he recovered, and though he had been punished, he by no means repented, but went away uttering bitter threats.

25: When he arrived in Egypt, he increased in his deeds of malice, abetted by the previously mentioned drinking companions and comrades, who were strangers to everything just.

26: He was not content with his uncounted licentious deeds, but he also continued with such audacity that he framed evil reports in the various localities; and many of his friends, intently observing the king's purpose, themselves also followed his will.

27: He proposed to inflict public disgrace upon the Jewish community, and he set up a stone on the tower in the courtyard with this inscription:

28: "None of those who do not sacrifice shall enter their sanctuaries, and all Jews shall be subjected to a registration involving poll tax and to the status of slaves. Those who object to this are to be taken by force and put to death;

29: those who are registered are also to be branded on their bodies by fire with the ivy-leaf symbol of Dionysus, and they shall also be reduced to their former limited status."

30: In order that he might not appear to be an enemy to all, he inscribed below: "But if any of them prefer to join those who have been initiated into the mysteries, they shall have equal citizenship with the Alexandrians."

31: Now some, however, with an obvious abhorrence of the price to be exacted for maintaining the religion of their city, readily gave themselves up, since they expected to enhance their reputation by their future association with the king.

32: But the majority acted firmly with a courageous spirit and did not depart from their religion; and by paying money in exchange for life they confidently attempted to save themselves from the registration.

33: They remained resolutely hopeful of obtaining help, and they abhorred those who separated themselves from them, considering them to be enemies of the Jewish nation, and depriving them of common fellowship and mutual help.

Chapter 3

1: When the impious king comprehended this situation, he became so infuriated that not only was he enraged against those Jews who lived in Alexandria, but was still more bitterly hostile toward those in the countryside; and he ordered that all should promptly be gathered into one place, and put to death by the most cruel means.

2: While these matters were being arranged, a hostile rumor was circulated against the Jewish nation by men who conspired to do them ill, a pretext being given by a report that they hindered others from the observance of their customs.

3: The Jews, however, continued to maintain good will and unswerving loyalty toward the dynasty;

4: but because they worshiped God and conducted themselves by his law, they kept their separateness with respect to foods. For this reason they appeared hateful to some;

5: but since they adorned their style of life with the good deeds of upright people, they were established in good repute among all men.

6: Nevertheless those of other races paid no heed to their good service to their nation, which was common talk among all;

7: instead they gossiped about the differences in worship and foods, alleging that these people were loyal neither to the king nor to his authorities, but were hostile and greatly opposed to his government. So they attached no ordinary reproach to them.

8: The Greeks in the city, though wronged in no way, when they saw an unexpected tumult around these people and the crowds that suddenly were forming, were not strong enough to help them, for they lived under tyranny. They did try to console them, being grieved at the situation, and expected that matters would change;

9: for such a great community ought not be left to its fate when it had committed no offense.

10: And already some of their neighbors and friends and business associates had taken some of them aside privately and were pledging to protect them and to exert more earnest efforts for their assistance.

11: Then the king, boastful of his present good fortune, and not considering the might of the supreme God, but assuming that he would persevere constantly in his same purpose, wrote this letter against them:

12: "King Ptolemy Philopator to his generals and soldiers in Egypt and all its districts, greetings and good health.

13: I myself and our government are faring well.

14: When our expedition took place in Asia, as you yourselves know, it was brought to conclusion, according to plan, by the gods' deliberate alliance with us in battle,

15: and we considered that we should not rule the nations inhabiting Coele-Syria and Phoenicia by the power of the spear but should cherish them with clemency and great benevolence, gladly treating them well.

16: And when we had granted very great revenues to the temples in the cities, we came on to Jerusalem also, and went up to honor the temple of those wicked people, who never cease from their folly.

17: They accepted our presence by word, but insincerely by deed, because when we proposed to enter their inner temple and honor it with magnificent and most beautiful offerings,

18: they were carried away by their traditional conceit, and excluded us from entering; but they were spared the exercise of our power because of the benevolence which we have toward all.

19: By maintaining their manifest ill-will toward us, they become the only people among all nations who hold their heads high in defiance of kings and their own benefactors, and are unwilling to regard any action as sincere.

20: "But we, when we arrived in Egypt victorious, accommodated ourselves to their folly and did as was proper, since we treat all nations with benevolence.

21: Among other things, we made known to all our amnesty toward their compatriots here, both because of their alliance with us and the myriad affairs liberally entrusted to them from the beginning; and we ventured to make a change, by deciding both to deem them worthy of Alexandrian citizenship and to make them participants in our regular religious rites.

22: But in their innate malice they took this in a contrary spirit, and disdained what is good. Since they incline constantly to evil,

23: they not only spurn the priceless citizenship, but also both by speech and by silence they abominate those few among them who are sincerely disposed toward us; in every situation, in accordance with their infamous way of life, they secretly suspect that we may soon alter our policy.

24: Therefore, fully convinced by these indications that they are ill-disposed toward us in every way, we have taken precautions lest, if a sudden disorder should later arise against us, we should have these impious people behind our backs as traitors and barbarous enemies.

25: Therefore we have given orders that, as soon as this letter shall arrive, you are to send to us those who live among you, together with their wives and children, with insulting and harsh treatment, and bound securely with iron fetters, to suffer the sure and shameful death that befits enemies.

26: For when these all have been punished, we are sure that for the remaining time the government will be established for ourselves in good order and in the best state.

27: But whoever shelters any of the Jews, old people or children or even infants, will be tortured to death with the most hateful torments, together with his family.

28: Any one willing to give information will receive the property of the one who incurs the punishment, and also two thousand drachmas from the royal treasury, and will be awarded his freedom.

29: Every place detected sheltering a Jew is to be made unapproachable and burned with fire, and shall become useless for all time to any mortal creature."
30: The letter was written in the above form.

Chapter 4

1: In every place, then, where this decree arrived, a feast at public expense was arranged for the Gentiles with shouts and gladness, for the inveterate enmity which had long ago been in their minds was now made evident and outspoken.

2: But among the Jews there was incessant mourning, lamentation, and tearful cries; everywhere their hearts were burning, and they groaned because of the unexpected destruction that had suddenly been decreed for them.

3: What district or city, or what habitable place at all, or what streets were not filled with mourning and wailing for them?

4: For with such a harsh and ruthless spirit were they being sent off, all together, by the generals in the several cities, that at the sight of their unusual punishments, even some of their enemies, perceiving the common object of pity before their eyes, reflected upon the uncertainty of life and shed tears at the most miserable expulsion of these people.

5: For a multitude of gray-headed old men, sluggish and bent with age, was being led away, forced to march at a swift pace by the violence with which they were driven in such a shameful manner.

6: And young women who had just entered the bridal chamber to share married life exchanged joy for wailing, their myrrh-perfumed hair sprinkled with ashes, and were carried away unveiled, all together raising a lament instead of a wedding song, as they were torn by the harsh treatment of the heathen.

7: In bonds and in public view they were violently dragged along as far as the place of embarkation.

8: Their husbands, in the prime of youth, their necks encircled with ropes instead of garlands, spent the remaining days of their marriage festival in lamentations instead of good cheer and youthful revelry, seeing death immediately before them.

9: They were brought on board like wild animals, driven under the constraint of iron bonds; some were fastened by the neck to the benches of the boats, others had their feet secured by unbreakable fetters,

10: and in addition they were confined under a solid deck, so that with their eyes in total darkness, they should undergo treatment befitting traitors during the whole voyage.

11: When these men had been brought to the place called Schedia, and the voyage was concluded as the king had decreed, he commanded that they should be enclosed in the hippodrome which had been built with a monstrous perimeter wall in front of the city, and which was well suited to make them an obvious spectacle to all coming back into the city and to those from the city going out into the country, so that they could neither communicate with the king's forces nor in any way claim to be inside the circuit of the city.

12: And when this had happened, the king, hearing that the Jews' compatriots from the city frequently went out in secret to lament bitterly the ignoble misfortune of their brothers,

13: ordered in his rage that these men be dealt with in precisely the same fashion as the others, not omitting any detail of their punishment.

14: The entire race was to be registered individually, not for the hard labor that has been briefly mentioned before, but to be tortured with the outrages that he had ordered, and at the end to be destroyed in the space of a single day.

15: The registration of these people was therefore conducted with bitter haste and zealous intentness from the rising of the sun till its setting, and though uncompleted it stopped after forty days.

16: The king was greatly and continually filled with joy, organizing feasts in honor of all his idols, with a mind alienated from truth and with a profane mouth, praising speechless things that are not able even to communicate or to come to one's help, and uttering improper words against the supreme God.

17: But after the previously mentioned interval of time the scribes declared to the king that they were no longer able to take the census of the Jews because of their innumerable multitude,

18: although most of them were still in the country, some still residing in their homes, and some at the place; the task was impossible for all the generals in Egypt.

19: After he had threatened them severely, charging that they had been bribed to contrive a means of escape, he was clearly convinced about the matter

20: when they said and proved that both the paper and the pens they used for writing had already given out.

21: But this was an act of the invincible providence of him who was aiding the Jews from heaven.

Chapter 5

1: Then the king, completely inflexible, was filled with overpowering anger and wrath; so he summoned Hermon, keeper of the elephants,

2: and ordered him on the following day to drug all the elephants -- five hundred in number -- with large handfuls of frankincense and plenty of unmixed wine, and to drive them in, maddened by the lavish abundance of liquor, so that the Jews might meet their doom.

3: When he had given these orders he returned to his feasting, together with those of his friends and of the army who were especially hostile toward the Jews.

4: And Hermon, keeper of the elephants, proceeded faithfully to carry out the orders.

5: The servants in charge of the Jews went out in the evening and bound the hands of the wretched people and arranged for their continued custody through the night, convinced that the whole nation would experience its final destruction.

6: For to the Gentiles it appeared that the Jews were left without any aid,

7: because in their bonds they were forcibly confined on every side. But with tears and a voice hard to silence they all called upon the Almighty Lord and Ruler of all power, their merciful God and Father, praying

8: that he avert with vengeance the evil plot against them and in a glorious manifestation rescue them from the fate now prepared for them.
9: So their entreaty ascended fervently to heaven.

10: Hermon, however, when he had drugged the pitiless elephants until they had been filled with a great abundance of wine and satiated with frankincense, presented himself at the courtyard early in the morning to report to the king about these preparations.

11: But the Lord sent upon the king a portion of sleep, that beneficence which from the beginning, night and day, is bestowed by him who grants it to whomever he wishes.

12: And by the action of the Lord he was overcome by so pleasant and deep a sleep that he quite failed in his lawless purpose and was completely frustrated in his inflexible plan.

13: Then the Jews, since they had escaped the appointed hour, praised their holy God and again begged him who is easily reconciled to show the might of his all-powerful hand to the arrogant Gentiles.

14: But now, since it was nearly the middle of the tenth hour, the person who was in charge of the invitations, seeing that the guests were assembled, approached the king and nudged him.

15: And when he had with difficulty roused him, he pointed out that the hour of the banquet was already slipping by, and he gave him an account of the situation.

16: The king, after considering this, returned to his drinking, and ordered those present for the banquet to recline opposite him.

17: When this was done he urged them to give themselves over to revelry and to make the present portion of the banquet joyful by celebrating all the more.

18: After the party had been going on for some time, the king summoned Hermon and with sharp threats demanded to know why the Jews had been allowed to remain alive through the present day.

19: But when he, with the corroboration of his friends, pointed out that while it was still night he had carried out completely the order given him,

20: the king, possessed by a savagery worse than that of Phalaris, said that the Jews were benefited by today's sleep, "but," he added, "tomorrow without delay prepare the elephants in the same way for the destruction of the lawless Jews!"

21: When the king had spoken, all those present readily and joyfully with one accord gave their approval, and each departed to his own home.

22: But they did not so much employ the duration of the night in sleep as in devising all sorts of insults for those they thought to be doomed.

23: Then, as soon as the cock had crowed in the early morning, Hermon, having equipped the beasts, began to move them along in the great colonnade.

24: The crowds of the city had been assembled for this most pitiful spectacle and they were eagerly waiting for daybreak.

25: But the Jews, at their last gasp, since the time had run out, stretched their hands toward heaven and with most tearful supplication and mournful dirges implored the supreme God to help them again at once.

26: The rays of the sun were not yet shed abroad, and while the king was receiving his friends, Hermon arrived and invited him to come out, indicating that what the king desired was ready for action.

27: But he, upon receiving the report and being struck by the unusual invitation to come out -- since he had been completely overcome by incomprehension -- inquired what the matter was for which this had been so zealously completed for him.

28: This was the act of God who rules over all things, for he had implanted in the king's mind a forgetfulness of the things he had previously devised.

29: Then Hermon and all the king's friends pointed out that the beasts and the armed forces were ready, "O king, according to your eager purpose."

30: But at these words he was filled with an overpowering wrath, because by the providence of God his whole mind had been deranged in regard to these matters; and with a threatening look he said,

31: "Were your parents or children present, I would have prepared them to be a rich feast for the savage beasts instead of the Jews, who give me no ground for complaint and have exhibited to an extraordinary degree a full and firm loyalty to my ancestors.

32: In fact you would have been deprived of life instead of these, were it not for an affection arising from our nurture in common and your usefulness."

33: So Hermon suffered an unexpected and dangerous threat, and his eyes wavered and his face fell.

34: The king's friends one by one sullenly slipped away and dismissed the assembled people, each to his own occupation.

35: Then the Jews, upon hearing what the king had said, praised the manifest Lord God, King of kings, since this also was his aid which they had received.

36: The king, however, reconvened the party in the same manner and urged the guests to return to their celebrating.

37: After summoning Hermon he said in a threatening tone, "How many times, you poor wretch, must I give you orders about these things?

38: Equip the elephants now once more for the destruction of the Jews tomorrow!"

39: But the officials who were at table with him, wondering at his instability of mind, remonstrated as follows:

40: "O king, how long will you try us, as though we are idiots, ordering now for a third time that they be destroyed, and again revoking your decree in the matter?

41: As a result the city is in a tumult because of its expectation; it is crowded with masses of people, and also in constant danger of being plundered."

42: Upon this the king, a Phalaris in everything and filled with madness, took no account of the changes of mind which had come about within him for the protection of the Jews, and he firmly swore an irrevocable oath that he would send them to death without delay, mangled by the knees and feet of the beasts,

43: and would also march against Judea and rapidly level it to the ground with fire and spear, and by burning to the ground the temple inaccessible to him would quickly render it forever empty of those who offered sacrifices there.

44: Then the friends and officers departed with great joy, and they confidently posted the armed forces at the places in the city most favorable for keeping guard.

45: Now when the beasts had been brought virtually to a state of madness, so to speak, by the very fragrant draughts of wine mixed with frankincense and had been equipped with frightful devices, the elephant keeper

46: entered at about dawn into the courtyard -- the city now being filled with countless masses of people crowding their way into the hippodrome -- and urged the king on to the matter at hand.

47: So he, when he had filled his impious mind with a deep rage, rushed out in full force along with the beasts, wishing to witness, with invulnerable heart and with his own eyes, the grievous and pitiful destruction of the aforementioned people.

48: And when the Jews saw the dust raised by the elephants going out at the gate and by the following armed forces, as well as by the trampling of the crowd, and heard the loud and tumultuous noise,

49: they thought that this was their last moment of life, the end of their most miserable suspense, and giving way to lamentation and groans they kissed each other, embracing relatives and falling into one another's arms -- parents and children, mothers and daughters, and others with babies at their breasts who were drawing their last milk.

50: Not only this, but when they considered the help which they had received before from heaven they prostrated themselves with one accord on the ground, removing the babies from their breasts,

51: and cried out in a very loud voice, imploring the Ruler over every power to manifest himself and be merciful to them, as they stood now at the gates of death.

Chapter 6

1: Then a certain Eleazar, famous among the priests of the country, who had attained a ripe old age and throughout his life had been adorned with every virtue, directed the elders around him to cease calling upon the holy God and prayed as follows:

2: "King of great power, Almighty God Most High, governing all creation with mercy,

3: look upon the descendants of Abraham, O Father, upon the children of the sainted Jacob, a people of your consecrated portion who are perishing as foreigners in a foreign land.

4: Pharaoh with his abundance of chariots, the former ruler of this Egypt, exalted with lawless insolence and boastful tongue, you destroyed together with his arrogant army by drowning them in the sea, manifesting the light of your mercy upon the nation of Israel.

5: Sennacherib exulting in his countless forces, oppressive king of the Assyrians, who had already gained control of the whole world by the spear and was lifted up against your holy city, speaking grievous words with boasting and insolence, you, O Lord, broke in pieces, showing your power to many nations.

6: The three companions in Babylon who had voluntarily surrendered their lives to the flames so as not to serve vain things, you rescued unharmed, even to a hair, moistening the fiery furnace with dew and turning the flame against all their enemies.

7: Daniel, who through envious slanders was cast down into the ground to lions as food for wild beasts, you brought up to the light unharmed.

8: And Jonah, wasting away in the belly of a huge, sea-born monster, you, Father, watched over and restored unharmed to all his family.

9: And now, you who hate insolence, all-merciful and protector of all, reveal yourself quickly to those of the nation of Israel -- who are being outrageously treated by the abominable and lawless Gentiles.

10: Even if our lives have become entangled in impieties in our exile, rescue us from the hand of the enemy, and destroy us, Lord, by whatever fate you choose.

11: Let not the vain-minded praise their vanities at the destruction of your beloved people, saying, `Not even their god has rescued them.'

12: But you, O Eternal One, who have all might and all power, watch over us now and have mercy upon us who by the senseless insolence of the lawless are being deprived of life in the manner of traitors.

13: And let the Gentiles cower today in fear of your invincible might, O honored One, who have power to save the nation of Jacob.

14: The whole throng of infants and their parents entreat you with tears.

15: Let it be shown to all the Gentiles that you are with us, O Lord, and have not turned your face from us; but just as you have said, `Not even when they were in the land of their enemies did I neglect them,' so accomplish it, O Lord."

16: Just as Eleazar was ending his prayer, the king arrived at the hippodrome with the beasts and all the arrogance of his forces.

17: And when the Jews observed this they raised great cries to heaven so that even the nearby valleys resounded with them and brought an uncontrollable terror upon the army.

18: Then the most glorious, almighty, and true God revealed his holy face and opened the heavenly gates, from which two glorious angels of fearful aspect descended, visible to all but the Jews.

19: They opposed the forces of the enemy and filled them with confusion and terror, binding them with immovable shackles.

20: Even the king began to shudder bodily, and he forgot his sullen insolence.

21: The beasts turned back upon the armed forces following them and began trampling and destroying them.

22: Then the king's anger was turned to pity and tears because of the things that he had devised beforehand.

23: For when he heard the shouting and saw them all fallen headlong to destruction, he wept and angrily threatened his friends, saying,

24: "You are committing treason and surpassing tyrants in cruelty; and even me, your benefactor, you are now attempting to deprive of dominion and life by secretly devising acts of no advantage to the kingdom.

25: Who is it that has taken each man from his home and senselessly gathered here those who faithfully have held the fortresses of our country?

26: Who is it that has so lawlessly encompassed with outrageous treatment those who from the beginning differed from all nations in their goodwill toward us and often have accepted willingly the worst of human dangers?

27: Loose and untie their unjust bonds! Send them back to their homes in peace, begging pardon for your former actions!

28: Release the sons of the almighty and living God of heaven, who from the time of our ancestors until now has granted an unimpeded and notable stability to our government."

29: These then were the things he said; and the Jews, immediately released, praised their holy God and Savior, since they now had escaped death.

30: Then the king, when he had returned to the city, summoned the official in charge of the revenues and ordered him to provide to the Jews both wines and everything else needed for a festival of seven days, deciding that they should celebrate their rescue with all joyfulness in that same place in which they had expected to meet their destruction.

31: Accordingly those disgracefully treated and near to death, or rather, who stood at its gates, arranged for a banquet of deliverance instead of a bitter and lamentable death, and full of joy they apportioned to celebrants the place which had been prepared for their destruction and burial.

32: They ceased their chanting of dirges and took up the song of their fathers, praising God, their Savior and worker of wonders. Putting an end to all mourning and wailing, they formed choruses as a sign of peaceful joy.

33: Likewise also the king, after convening a great banquet to celebrate these events, gave thanks to heaven unceasingly and lavishly for the unexpected rescue which he had experienced.

34: And those who had previously believed that the Jews would be destroyed and become food for birds, and had joyfully registered them, groaned as they themselves were overcome by disgrace, and their fire-breathing boldness was ignominiously quenched.

35: But the Jews, when they had arranged the aforementioned choral group, as we have said before, passed the time in feasting to the accompaniment of joyous thanksgiving and psalms.

36: And when they had ordained a public rite for these things in their whole community and for their descendants, they instituted the observance of the aforesaid days as a festival, not for drinking and gluttony, but because of the deliverance that had come to them through God.

37: Then they petitioned the king, asking for dismissal to their homes.

38: So their registration was carried out from the twenty-fifth of Pachon to the fourth of Epeiph, for forty days; and their destruction was set for the fifth to the seventh of Epeiph, the three days

39: on which the Lord of all most gloriously revealed his mercy and rescued them all together and unharmed.

40: Then they feasted, provided with everything by the king, until the fourteenth day, on which also they made the petition for their dismissal.

41: The king granted their request at once and wrote the following letter for them to the generals in the cities, magnanimously expressing his concern:

Chapter 7

1: "King Ptolemy Philopator to the generals in Egypt and all in authority in his government, greetings and good health.

2: We ourselves and our children are faring well, the great God guiding our affairs according to our desire.

3: Certain of our friends, frequently urging us with malicious intent, persuaded us to gather together the Jews of the kingdom in a body and to punish them with barbarous penalties as traitors;

4: for they declared that our government would never be firmly established until this was accomplished, because of the ill-will which these people had toward all nations.

5: They also led them out with harsh treatment as slaves, or rather as traitors, and, girding themselves with a cruelty more savage than that of Scythian custom, they tried without any inquiry or examination to put them to death.

6: But we very severely threatened them for these acts, and in accordance with the clemency which we have toward all men we barely spared their lives. Since we have come to realize that the God of heaven surely defends the Jews, always taking their part as a father does for his children,

7: and since we have taken into account the friendly and firm goodwill which they had toward us and our ancestors, we justly have acquitted them of every charge of whatever kind.

8: We also have ordered each and every one to return to his own home, with no one in any place doing them harm at all or reproaching them for the irrational things that have happened.

9: For you should know that if we devise any evil against them or cause them any grief at all, we always shall have not man but the Ruler over every power, the Most High God, in everything and inescapably as an antagonist to avenge such acts. Farewell."

10: Upon receiving this letter the Jews did not immediately hurry to make their departure, but they requested of the king that at their own hands those of the Jewish nation who had willfully transgressed against the holy God and the law of God should receive the punishment they deserved.

11: For they declared that those who for the belly's sake had transgressed the divine commandments would never be favorably disposed toward the king's government.

12: The king then, admitting and approving the truth of what they said, granted them a general license so that freely and without royal authority or supervision they might destroy those everywhere in his kingdom who had transgressed the law of God.

13: When they had applauded him in fitting manner, their priests and the whole multitude shouted the Hallelujah and joyfully departed.

14: And so on their way they punished and put to a public and shameful death any whom they met of their fellow-countrymen who had become defiled.

15: In that day they put to death more than three hundred men; and they kept the day as a joyful festival, since they had destroyed the profaners.

16: But those who had held fast to God even to death and had received the full enjoyment of deliverance began their departure from the city, crowned with all sorts of very fragrant flowers, joyfully and loudly giving thanks to the one God of their fathers, the eternal Savior of Israel, in words of praise and all kinds of melodious songs.

17: When they had arrived at Ptolemais, called "rose-bearing" because of a characteristic of the place, the fleet waited for them, in accord with the common desire, for seven days.

18: There they celebrated their deliverance, for the king had generously provided all things to them for their journey, to each as far as his own house.

19: And when they had landed in peace with appropriate thanksgiving, there too in like manner they decided to observe these days as a joyous festival during the time of their stay.

20: Then, after inscribing them as holy on a pillar and dedicating a place of prayer at the site of the festival, they departed unharmed, free, and overjoyed, since at the king's command they had been brought safely by land and sea and river each to his own place.

21: They also possessed greater prestige among their enemies, being held in honor and awe; and they were not subject at all to confiscation of their belongings by any one.

22: Besides they all recovered all of their property, in accordance with the registration, so that those who held any restored it to them with extreme fear. So the supreme God perfectly performed great deeds for their deliverance.

23: Blessed be the Deliverer of Israel through all times! Amen.

Pseudepigrapha Books, Index

Pseudepigrapha books

Pseudepigrapha are spurious works ostensibly written by a biblical figure. Deuterocanonical works are those that are accepted in one canon but not in all.

Old Testament Pseudepigrapha are extremely numerous and offer accounts of patriarchs and events, attributed to various biblical personages from Adam to Zechariah. Some of the most significant of these works are the Ascension of Isaiah, the Assumption of Moses, the Life of Adam and Eve, the First and Second Books of Enoch, the Book of Jubilees, the Letter of Aristeas, and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.

All the New Testament apocrypha are Pseudepigraphal, and most of them fall into the categories of acts, gospels, and epistles, though there are a number of apocalypses and some can be characterized as wisdom books. The apocryphal acts purport to relate the lives or careers of various biblical figures, including most of the apostles; the epistles, gospels, and others are ascribed to such figures. Some relate encounters and events in mystical language and describe arcane rituals. Most of these works arose from sects that had been or would be declared heretical, such as, importantly, the Gnostics. Some of them argued against various heresies, and a few appear to have been neutral efforts to popularize the life of some saint or other early leader of the church, including a number of women. In the early decades of Christianity no orthodoxy had been established, and various parties or factions were vying for ascendancy and regularity in the young church. All sought through their writings, as through their preaching and missions, to win believers. In this setting virtually all works advocating beliefs that later became heretical were destined to denunciation and destruction.

Book of The Generations of Adam

Book of The Generations of Adam

The Book of the Generations of Adam was the Book of Remembrance commenced by Adam subsequent to the expulsion from the Garden. In it he recorded his experiences in the fallen world for the benefit of his posterity. This book is referred to by Moses in his recounting of the history of the first ages of the world. Sometime subsequent to the compilation of Moses' history, the Book of Generations was lost from among men, but it was preserved in the mind of God, the Holy Spirit, until the last dispensation when it is being brought forth for the edification of those who are attempting to recreate at the end of time that Holy Order which existed among our First Parents.

see also:

Gn:5:1: This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, in the likeness of God made he him;


CHAPTER 1

1. IN the day that the Eloheim created man, in the likeness of the Eloheim made He him, in the image of His own body, male and female, created He them and blessed them and called their name Adam, which being interpreted is, first blood or the first man having blood in his veins; and thus were they called Adam in the day when they were created and became living souls in the land, upon the footstool of the Eloheim.

2. Behold, it is I, Adam, who write this record, for thus did the Lord command me, that there should be a book of remembrance kept among my people, even from generation to generation, in which we should record those things which transpire among us and the mighty works which the Eloheim should perform in our behalf.

3. I and my people have come out form a land of great plenty, a land of beauty and peace, where the Lord God had placed us. There, in a garden of delights, we received every good thing from the hands of our Eloheim, who required only that we dress the garden and that we refrain from partaking of the fruit of the tree which was in the midst of the garden, lest we die. Of death we knew nothing, but we understood that if we partook, we would be cast our of the garden and cut off from the presence of the Eloheim. Nevertheless, there was in the garden an evil one, one of the satans, who sought our destruction, that we might be miserable like unto himself. In process of time, he led the women, beguiling them until they partook of the fruit of the forbidden tree. Upon learning this, we counseled together, knowing that with the coming of the Eloheim, the women would be cast out of the garden and our purpose in coming here would be frustrated. After much consultation, it was agreed that we should all partake of the fruit, that together we might undergo that which awaited our little colony. We partook and feeling for the first time the shame of our nakedness, we made aprons of fig leaves which we tied about our loins, for the Light of the Eloheim had departed from us and we were left exposed in the midst of the garden of Jehovah.

4. When the Eloheim entered the garden, it seemed as though the brightness of their coming would consume everything; in fear we hid among the trees, but the Eloheim called us forth to face the consequences of our transgression. The Satan was cursed to crawl upon his belly, eating dust all the days of his life. To our horror, as we watched, his arms and legs withered away and upon his belly he crawled from our presence. The women were placed under sorrow--their priesthood was taken from them and they were subjected to their husbands for the means of salvation. Nevertheless, they were promised joy in begetting children and eventual redemption to their former glory. The men, too, were placed under sorrow where we were commanded to till the ground, which would no more yield to us freely as had the garden, until we died, for surely death is the fruit of breaking the commandments of the Eloheim.

5. Before we were cast forth from the garden, the Eloheim taught us many sacred things, that we might be prepared as masons to build up a Zion to the Eloheim in the midst of this world of Sorrow. The Lord Jehovah gave unto us, also, coats of skins which we were to wear as long as we remained in this world of wickedness and sin. Thus attired, we were driven from the garden while cherubim and a flaming sword were placed to prevent our reentry until we had justified our Fall to mortality. In the midst of the garden, said the Eloheim, stood a tree which would overcome the powers of death, but we could not partake of it until we had proven ourselves faithful to the commission of the Eloheim.

CHAPTER 2

1. LEAVING the garden, we traveled as we were led until we arrived at a plain which we called Olaha Shinehah, because here we hoped to find again the Light which we had lost. Here we began to build homes and a community unto our God and here I built an altar upon which to offer sacrifices unto the Most High. Nevertheless, we did not understand the meaning of these sacrifices, but we did all things according to the directions which we had received in the garden and we were obedient unto Jehovah in all things, even as He had commanded us.

2. Being led by the Spirit of the Eloheim, I ascended also a mountain which rose beside the plain of Olaha Shinehah from which I could overlook all the regions round about and I blessed the land, dedicating it unto Jehovah, and I called the land Cainan because Jehovah had given it to us.

3. Upon this mountain, which we called Ramiah, I discovered a cave of many rooms. Here I placed the sacred things which we had brought out of the garden--an apron of fig leaves, a branch from a tree whose blossoms never withered and a stone of many colors which radiated Light in the darkness. these I placed in a stone box, which we called the Testimony, and above it we carved representations of the cherubim which guard the entrance to the garden. The cave we called the Cave of Treasures, and here we resorted often to commune with Jehovah and to reenact those sacred rites which the Eloheim had taught us in the garden.

CHAPTER 3

1. THUS did our lives progress from day to day as we tilled the ground, built homes, made clothing and other implements for our comfort and pleasure, and learned to live in this new world to which Jehovah had led us.

2. After many days, when we were at the altar, offering up a lamb according to the pattern which had been shown us, an angel of Jehovah appeared unto me saying, Why dost thou offer sacrifices unto Jehovah? To this question I replied, I know not, save Jehovah commanded me. then the angel spake unto me saying, This sacrifice is in the similitude of the Only Begotten of the Father who is full of grace and truth. Wherefore, thou shalt do all that thou doest in the name of the son and thou shalt repent and call upon the Eloheim in the name of the son for evermore.

3. Then the Spirit of Jehovah fell upon me, saying, I am the Only Begotten of the Father from the beginning, henceforth and forever. Behold, even as thou hast fallen, thou mayest be redeemed, and all mankind, even as many as will, may be brought into my presence through the power of mine atonement, for surely I shall walk upon the earth in the flesh, and give my life as a ransom for all who will come unto me.

4. The did my soul rise up within me, and I blessed that God who gave me life, calling upon Him in the name of His Only Begotten. And the Spirit of Jehovah was in me so that I stood forth and prophesied concerning that which should befall my posterity unto the latest generation. Yea, goo and evil were laid out before me, so that I saw the come upon the earth, and I saw also the redemption of all men and the final consumption when darkness will be swept away forever. And I was led to cry out in the Spirit of Jehovah, Behold, now I know that this same priesthood and Order which are in the beginning of the world shall be in the end of the world also. For I have seen the Holy Order of the Eloheim upon the earth in the end of time when the remnant shall come forth to bear off the kingdom. Yea, Zion have I seen spreading abroad her dominion among the pure in heart, that the heavens and the earth might be one again. Then will the sons of men enter again the garden of delights; they will bathe in the Eternal Sea and they will dwell in the presence of the Eloheim. Then will all things become one, for the divisions between heaven and earth will cease and the Christ will reign upon the earth for a thousand years. I saw also that the earth should be redeemed and should enter into rest and, feeling within myself the power of that redemption, I cried out, saying, Blessed be the name of our God, for because of our transgression, our eyes are opened, and in this life we shall know the joy of our redemption, for in the flesh we shall see and know the Eloheim.

5. Then Eve, also, seeing and hearing what was done, being filled with the Spirit of gladness, exclaimed, Were it not for our transgression, we never should have had seed, and never should have known good and evil nor the joy of our redemption nor the eternal life which God giveth unto all the obedient.

6. Hearing these words, the entire congregation arose as one man and burst forth in blessing the name of the Eloheim, singing and shouting praises unto the Name of Names. Then the voice of the Eloheim came unto me saying, Behold, I am Jehovah thine Eloheim. I made the word and created the spirits of all men before the world was formed. Yea, I am the Lord of spirits, the Ruler over all who will come upon the earth. Behold, Adam, if thou wilt turn unto me, hearken unto my voice. Believe on my name and upon the name of mine Only Begotten. Repent of all thy transgressions and be baptized, even in water, in the name of mine Only Begotten Son, which is Jesus Christ, the only name which shall be given under heaven whereby salvation shall come unto the children of men, and thou shalt receive the gift of the Holy Ghost. Even so will I give this gift unto everyone who cometh unto me and obeyeth mine ordinances. And if thou wilt let this gift grow in thee, the day will come when thou shalt ask all things in His name, and whatsoever thou shalt ask, it shall be given thee. This promise, also, I give through thee unto all who will abide the conditions thereof.

7. Then I ventured to speak, even unto Jehovah, saying, Why is it that men must repent and baptized in water?

8. And the word of Jehovah came unto me saying, Behold, I have forgiven thee thy transgression in the garden of Eden. Nevertheless, inasmuch as thy children are conceived in sin, even so, when they begin to grow up, sin conceiveth in their hearts, and they taste the bitter that they may know to prize the good. And it is given unto them to know food from evil, whereby they are made agents unto themselves. Behold, I gave unto you laws when I placed you in the garden, but ye transgressed those holy commandments and for so doing have been cast out. Nevertheless, I have given unto you another law and commandment, even at this time; wherefore, teach it unto your children that all men everywhere must repent, or they can in nowise inherit the kingdom of God, for no unclean thing can enter into His kingdom, neither can an unclean man dwell in His presence. Behold, is not Man of Holiness my name? And mine Only Begotten, even he is the Son of Man, Jesus Christ, the Righteous Judge, who shall come in the meridian of time to save all those who will believe on His name, keep His commandments and receive His ordinances within themselves. Therefore do I give unto you a commandment to teach these things freely unto your children, showing them that as the Fall hath come upon you by reason of your transgression, so doth every man fall within himself through failure to keep the holy commandments. Even so, as death hath come into the world through your Fall, in the like manner doth every man perpetuate that spiritual death through his own transgressions. Therefore, inasmuch as ye are born into the world of water and blood and the spirit which I have made, and so become of dust a living soul, even so ye must be born again into the kingdom of heaven by water and the Spirit, being cleansed by blood, even the blood of mine Only Begotten, that ye, being sanctified from all sin, may enjoy the words of eternal life in this world and eternal life in the world to come, even immortal glory. Yea, by the water ye keep the commandment; by the Spirit ye are justified, and by the blood ye are sanctified. Therefore, it is given to abide in you, even the record of heaven which is the Comforter which testifieth of the peaceable things of immortal glory, the truth of all things, that which quickeneth all things, sustaineth them in life, for the Comforter knoweth all things and hath all power according to wisdom, mercy, truth, justice, and judgment. And now, behold, I say unto thee, This is the plan of salvation unto all men through the blood of mine Only Begotten who shall come in the meridian of time. and behold, all things have their likeness and all things are created or made to bear record of me, both things which are spiritual, things which are in the heavens above, things which are on the earth, things which are in the earth and things which are under the earth. Yea, all things, both above and beneath, bear record of me and call upon men to repent and come unto me, their Creator, that they may be saved.

9. Then I cried out unto Jehovah in the ecstasies of my soul, and being filled with Light, I led my people to the water's edge where we knelt in prayer unto the Eloheim. Many hours we prayed and praised the Eloheim in song and dance and ecstatic utterances until the Light which surrounded us burst into flame and a glorious being stood before us, clothed in Light, who uttered eternal words which filled our souls with power. Calling me by name, he led me into the water, but the water was to me a sea of Light in which I was immersed into unity with the Son of the Most High and, as I came forth from the water, cloven tongues of fire fell upon me and I was filled with the Light of Eternity. I felt the presence of the Eloheim and I knew that I was returning to that holy state whence I had fallen. In ecstasy, I called forth the others, who one by one entered the water to receive the blessings. All that day and all the night, we rejoiced in the Light, for it was all day to us as we were in the presence of the Eloheim where darkness never cometh. And when we returned to our homes, we ceased not to call upon Jehovah and to offer up our praises for the Light and the newness of Life which had entered into us.

CHAPTER 4

1. EIGHT times since our leaving the garden had the moon become new, when a son was born unto my wife Lilith. We all rejoiced at this appearing and on the eighth day when I dedicated him unto Jehovah, I called him Cain, For, said I, we have gotten a man from Jehovah. nevertheless, the countenance of my son Cain was not like unto ours, for he seemed to have the mark of the satans upon him, although this was not clearly visible to the outward eye. But I rejoiced in my son and sought to raise him up unto Jehovah.

2. Other sons and daughters also bean to be born unto us, and soon the laughter and cries of children filled our community. As our children grew, however, we saw in them the signs of sin. This was a great sorrow unto us, for our nature was to do good. Wherefore, taking Eve, my wife, I ascended to the Cave of Treasures, where we worshipped before Jehovah, calling upon His holy name, and even the Names of Names, that He should reveal Himself unto us.

3. And Jehovah spake unto me saying, Inasmuch as your children are conceived in sin, even so doth sin conceive in their hearts, and they shall know the bitter that they may know to prize the sweet. Nevertheless, if they will receive me, even Jesus Christ, as their Savior, they will be born again, even as thou, that they may be filled with Light. Behold, Adam, for this purpose didst thou come forth from the garden, that thou mightest raise up a righteous posterity, an holy seed unto my name. Then did Eve rejoice and was led again to exclaim, Were it not for our transgression, we never should have known the joy of redemption. And we rejoiced together before the Lord.

CHAPTER 5

1. FOUR years after the birth of Cain, a son was born unto my Eve, a son whom we named Abel, for, said I, We see in our children the transitoriness of life and the power of sin and depravity. Nevertheless, this son Abel was a source of joy unto us, for he was filled with the Love of the Eloheim and true to the dedication wherewith we did consecrate him unto Jehovah. After eight years, he was baptized and entered into the covenant, in which thing we did rejoice, for we knew that even in his youth he had been born of the Eloheim. From that time, the gifts of the Spirit were manifested in him and he did begin to minister in the power of the word unto his brethren and sisters. Nevertheless, many of them rejected his words and they did revile him, laughing him to scorn. But Abel went on in the integrity of his soul, bearing witness to the truth, and gathering into the Church of the Anointed all those who would receive the word of the Eloheim, repent of their sins, and come unto the Fathers to be baptized, that their sins might be remitted by the power of the blood of Christ, for as yet none of our children had received the holy priesthood.

2. But when Abel had reached the age of twelve years, he was received into the Holy Order of the Eloheim, and at the age of fourteen, the priesthood of Elias was conferred upon hi, that he might begin to serve the people in the authority of the Most High. Two years later, he was ordained a priest and began to assist at the sacrifices.

3. From his childhood, Abel spent much time with the animals which had become attached to our community. He was gifted in working with them, understanding and caring for their needs, for he could communicate with them better than the remainder of the people whose ears had been closed to the tongue of the animals when we had left the garden. In Abel, however, this gift remained to a great degree; even the wild beasts of the field who feared us, loved Abel and would frolic with him when he was alone. Often we marveled at this evidence that the Light of the Creator had not completely departed from us and our children.

4. Abel continued to grow from grace to grace; he was a joy to all of us who had come out from the garden, and others of our children began to follow his example, turning unto the Holy Order of God and growing in the Light of the Anointed. Often, they would ascend together to the altar which we had placed at the entrance to the Cave of Treasures to offer sacrifices unto Jehovah Eloheim and to worship in His praise. We rejoiced in the growth of another generation dedicated to the service of almighty God and carrying forth the traditions which we had brought forth from the garden.

5. The remainder of our children followed Cain who had entered into a covenant with Satan whereby he had become Perdition, the Master of the Lie, that great secret by which they murder and commit all manner of abominations to get unlawful gain. These had so perverted the truth as to offer sacrifices unto Jehovah in the name of Satan, taking the fruit of the ground and offering it up in an unholy parody of the holy ordinance. But the Eloheim would receive no such offerings and the souls of Cain's people became ever more corrupt and ever more chained to the powers of darkness and evil. In their wickedness, they envied the joy of Abel and the children of Light, turning their hatred against them because they lived at peace with the Eloheim and all the holy angels.

6. Now, in his twenty-ninth year, Abel received that More Sure Word of Prophecy whereby he stood approved of the Eloheim, being received into the Order of the Ancients, the Fellowship of the Fathers, that he might officiate in the Cave of Treasures, for he was numbered among the Eloheim, having received of the fullness of the Father through the grace of his Only Begotten. This was a time of great joy to us, as we contemplated the growth of Zion among our children and the expansion of the Holy Order of the Eloheim. When we considered Cain and his brethren, however, our hearts were filled with sorrow, for they were lost in depravity and wickedness of every kind which the human heart could create or Satan inspire.

7. Our sorrow reached its nadir in the sixtieth year after our departure from the garden. On a certain day, Abel and all his brethren, our children who followed the Way of the Anointed, gathered before the Cave of Treasures to offer sacrifices and rejoice in the mercies of Jehovah. Abel, himself, officiated at the altar, then entered into the Holy of Holies to pray before the Testimony, where the Presence of Jehovah dwelleth between the cherubim. During this solemn time, while all knelt in silent meditation, the air was suddenly rent by savage yells, as Cain and his wicked brethren descended upon the worshipers, their heads shaven and their faces painted in the image of darkness. Brandishing weapons of horror, they fell upon the worshipers, murdering them as their prayers ascended unto heaven, spilling their innocent blood upon the ground, a silent witness to the utter depravity of the sons of Perdition. Cain, himself, rushed into the Holy of Holies, polluting that sacred ground by his very presence, and fell upon Abel as he ministered before the Testimony, shedding his innocent blood before the cherubim.

8. Then did the anger of Jehovah arise, and he spake from between the cherubim. What hast thou done? He demanded. Why doth thy brother's blood cry from under the altar against thee? Behold, is not his blood upon thy flesh, a mark which shall not be eradicated until the end of time? Thou wicked Cain, thou art Perdition and thy deeds shall follow thee for from thee shall flow murder and bloodshed, wars and contentions, until the earth shall hide her face from the wickedness and pollution of mankind. Depart from before my face, for thine existence is a pollution to the sanctity of this spot. Nevertheless, no man shall slay thee, for thou shalt live to see the full measure flowing from thine iniquity, until the final destruction of the darkness of this world. Then a horror of darkness fell upon Cain, so that he fled from the cave like a madman, fleeing the presence of Jehovah, and his brethren in iniquity followed him unto a land east of Eden which they called the land of Nod, for, said Cain, I have fled from the face of the Lord.

9. When our children returned not from the Cave of Treasures, we ascended the mountain, seeking our loved ones, our heirs in the Covenant. On that holy spot where we had found such joy and happiness in the Lord, we were met with a scene of total devastation. Every one of those who had been true to the Covenant lay upon the ground, their blood spattered upon all the holy instruments, staining even the altar of the Eloheim. Our cries rent the heavens as we felt the anguish of a fallen world encompassing us, drawing us down into the blackness of despair.

10. How long we lay in the horror of loss, we knew not, but slowly Light dawned upon our weary souls and the voice of the Eloheim spake peace unto us. Lift up your heads and rejoice, declared the word of Jehovah, for these have died in their innocence, being sanctified by the blood of mine Only Begotten, and they rest this day in Paradise, the first of your children to enter into my rest. Behold, even as your children have been darkened by the power of darkness, even so shall my Son be lifted up upon the cross; yea, in the meridian of Time shall it come to pass, but out of defeat I create victory, saith the Lord Jehovah, for as your children have opened Paradise as the abode of the righteous, so shall my Son open the prison for the release of those who will accept his salvation. Behold, I am God over all and all thins submit to me, both Light and darkness, in mine own due time, saith the lord Jehovah. Then, the air was filled with singing and angels ministered to us until our souls rejoiced in the glory of the Highest and we were able to rise up and bury our dead unto Jehovah. Returning to our lonely homes, we mourned our dead but our mourning was swallowed up in the victory of Jesus Christ over death, for we had seen the power of the resurrection over the cross and we understood the cross as the way of Life.

11. Thus we walked in Light, but Cain and his brethren walked in darkness and anguish of soul. And Cain wrestled within himself, for the voice of Jehovah continued to call unto him, Where is thy brother whose blood crieth unto me from the ground for vengeance? To which Cain replied, Am I my brother's keeper? Nevertheless, he knew that he was lost in darkness and his mind was blighted and he became a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth, forever fleeing his memories and the darkness which pursued him and grew within him. Amen.

CHAPTER 6

1. AMONG our little ones who yet remained was our son Timnor who was blessed with great wisdom to understand the physical laws by which machines might be created and governed. Timnor's sister Ammah was also blessed with understanding, for she investigated the nature of life, unlocking the mysteries of life itself.

2. When Timnor was eighteen years of age, he took Ammah to wife, she being fifteen years. Nevertheless, although the Lord Jehovah had blessed these two greatly with wisdom and understanding concerning the secrets of His creation, they followed not after the ways of Jehovah their Eloheim, for they took glory unto themselves, acknowledging not the Source of their power in the heavens.

3. In the one hundredth year, Timnor and Ammah led a group of our children who, like themselves, worshipped the workmanship of their own hands and the power of their own minds, out of the Land of Cainan unto a valley northward which they denominated the Land of Haner, for, said they, here shall we throw off the ways of our Fathers and follow after our own wills.

4. The people of Haner prospered in the land, building mighty cities in which they dedicated themselves to the fulfillment of every physical desire, but their souls were empty because they did not know the Lord Jehovah nor did they call upon His holy name. Yea, Timnor built great engines with which to deface his Mother Earth, defiling her for his unholy purposes. With other machines of his contriving, his people flew through the air like birds and explored the depths of the lakes and rivers. He created also great instruments of destruction with which his people attacked the people of Cain, driving them into the mountains and dense forests, that they might take their land for an inheritance. Thus did the evils of private ownership of the land lead to war and destruction wherein one people would destroy another to inherit their land and their goods, and the God-given abilities of men were turned into instruments of death and destruction.

5. Ammah was not one whit behind her husband in creating wickedness, for she manipulated the very fountain of life, until she had created new forms of beings dedicated to evil and the destruction of mankind. From this time, sickness and disease began to spread among the sons of men, bringing sorrow and death upon them.

6. Our hearts were filled with sorrow as we watched the doings of Timnor and Ammah and their brethren, for they were led ever deeper into the depravity of a fallen world. Nevertheless, they came not near the Land of Cainan, nor were their abominations introduced among us, for we walked in the ways of the Eloheim and strove to raise our children in light and truth. We taught our children the commandments which we had been given by Jehovah in the Garden and led them in observing the times of worship and the fasts and feasts of Jehovah the Lord. Every seventh day on the first day of the week, we ascended the hill Ramiah to the Cave of Treasures where we worshipped before the face of Jehovah and instructed our children in the principles of His gospel.

7. Thus our days passed in quiet happiness except when we thought of Cain and Timnor and Ammah and their brethren who walked in darkness because they would not receive the Light. Thus we prayed unto Jehovah our Eloheim for mercy upon our children that a remnant might be preserved who would be true to the covenant which we had received. And the world of Jehovah came unto us saying, Behold, your seed shall stand until the end of the earth, for at the end of time a remnant will come forth from among your seed who will bear off the kingdom triumphant and establish my Zion, for the same Holy Order which existeth among you will exist among them at the end of the world. Then in vision I was the generations of our children stretching unto the end of time and I saw the remnant who should be preserved to prepare the world for the coming of the Lord in glory. Then I saw my people in their midst, for we rejoiced together in the grace of Jehovah through the merits of his Only Begotten Son that wickedness will be swept from the earth and the earth will become the abode of the Eloheim. Our souls expanded as we saw these glorious things and we rejoiced before the Lord Jehovah who is the Savior of His people, yea, even all those who put their trust in him. Amen.

CHAPTER 7

1. AS our children grew to maturity and spread abroad throughout the plain of Olaha Shinehah, the people of Cain and the People of Timnor began to come in upon them, driving off their flocks and herds, stealing the produce of their gardens and fields and killing any who sought to prevent them. Behold, most of our children who remained in the land followed the teachings of their parents not to fight, even when attacked by their brethren who had gone astray and worshipped the Lie, or the workmanship of their own hands. Therefore, they applied unto us for relief, for neither the people of Cain nor the people of Timnor dare to come into the heart of the land to attack the Holy City where the Fathers dwelt.

2. When the supplications of our children came up before us, we ascended the Hill Tamiah unto the Cave of Treasures where we appeared before the mercy Seat to seek guidance of Jehovah our Eloheim. Yea, we let our hearts and minds flow together in one before Jehovah that we might part the veil to receive His word. And the word of Jehovah came unto us saying, Arise and take all your children who will follow you unto a land which I shall show you, a land of beauty, a land fair to behold, where ye will be blessed and multiplied and protected against the power of your enemies, for I will hedge up the way against them that they shall not discover you while ye remain in righteousness. Go to, now, and I shall go before you and I will be your rearward, and your children shall know that the power of Jehovah is mighty to save. Then we rejoiced before the Lord Jehovah and we descended the hill to bear this glad news unto our children.

3. Six times passed the moon through its phases while we prepared our people for this great journey, until the Day of Trumpets, the day which Jehovah had appointed, when all who would follow us had gathered together to the Holy City and were prepared to be led whithersoever Jehovah would guide us. Many of our children came not, being determined to fight for their homes and their goods, but we knew it was better to follow Jehovah into the wilderness than to violate the Law of Love in order to possess our property.

4. Many days we traveled through wild and virgin land until we came to a beautiful valley, and the presence of Jehovah ceased to go before us for His voice came unto us saying, This is the land which I have consecrated unto my people that they should dwell thereon in holiness. Therefore did we call the land Shulon because it was consecrated unto us by Jehovah. Then we worshipped the Lord Jehovah and praised the glory of His might who preserveth His people from the power of all their enemies.

5. In the one hundred and thirtieth year, a son was born unto us in Shulon, and we called his name Seth because he was appointed of the Eloheim to stand in the place of his brother Abel. And Seth grew up unto Jehovah, walking in the footsteps of Abel, his brother, and of his Fathers who taught the way of heaven. Moreover, his appearance was like unto that of his Fathers, for he could be distinguished from me only by his age.

6. Behold, Seth followed not after the ways of the fall, but walked in holiness from his youth, glorifying the name of Jehovah his God magnifying the Lord in his soul. Wherefore, Seth became a great preacher of righteousness, declaring the plan of redemption through Jesus Christ, the Only Begotten Son of God, and many of his brethren and sisters began to follow after him in observing the ways of the Lord Jehovah. Thus did the Holy Order of God begin to be raised up again among our children and the powers of the Eternal Priesthood were manifested in their midst. Wherefore, we rejoiced in the mercies of the Eloheim, in the evidence of their long-suffering and patience toward the children of men in leading them to the power of salvation and endless lives.

CHAPTER 8

1. THE record of Corint the Scribe, which he wrote concerning the doings of his fathers from the time when they departed from the land of Cainan to build a great city in the land of Haner until Corint himself, hearing the preaching of my Father Noah, was converted unto the Lord Jehovah and came to dwell with the remnant of believers until he died firm in the faith of the Son of God. I, Shem, have appended this record of Corint to the Book of Generations of Adam, for it showeth the power of darkness upon the hearts of the children of men and the love of God toward His children, even when they are lost in iniquity.

2. I, Corint, am the son of Selah, the son of Arphaxed, the son of Gorun of the family of Lukas, the son of Timnor and Ammah who came forth from the Land of Cainan, the land of our First Fathers, because they chose not to live according to the Order of the Ancients. In this they were left free to follow the desires of their own hearts, although their course was evil in the sight of the Eloheim, for the Lord Jehovah hath made each man free to choose good or evil that by his own works he may be judged.

3. Thus Timnor and Ammah followed not in the righteous way of their Parents who had come out from the Garden, but built a great city of wickedness in which they did practice abominations of every kind, for they knew no law but that of their own creating and they sought only to serve themselves.

4. In the process of time, six sons were born unto Timnor and Ammah, even Teshuesh who was expert in all the ways of governing men, keeping them subject to his will, and he did become a king over the people; and Coriantumr who sought to know the meaning of existence, leading a group of the people in searching for the Unknown God, and they were called the Mysterfiers; and Gringos who followed in the ways of his father Timnor, for he was expert with every type of machine and created many marvelous works for the service of mankind; and Tranter who learned the ways of his mother Ammah, for he did manipulate the very nature of man and best to create new forms which God had not ordained; and Lukas who was a man learned in all the learning of his people, who traveled far abroad amongst all the children of Adam, learning of their ways and gathering their knowledge home to his people where he created a great center of learning to which multitudes came to inquire after the knowledge of Lukas; and the sixth son of Timnor and Ammah was Samos.

5. It came to pass, as the people of Haner continued in their wicked ways, that the judgments of the Eloheim began to fall upon them, for even in the second generation, their lives were cut short through the evils of their doings, so that their days were few and full of trouble. Nevertheless, except for the Mysterfiers, who were few in number, they turned not unto the Eloheim in their time of trouble, but unto the wisdom of their learned men. And in the seventieth year before the Great Dispersion, the people rose up in anger because of the plagues with which they were cursed, and took the king Teshuehs and slew him because he did not free them from he plagues, and they chose Seth the son of Lukas, a man known for his great wisdom to reign in his stead.

6. At that time, Abamah, the son of Teshuesh, who had become on of the Mysterfiers and had been chosen as their high priest, came forth and rebuked the people, for he climbed upon the great tower which was in the center of the City of Haner, and he cried with a loud voice, and his words were carried through their devices into every place among all the people. Wherefore, Abamah said unto them, Hear my words, O ye people of iniquity, for ye follow not in the ways of Eloheim of heaven, but the evil of your own doings hath brought your sufferings upon you. Yea, ye work those works which are forbidden because they bring only death and destruction, and ye boast in the greatness of your power, but you power is dust and ye would leave the whole earth desolate if the Lord God were not to intervene. But the Lord is over all, and He shall bring an end to all your works, for when your iniquity is full, the Lord will bring in a flood upon the earth which shall cover every abomination and wash the earth from all iniquity. Repent, therefore, and turn unto the Lord God of heaven and earth, that ye may not die but may live forever through the merits of His Son. Yea, for thus did our First Fathers teach, that the Son of the Eloheim should come into the world to redeem the people from their sins, and so did my master Coriantumr teach me, for he journeyed even to the Land of Shulon to sit at the feet of Adam, our First Father, to learn the Way of Salvation, and he did obtain a Priesthood, that the powers of salvation might be in the midst of this people. Therefore, repent, every on of you of your iniquities, and come forward to be baptized in the name of the Only Begotten Son of God for the remission of your sins that ye may receive the Gift of the Holy Ghost.

7. Nevertheless, the people were angry with Abamah because he boldly testified against their iniquities, and they would have slain him, but his disciples plucked him from the top of the tower and bore him away to a place of refuge. And Abamah came no more to testify among the people, but he instructed many disciples who bore the message of salvation throughout the land and many souls were added to the number of the believers.

8. Preeminent among the disciples of Abamh was Palai, the son of Samos, the son of Timnor and Ammah. This Palai became high priest of the Mysterfiers after the death of Abama. It was during his days that the Mysterfiers built their great temple in the city of Haner, for Palai came forth to minister among the people. Yea, he went even into the presence of the king Coram, son of Seth, the son of Lukas and denounced the iniquity of the people, for King Doram had declared a great festival at which he could be proclaimed god of the universe and his people the lord of creation. But Palai rebuked him saying, Thou abomination, thou shalt lie as one dead for twenty years, yet thou shalt know all that transpireth about thee and thy followers shall be unable to revive thee, that thou mayest serve as a witness of the judgments of God against this people. And for twenty years, King Coram lay as though he were dead and all their wise doctors could not revive him.

9. And there arose a division among the people as to whether Coram should be retained as King. Now the son of Coram was named Abel, and when he saw the judgments of the Eloheim upon his father, he repented of his wickedness which his father had taught him and went to Palai to become his disciple. And in process of time, Abel became high priest in the place of Palai, and he went to his father's court to teach the people the Way of Life. But there began to be a dissension among the people and Canaan, the son of Pharaxes, the son of Gringos, rose up against Abel and the Mysterfiers seeking their destruction. The forces of Canaan were great for many of the people delighted in wickedness, and it came to pass that twelve years before the Great Dispersion, Canaan did enter the palace of Coram and killed him upon his bed where he had lain for twenty years as though he were dead and Canaan had himself proclaimed king over all the land.

10. Then did Abel and his people flee into the mountains where they had prepared a city in the heart of the mount which they called Palai and there they did establish a society according to the pattern of the First Fathers as it was recorded in the book of Abamah, for they held all things common and dwelt together in love and peace, maintaining unity with the angels and glorifying the Eloheim. And because the people of Abel were faithful to the word of Jehovah and dwelt apart, they were spared when the Great Dispersion came upon the people.

11. For it came to pass in the days of Canaan the king, the wickedness of the people of Haner grew so great that every man was against his neighbor, lovers only of themselves, and even those of a man's own household would destroy him to get gain for their own pleasure. Wherefore, there began to be civil strife throughout the land and everything was in chaos. Then did the Eloheim raise up prophets in the midst of the people, even Abdim the son of Coriantumr, the son of Timnor and Ammah and Conan, the son of Peshar, the son of Lakan of the House of Morenah, and Nimrod, the son of King Canaan. Now the people were angry with these three because they did plainly denounce their sins; wherefore all the people, of whatever faction, sought to destroy them, but the power of the Eloheim preserved them through many dangers until they had delivered their message throughout the land. Then these three men of God were taken by the soldiers of the king and brought into his presence, who denounced them before all the people, for the vision of it was carried throughout his domain, and Abdim he slew with his own sword and Conan he consigned to the flames, all for the amusement of his people, but Nimrod he cast into prison because he was his own son and he would have persuaded him to renounce the Mysterfiers and take up his kingdom.

12. But behold, in that night, an angel stood by Nimrod as he prayed in the prison, who said unto him, Be of good courage, Nimrod, thou man of God, for this night shalt thou see the deliverance of the Eloheim, for I shall lead thee from this prison and from the top of the Hill Timnor thou shalt watch this whole palace turn to dust as a witness against King Canaan and his abominations. Then the angel, taking Nimrod by the hand, conveyed him to the top of the Hill Timnor which overlooked the City of Haner. And behold, a bright light shone from heaven, illuminating the whole palace of King Canaan, and a mighty noise from heaven shook the air, and where the palace had been there was only dust. Then the angel spake saying, Thus shall be the end of all who walk in the ways of darkness, and taking Nimrod by the hand, he carried him to the City of Palai where he became a disciple of Abel, learning from him the mysteries of the Ancients that he might enter into the life of the Eloheim. And when Abel died, Nimrod became high priest of the Mysterfiers, showing them the Way of Life and Salvation.

13. Nevertheless, King Canaan was absent from his palace when it was destroyed, for he was in a place where he resorted to celebrate because of the death of the prophets. And he repented not of his iniquity, neither did his people; wherefore, no man's life was safe, nor his possession. And it came to pass, in the tenth year of the reign of Canaan that a war broke out among the people, and marauding armies devastated the land. For two years, the people suffered under great desolations, as one army, then Anoght gained dominion over various parts of the land. At the end of two years, there was destruction everywhere, and the people began to flee into the wilderness to escape the wrath which had fallen upon them, until only a small number remained with King Canaan in the ruins of the City of Haner. And the only city which remained was the City of Palai, for the Lord Jehovah blessed the people of Abel that they prospered and remained at peace.

14. From this time, the people began to count their years before and after the Great Dispersion, for then were all things changed.

CHAPTER 9

1. THE people of the City of Palai waxed great for the blessings of Jehovah were upon them; their pastors declared the word of the Eloheim and the disciples hearkened unto their teachers and lived according to the Holy Order of God. Yea, all the days of Nimrod were the Mysterfiers diligent to do all that their prophets had taught them, and they did spread abroad from the City of Palai, preaching the gospel of salvation through the name of Jesus Christ who should come, so that many of those who had been scattered in the Great Dispersion harkened to the word of the Eloheim, coming down in humility and contrition to be baptized in the name of Jesus, that they might receive the remission of their sins and the Gift of the Holy Ghost. Thus did the Mysterfiers become great and powerful, and great wealth flowed into the City of Palai.

2. But it came to pass that after the death of Nimrod, Aziz, the son of Hombre, the son of Corono of the House of Coriantumr, the son of Timnor and Ammah became High Priest of the Mysterfiers. Now Aziz was mighty in preaching and touching the hearts of the children of men, but he gloried in power and in riches; wherefore he led the people astray into priestcraft and idolatry. Yea, the more part of the people began to lust after the riches of men and to forsake the riches of eternity, for only a few remained humble, calling upon the name of Jehovah, and even these began to be persecuted by their haughty brethren because they were, the more part of them, the poor and downtrodden. For the people of Palai had forsaken the Holy Order of God and each possessed his own lands and goods so that there began again to be poor among the people.

3. Then did the Spirit of Jehovah fall upon Zildah, the daughter of Phanuel, the daughter of Mikal of the House of Phillias who dwelt in the City of Haner. And she did stand up to declare the iniquities of the people, entering even into the palace of Adam, the son of Toneros, the son of Salmon of the House of Teshuesh, the son of Timnor and Ammah who reigned in the City of Haner, crying repentance unto the people. But they laughed her to scorn, driving her from the palace. Then entered Zildah into the marketplace each day crying repentance to all who would hear. Few there were who hearkened unto her words, but these few met together often to read the holy scriptures and speak to one another of the hope of salvation through the grace of the Only Begotten Son of God.

4. Then stood up Zildah the Prophetess as the believers met together and spake unto them saying, Hear the work of the Lord, O ye who believe in His name; salvation cannot come unto you except ye are brought down in penitence, confessing your sins and forsaking them, that ye may enter the waters of baptism and be baptized with fire and the Holy Ghost. Verily I say unto you, these baptisms cannot come unto you except one among you be ordained unto this power, to minister salvation to the souls of men. Therefore, let my daughter Zildah go up to the Land of Shulon unto the First Fathers to receive from them a Priesthood which is eternal, entering into the Mysteries of the Ancients, that she may be redeemed from the Fall. Verily I say unto you, through the Fall came sin into the world, and through sin cometh death, but I shall send mine own Son after the manner of the flesh to be the messiah, for He shall come with healing in His wings, to overcome the power of the Fall, to offer Life to all mankind. Yea, he is the Light and the Life of the world, even the Eternal God, for in Him shall the fullness of the Godhead dwell bodily. Therefore, let my daughter Zildah go unto the Fathers to enter into the mysteries of the Messiah and receive His redeeming, saving power, saith the Lord God Almighty, Creator of heaven and earth. Amen.

5. Then did all the disciples rejoice in the word of the Eloheim and they spread abroad the message of grace and peace through Jesus Christ, for some began to hear the word and come down in the depths of Humility to be baptized for the remission of their sins. And Zildah chose Luia the sister of King Adam to be a pastor unto the people, for Luia was exemplary among the believers, excelling in wisdom and compassion and the understanding of the holy scriptures. Then departed Zildah from the land to go up to the Land of Shulon unto the First Fathers, to obtain a Priesthood for her people which should be pure and undefiled, a Priesthood with the power of sanctification and Eternal Lives.

6. And it came to pass after two years when King Adam died, that his sister Luia and her husband Noah were appointed to rule over the people of the City of Haner. Yea, Queen Luia and King Noah were devoted to the word of the Eloheim and they did govern their people in equity and truth. Under their government, the land began to be reunited and many of those who had been scattered in the Great Dispersion united again with the people of Haner. And they were taught in all the ways of the Eloheim and became a prosperous and righteous people before the Lord Jehovah. But the people of Palai went on in their iniquities, seeking gain for themselves, and they entered into an alliance with the people of Cain, and Cain, that Son of Darkness who had become Perdition, entered into the temple in the City of Palai where he ministered in them mysteries of darkness, showing himself to be god through satanic powers. And the people of Palai waxed greater and greater in iniquity, uniting in secret combinations for power.

7. It came to pass, ten years after her departure from the City of Haner that Zildah the Prophetess returned from the Land of Shulon bearing the Priesthood of the Fathers in behalf of her people. Then were the disciples glad, for the Lord ministered in their midst and they were raised up to commune with the General Assembly and Church of the Firstborn and to enter into heavenly places while yet in the flesh. For Zildah entered into the temple in the City of Haner which had been built by Palai and his disciples, and she did stand forth with Zueen Luia and King Noah before all the believers, sanctifying the temple to be the House of the Eloheim, cleansing and rededicating it after the Order of the Ancients. Then did the people rejoice in the grace of Jehovah who saveth His people, opening before them the Way of the Eloheim.

8. The blessings of the Eloheim rested upon Zildah the Prophetess and Queen Luia, for they did govern their people for many years, leading them in the Way of Righteousness. And it came to pass, that after many years, Father Seth and Father Enos did visit the people and bless them with the blessings of the Fathers, even the Ancients of Days. And all the People of Haner rejoiced together in the power of the Holy Ghost and glorified the name of the Eloheim.

CHAPTER 10

1. IT came to pass after the passage of many years, that King Noah died, and he passed from the earth, firm in the faith of the Son of the Only Begotten of the Father who is full of grace and truth; wherefore, we know that he entered the Paradise of God to await that great day when the just shall rise to reign with him upon the earth according to the promises of the holy prophets. Zildah the Prophetess also died, but prior to her death, she called Nimrod the son of Agoria, the son of Honato of the House of Samos, the son of Timnor and Ammah to preside as Patriarch among the Mysterfiers. Nimrod was a righteous man who loved Jehovah, his Eloheim, and rejoiced in the Mysteries of the Ancients whereby the power of salvation is kindled in the souls of men. Wherefore, Nimrod did preach reformation among the people of Haner, continually calling them back to that pure order of life which had been taught by the Fathers from the beginning. Canaan, also, the son of Seth, the son of King Adam, who, with Zueen Luia, did rule the people of Haner, was a mighty preacher of righteousness, leading the people in the ways of the Eloheim.

2. Now, the people of Haner did wax mighty in power over the forces of the earth; wherefore, they did amass great wealth, even gold and silver and pearls and precious metals and gems of every kind. Nevertheless, they did not covet wealth for their own profit, but they did hold all things in common and did use their wealth to beautify their temples and give glory to the Eloheim. But the people of Palai, who had entered into covenant with Perdition, submitting to those oaths of secrecy whereby they might murder and commit all manner of iniquity to get gain, were desirous of obtaining the wealth of the people of Haner. Therefore, they did come down in a mighty army against the city to take the people into slavery and possess the fruits of their labors. But they understood not that the Lord Jehovah would protect his people, for king Canaan, having the gift of prophecy, foresaw the iniquity of the people of Palai; wherefore, he directed his people in erecting great barriers of power around the city of Haner, so that none could pass into the city without the consent of the inhabitants thereof. Neither could any missile penetrate the forces which surrounded the city.

3. Thus were the people of Palai amazed, when they came upon the city of Haner, for all their devices could do no harm to the inhabitants of the city who remained secure behind their fortifications. Nevertheless, the people of Palai were expert in many devices, and there was one among them, even Leboa the daughter of Tamar, the daughter of Rachel of the House of Onesima, who devised a sword of light which penetrated the wall of defense around the city of Haner and began to drain the power from the wall. When the people of Haner saw this, they were in great consternation, but Queen Luia stood up in the midst of the people, and notwithstanding she was bowed down with age, she exhorted them to faith in the Lord Jehovah who would preserve his people from the wicked ones. Then united all the people in fasting and prayer, and King Canaan did enter with Nimrod the High Priest into the Holy of Holies where they did pray unto the Eloheim; yea, even from three days were they offering up their prayer while the people prayed without in the temple.

4. And on the third day, when they emerged from the Holy of Holies, Nimrod the High Priest rose up before all the people and exclaimed, Behold, this day shall ye see the salvation of the Eloheim, for they shall come forth in power against the servants of darkness, and all people shall know that Jehovah, the Lord of All, is El Shaddai, whose sword is mightier than all the weapons of men. Trust in the Eloheim; know that they forsake not those who walk in the Way, for in all things, the Eloheim shall be with you until ye rest in their bosoms at the end of time. Then Nimrod and Canaan and Luia and all the people stood with their arms raised to heaven, and from their hands flashed streams of fire. And where the wall surrounding their city had almost disappeared, another wall arose in its place, reaching even unto heaven and the weapons of the sons of darkness could not penetrate it nor weaken it, for the power of the Eloheim was therein, and the power of Light is greater than the force of darkness forever.

5. Then caused the Lord Jehovah to fall upon the people of Palai a plague, and they were sore discomforted, for their priest could do nothing to alleviate the plague. Wherefore, the army of Palai dispersed in confusion and when they returned to their city, they overthrew Coran the son of Lamech who reigned over the secret combination, but they ceased not from their iniquities, for they continued to serve idol gods and powers of darkness, consorting with evil spirits and devils and seeking power over the Light.

6. But the people of Haner, when they saw how the Lord Jehovah delivered them, observed a great period of rejoicing, for they did sing and dance and feast before the Eloheim for seven days, rejoicing in the saving power of El Shaddai whose power of their God, to look upon the great wall which he had erected about their city and to retell the tales of His deliverance.

7. Now, shortly after the defeat of the people of Palai, Queen Luia died, rejoicing in her salvation, for she had seen her Savior and received from Him the promise of Eternal Lives. And King Canaan with the High Priest Nimrod continued to lead the people in righteousness. And they did dwell in peace, for all the lands round about had heard how the Lord had discomforted the army of Palai, and they said one to another, Let us go not up against the people of Haner, for the Gods of that people are mighty who protect them against all powers which come against. And many in the land round about joined themselves to the people of Haner and the land prospered and the people dwelt in joy and the powers of heaven. And many of the disciples journeyed up to the land of Shulon to commune with the Ancients, entering into the mysteries of the Church of the Firstborn and returning to bless the people of Haner with the powers of heaven.

CHAPTER 11

1. IT came to pass that ten years passed away after the defeat of the armies of the Land of Palai by the force of El Shaddai, and people of the Land of Haner began to forget the salvation of their God, for they began to be caught up again in the ways of the world, seeking after riches and gain for themselves; nevertheless, they followed not after the ways of the evil combination whereby they murder and steal to obtain for themselves the labors of others men's hands. But the people of Haner did seek to excel in the goods of the world, each striving to possess that which was above his neighbor. Even in the church of Christ which had been established throughout the land, the spirit of possessiveness and the worship of riches took hold of the hearts and minds of the people, such that many of them worshipped the Lord God with their mouths, but their hearts were far from Him and they established their own ways in place of the Holy Law.

2. But in the tenth year, on the first day of the Festival of the Victory, when multitudes were gathered in the City of Haner to celebrate the destruction of the armies of Palai and the salvation of the city, it came to pass the High Priest Nimrod did stand forth in the midst of the people on the steps of the temple and call upon them to repent and return to the ways of the Lord Jehovah. And these are the words which he spake unto them.

3. My people, Ye know that on this day, ten years past, the power of the Highest was manifested in the salvation of our city from the powers of darkness which had come against it with the armies of Palai. Yea, that great city of Palai which was built as a refuge for the believers in the True God and that Ancient Order which we have received from our first Parents hath become the abode of devils and the evil forces even now conspire therein to destroy all who follow after the Light. But the power of El Shaddai is greater than all the cunning of the forces of darkness and they cannot prevail over us while we remain firm in the covenant of the Eloheim.

4. Nevertheless, O my people, a great danger lieth before this people who have been so highly favored of the Lord Jehovah, for just as the holiest of cities, Palai, hath become the abode of devils, so may any and every man fall into the pits of darkness if he cleaveth to unto the word of the Eloheim. Even so hath darkness begun to invade this land, for many of you follow after riches rather than after the power of Elyon El, the Savior of His people. Ye love to be seen in the assemblies of the righteous, but your hearts are set upon your wealth ad ye spurn those who have not. Yea, ye say that they are sinners because the Lord hath not blessed them with the same abundance as ye have. ye see not that the Eloheim hath made you stewards over what hath been placed in your hands that ye might use it to bless the Lord of Spirits.

5. Verily I ask of you, my children, will the Lord Jehovah bless you in this thing? Nay, for ye show not that love which is the embodiment of the Eloheim, for where love is not evident, there the Spirit of the Eloheim abideth not. This whole people is in jeopardy because of the wickedness of love of self and worship of possessions which hath entered among you. think ye that the power of El Shaddai could be exercised in your behalf today as it was at the time of the Great Victory? Verily I say unto you, nay, for the power is not in you, and Lord of Glory cannot put that power into flawed vessels.

6. Think ye, my children, that ye can go your own ways and then turn to the powers of heaven in your need, and they will be able to work through you? Nay, but ye must return to that way of life which ye followed at the time of the Great Victory, or the powers of darkness will yet come against you and ye shall be overcome of them because your hearts are not right with Jehovah your Eloheim. When our parents first came into this land, they were a lost and fallen people, for they regarded not the might of El Shaddai but gloried in the might of their own arms, for they were mighty in perversions of the right way, but when some of their children repented and turned to the Lord of Salvation, they were accepted of Him and the way was opened before them that they might return unto Him. For the Lord Jehovah loveth all His children and He hath prepared the way for their repentance and salvation through the merits of His own Son who shall come to save the people were raised up in this land who could receive the powers of heaven and we were saved in the day of battle, the day of YHYH SABAOTH.

7. Turn you, my people; turn again unto the ways of Jehovah, that ye may again be a delightsome people before Him, for the powers of heaven have dwindled in you until your mortal souls are in danger of perishing, your nation destroyed, and your spirits suffering the fires of hell because of your transgressions. Turn you unto Jehovah, your Eloheim and put far from you the love of riches and the trampling of your fellowman. Renew in you that Holy Order which our First Parents established among themselves from the time when they were in the Garden unto this day, that Holy Order which is followed by holy men who walk in the Way and shall be unto the end. consecrate your substance unto the Lord that there may be neither rich nor poor among you. Be united with your brethren that your hearts and minds may be one, that they may be one with the Anointed, that having put on His mind, ye may see as ye are seen and know as ye are known. Dwell in righteousness, walking in the holy Law, that the Eloheim may be in your midst, that ye may not be destroyed in the day of tribulation.

8. Yea, my people, come unto the feast of Jehovah, for he hath prepared a feast of fat things for those who abide in His covenant. Know ye that the day of judgment is at hand, when He shall separate His wheat from the tares, and those whose hearts are not found in the service of the Highest shall be known. Repent, and come unto the son, renewing in your souls the Light of His salvation, that ye may not be lost at that day. Amen.

9. The power of the words of the High Priest Nimrod pierced the hearts of many in the assembly and there was a great reformation throughout all the land of Haner, for the word was carried throughout the land and the priests and teachers did exhort the Church in every quarter according to the words of Nimrod, that there might be a great renewal in the covenant. And I will show you hereafter that all the words of Nimrod, that mighty man of the Eloheim, were fulfilled, for there soon came a great day of judgment upon the people, and those who had placed their faith in the God of heaven were preserved while those who continued in the corruption of their own minds were subject to the dark forces which came against them, and the power of the Eloheim was made manifest for all to see. Amen.

CHAPTER 12

1. IT came to pass that Nimrod the son of Agoria, the high Priest after the Holy Order of the Eloheim, waxed old and died, having spent his days in the service of Jehovah, having fought a good fight against the powers of darkness, leading his people to repentance and renewal in the Light. And it came to pass that Indrush, the son of Nimrod, was chosen High Priest in his stead, he having been a follower of righteousness from his youth, and having stood against the powers of evil and set an example worthy of imitation. the wife of Indrush was Lytish, the daughter of Canaan the king. She, too, was a devotee of the Holy Order of the Eloheim, full of the power of the Holy Ghost, a mighty preacher of righteousness.

2. Nine years after the death of Nimrod, King Canaan also passed into the world of spirits, having spent his days in the service of the Most High. Prior to his death, he had proclaimed Lytish and Indrush as the rulers of the people, and they did reign in righteousness in the name of Jehovah their Eloheim. Nevertheless, the more part of the people had become an hardhearted and a stiff-necked people, slow to hearken to the word of Jehovah. Yea, they did pervert the Way of the Eloheim, following after lasciviousness and every form of vice, even erecting idol gods, the workmanship of their own hands, to justify them in their iniquities. For there was no law governing what a person could believe, but Indrush and Lytish did labor with them in the power of the Eloheim, proclaiming the word of Jehovah and calling upon the people to repent and turn to the true and living Savior.

3. Nevertheless, the more part of the people rejected the words of their rulers and would not that they should reign over them, for they would have leaders after their own hearts. Therefore, they did conspire together to overthrow the government of the land, and they did enter into covenant with the people of the City of Palai, taking upon themselves that combination which had been handed down from Cain, whereby they might murder and steal and get gain. But Pagag, a servant of Indrush, was privy to their plans, for his brother was a leader of the insurrection, and Pagag was paid to kill the queen and king and was promised great rewards for so doing. Pagag, however, went to the king and disclosed all their secret plains as they had been made known to him, and the king and queen consulted with their counselors, what they should do in this matter.

4. Now, they could see that they were in dangerous circumstances, for the majority of the people had become enemies to righteousness. Therefore, Indrush, the High Priest, did enter into the Holy of Holies, and there did call upon the name of the Lord Jehovah, that he might know the will of the Eloheim in behalf of his people. And the voice of Jehovah spake unto him from between the cherubim, saying.

5. Hear me, O Indrush, mine anger is kindled against this people, for they are lost in iniquity and have sold their souls to evil. yea, their hearts are hardened against the truth. They trample upon the poor and think themselves happy because of their great riches, but all these things shall be taken from them in a day, for I shall remove all traces of them from the face of the earth. Take those who will stand in my covenant, saith the Lord, and depart from this place, for no many days hence, this city shall no longer encumber the earth. yea, gather thy people, those whose hearts are pure, and go unto the land of the Fathers, where I will bless you greatly, and when I shall lead you back unto this land, it shall be unto you again a land of promise which shall be choice unto you and your seed after you, for herein will the power of the holy gospel be poured out upon your seed in mighty strength. Behold, I am Jesus Christ, your Savior and your Redeemer; wherefore, follow me, my people, and ye shall not be destroyed, but ye shall inherit Eternal joy. Amen.

6. Then Indrush, the High Priest, gathered together the people of the Church, those whose hearts were firm in the covenant of Jehovah, and instructed them to gather together their families and their goods, those they could carry with them, and to prepare their vehicles to depart from the cursed city, for, saith he, soon falleth the anger of El Shaddai upon this place, and naught shall be left to bear witness thereof. On the fifteenth day of the First Month it came to pass that King Indrush and Queen Lytish led their people forth, and it was on the eve of the day which the evil combination had set for their destruction and the destruction of all those who would not join their abomination. And those evil ones, when they awoke to find the people of God fled from their midst, followed after them, but the power of El Shaddai stopped their host and turned them back, those who survived, unto their city again. And not many days thence, the judgments of Elyon El were poured out on the City of Haner, that where it had stood there remained naught to testify to its existence, and thus is the end of all those who enter into covenant with the powers of darkness to fight against the Holy Ones of Heaven.

Reconstruction Book of Giants

THE BOOK OF GIANTS

-The reconstruction-

BASED ON BIBLICAL TEXTS

Unknown Author

My earlier study "Ancient Gods and Giants" traced the biblical references to giant races and individuals in the Old Testament. This article endeavours to investigate further information on the above by looking at the fragmentary remains of the script on the Giants in the Aramaic (about 300 BC) and Manichean (about 250 AD) versions.

Aramaic is believed to be the language in general use in Israel at this time and therefore thought to be the language spoken by Jesus Christ. The fragmentary Aramaic version was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947. The Manichean (also fragmentary) is believed to be by Mani, (c. 215-276) , the founder of a heretical religious sect.

Although it is important to scrutinise the two versions mentioned above, a more coherent story is to be obtained in the Book of Enoch, a version known as Enoch 1. Especially, the Book of Watchers, part of the Book of Enoch. (chapters 1-36). Enoch is one of the most intriguing characters in the Bible, as he was at the end, transported to heaven and did not die in the normal sense.

Enoch lived before the Flood and was the great great grandfather of Noah. He was clearly an object of fascination throughout the centuries and many stories and legends accreted around him.

The Book of Giants enlarges on the mention in Genesis 6:4 of giants being on the earth at this time.

The Book of Enoch is considered by some to be one of the pseudepigrapha collection, so called because the reputed authors employed the name of a notable figure from the past as the title head simply to impart a credence to their story which it otherwise might not have.

Probably the most arresting facet of the Book of Enoch is the allusion to the sexual intermingling of human females with (fallen) angels. The resultant offspring were the giants who oppressed humanity and taught evil. Because of the wickedness which had come upon mankind, God decided to bring about the great flood. We are told that Enoch tried to intercede with heaven on behalf of the wicked angels but was unsuccessful. The Book of Giants expands this story and recounts the exploits of the giants.

In the Book of Enoch, we read that the idea of mixing with human females was discussed and permitted by Shemihaza, the leader of the wicked angels, some 200 in total. The Book of Giants dilates this story, especially being concerned with the activities of the two sons of Shemihaza, Ohya and Hahya. As stated above, we have only fragments of the Book of Giants, part of which is concerned with the fateful dreams of the giants, Enoch`s attempts to interpret them and his unsuccessful efforts to plead with God for the giants.

THE BOOK OF GIANTS ACCORDING TO THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS

(We have stated that the fragments need to be reconstructed in order to achieve a more or less comprehensible narrative. The initial fragments tell of the descent from heaven of the rebel or wicked angels, who brought knowledge to mankind, but also wreaked great disruption and evil upon the earth. It is instructive to see parallel information in Genesis, 6:4. Square brackets indicate (my) presumed connecting material. Round/normal brackets indicate my comments.)

RECONSTRUCTED NARRATIVE

(There are several versions supposedly accounting for the descent of some of the angels to earth from heaven. Rebellion against the Godhead is a generic term. Details are variously ascribed: Lucifer, onetime chief of the angels, was it seems, too proud to bow down before humans, as God wished and furthermore became envious of his maker, and was for his disobedience cast out of heaven. Other angels of like mind followed, and left heaven for earth. Eventually they became known as Fallen Angels. It does however seem as if the main reason for the descent was lust for the daughters of men, which led to sexual intercourse between the (now) wicked angels and earthly women.

The principal transgressors were a body of angels known as Watchers whose task was supposed to be to watch and guide the actions of humanity. Clearly, they betrayed this trust and it appears were the instigators of sexual co-mingling. One of the leaders (at this stage) of the proposed rebellion was one called Shemiraza, who was persuaded into allowing himself and about two hundred angels to adopt human form and go on this venture. It is clear from the above that pride and lust were the main driving forces of the defection. Over-weaning ambition was another. God banned these disloyal angels from heaven and eventually condemned them to an everlasting life of damnation. However, they in some measure retained their power.

The result of their taking wives among human females was the birth of monstrous beings and wicked giants usually known as Nephilim, In Genesis, 6.4 are the words: There were giants on the earth in those days They brought with them certain arcane knowledge but also created havoc among all earth dwellers. It is at this point that we begin with the Dead Sea Scrolls version of the Book of Giants.

THE RECONSTRUCTION

[These fallen angels] knew the secrets of [all things]. [At this time] sin was great on the earth.

The wicked angels killed many people and begot giants [with mortal women].

The wicked (former) angels [consumed] everything that the earth produced. : the great fish, the birds in the sky, all the fruit of the earth, all kinds of grain , [the fruit] of the trees, [even beasts and reptiles they committed sin against] all the creeping things of the earth: they [observed/watched all earthly things]. They performed every harsh deed with harsh utterance upon male and female creation and upon/among humanity itself.

(Two hundred angels had been persuaded to leave heaven for the earth)

The two hundred angels seized 200 hundred donkeys, 200 asses, 200 hundred sheep and rams of the flock, 200 goats, 200 beasts of the field from every animal and from every bird, [for experiments in in-breeding with humans] and all types of miscegenation.

(As a result, monsters were created among all the perversion, due to mingling animal seed with mortal women. Similar to Egyptian Gods, satyrs and possibly even dinosaurs. The historian Josephus mentions that Enoch had business in Egypt, then called Siriad)

[The monsters sought out[ flesh [which would be destroyed or perverted.] Monsters and giants would arise who were lacking in true knowledge because [they were abominations]. Meantime the earth grew ever more corrupt and [the giants more] mighty. They considered [trying to persuade other angels to come upon the earth otherwise their tyranny might ultimately] perish and die. All the time they were causing great corruption in the earth. [If this aim] did not suffice [to perpetuate them] , they would be [finally destroyed.] (they believed).

[The fallen ones] defiled all creation and begot giants and monstrous creatures, and corrupted all the earth, [which was] defiled by blood shedding, at the hands of the giants. But this did not suffice them and [they were seeking all the time] to devour/destroy many/much more. The monsters attacked [all creation.]

(The giants are now troubled with portentous dreams, and Mahway reports his dream to the rest of the giants. Apparently, he sees a tablet inscribed with several names immersed in water, which  only has three names remaining when it emerges. The usual interpretation is that this symbolizes the death of all on earth except Noah and his sons. The story continues.)

[Mahway reported that men] drenched the tablet in water so that it was covered. It was then lifted

 out and all the inscriptions but three had vanished.

(Mahway goes to the others. They discuss the dream.)

This vision is cause for cursing and sorrow, said the group. I, said Mahway, am the one [who will be blamed most of the whole group], of those cast down out of heaven, and I shall have to go to hear the spirits of the slain complaining about their killers and crying out that we shall all die together and be made an end of, when I am sleeping [and dreaming] Bread and dwelling [will be denied me ]. So, troubled with this vision, [the monsters] entered into the gathering of the giants.

Then Ohya spoke without trembling to Mahway Who showed you all this vision, my brother? Barakel, my father, was with me [as corroborator, and.it seemed experienced the same vision] But before Mahway had finished telling what he had seen in his dream, Ohya said to him, Now I have heard wonders! If a barren woman gives birth (parable) [that would be an equal wonder!]

Thereupon Ohya said to Hahya, Are we to be destroyed upon this earth? When they had finished discussing the dreams, both Ohya and Hahya wept before [the assembled giants and monsters.]

Use your strength, [the group counseled]. Then Ohya said to Hayha, This doom is not for us but for Azazel (one of the wicked angels) for he [showed most corruption] to humanity). . . They (the good angels) surely will not let all their loved ones (i.e. the giants and monsters) be neglected. We are not to be cast down .You [(addressing the crowd of giants, angels (fallen) and monsters] have strength and [can resist] (The giants however, realize that fighting heaven is futile)

(Gilgamesh speaks) I am a giant, and by my mighty strength in my arm, I can vanquish anyone mortal. I have made war with them (mortals) in the past but I am not now able to stand against my opponents who reside in heaven, and dwell in holy places. And not only this, but they are in fact stronger than I am. The day of the ravening wild beasts has come and that of the wild man [as I am known].

Then Ohya said to him. I have been forced to have a dream... The sleep of my eyes vanished so that I could see a vision. [Now I know that on the field of battle we cannot win.] Gilgamish - note! (Ohya describes his vision.

I saw a tree uprooted except for three of its roots. While I was as it were watching, [some beings (good angels?)] moved all the roots into this garden [but not the three] 20 .(The interpretation of this dream is similar to that of the earlier one.)

This dream vision concerns the death of our souls, said Ohya, and those of Gilgamesh and all his companions. However, Gilgamesh said to me that [all the forebodings] concerned [only the rulers of earth, the temporal, powerful ones, whom the leader of the good angels has cursed]. The giants were glad at his words. Then [Ohya] turned and left the assembly. (There are more dreams, the import of which is hostile to the giants. The dreamers report to the monsters and then to the giants.)

After this, two of them had visions; they were unable to sleep and they came to their comrades and told their dreams, to the assembly, their comrades. The monsters. They reported that in their dream they seemed to be observing a garden where gardeners (angels?) were watering two hundred trees and large shoots came out of their roots . [Suddenly the garden became ablaze] so that the garden was destroyed and all the water evaporated. Then they went to the giants to tell them of their dreams. (The suggestion was made to seek out the scribe and prophet Enoch to interpret the dreams.)

Let us seek out Enoch, the noted scribe, and he will interpret for us the dream.. Thereupon Ohya declared to the giants I too this night had another dream and behold the Ruler of Heaven came down to earth [and made an end of us]. Such is the ending of my dream. Upon hearing this, all the monster and giants grew afraid and called Mahway, (the Titan) He came to meet the giants who pleaded with him and sent him to Enoch, the scribe. They (the giants) said to him Go to Enoch so that he may speak to you and then return saying] you have heard his voice. Ohya spoke to Mahway, and said to him, He (Enoch) will listen and interpret the dreams and tell us how long we giants have to live and rule on earth. (After a journey through the heavens Mahway sees Enoch and speaks to him of his request)

Mahway mounted up in the air as if upon strong winds, using his hands like eagle`s wings. . He left behind the inhabited world and passed over the great desert of Desolation., Enoch saw him and hailed him [Mahway told Enoch of his mission and said to him that he would speak with him.] Flying here and there Enoch came a second time to Mahway (after he, Enoch, had warned Mahway about flying too near the sun) Mahway spoke to Enoch and said that the giants and all the monsters of the earth await his words. [If the Fall of the giants/wicked angels has been carried out (by divine Providence)] from their days of heavenly glory, can you at least assure us that the number of our days spent doing harm will be added to our lives. We wish to know the meaning of the two hundred trees that came down from heaven. (Enoch, having received Mahway`s request, tried to intercede with God but unavailingly.

Accordingly, he presented Mahway with a tablet which was full of foreboding about the coming judgment, but which offered some hope for the future via repentance.)

The scribe, Enoch, gave Mahway a copy of another tablet (not the one doused in water) that bore his (Enoch`s) own handwriting. The writing on the tablet said: in the name of the great and holy God, this message is sent to, Shemihaza, and all his companions. Let it be known to you (the giants and monsters) that you will not escape judgment for all the things that you have done, and that your wives, their sons, and the wives of their sons [will not escape,] and that by your licentiousness on the earth, there has been visited upon you a heavenly judgment. The land is crying out and complaining about you and the deeds of your children and about the harm you have done to it. Until the heavenly angel *Raphael, arrives, behold, destruction is coming by a great flood which will destroy all living things, whatever is in the deserts and the seas. The meaning of the [dreams/matter is by way of a judgment] for all your evil. But if you now loosen the bonds binding you to evil and pray (for forgiveness). (You may be saved).

Raphael: an angel sent by God to fight against evil and especially Azazel (Enoch it appears also saw a vision at some point. He said the following); A great fear seized me and I fell on my face. * I heard his voice. (whose/ the angel`s?) (The text continues): He (Enoch) dwelt among human beings but he did not learn from or rely on them. It seems possible Enoch is talking about the occasion when an angel came down to earth to summon him to heaven.

Here ends the fragmentary Book of Giants (Dead Sea Scrolls version).

It would be instructive here to look at relevant passages from The Book of Enoch, 1, especially the section on The Watchers where we are told of the corrupting influence of the Fallen Angels, giving humanity, (especially female) forbidden and arcane knowledge. Many of the women were made pregnant by the (evidently polymorphous) angels The story of the Giants is easier to follow in the Book of Enoch than in the very fragmented DSS version. Obviously much is lost of the latter version, beginning and end as well as throughout the narrative.

According to the Book of Enoch, (in the Watchers section), Enoch explains that the 200 trees represent the 200 hundred Watchers (the angels who betrayed their trust and that the felling of their trunks signifies their coming destruction by fire and flood. In another part of the Book we are told that Mahway in his flight, narrowly escaped being burnt by the sun, by means of Enoch`s warning. The three names remaining (on the tablet in the first dream reported) symbolize the destruction of all creatures except Noah and his two sons.

MANICHEAN VERSION (of Book of Giants)

Largely similar to the DSS version (as to be expected) but with several differing details. This Manichean version is even more fragmentary than the DSS text and the fragments are in several languages, Middle Persian, Coptic being some of them. Below I give a summary/reconstruction of the fragments to try to form a coherent narrative.

The version begins with the descent of the wicked angels to earth, because of their lust for mortal women. The angels taught forbidden secrets to the women (and men) which led eventually to the spread of wickedness upon the earth. They subjugate and murder many people. Shemihaza begets two giant sons, Ohya and Ahyah. Other giants are engendered by other fallen angels/demons, who bring ruin to all things earthly. Humankind pleads for help. The giants quarrel among themselves. Ohyah has a dream about a tablet thrown into water, that when it emerged carried three signs indicating coming destruction. His brother dreams of a garden containing some two hundred trees. Ahyah tells of a dream he had in which he saw people lamenting . The giant Mahway flying along seeking Enoch, hears his voice warning him not to fly too close to the sun. He is guided by Enoch, who interprets the dreams, which suggest impending doom for the giants. Enoch`s reply (in his own hand) is brought to the giants, which is a message of foreboding, seeming to predict a time of flood. Mahway goes again to Enoch (living in a sort of earthly paradise) to tell him everything, and then Ohya has a dream in which he ascends to heaven and sees the water of the earth consumed with fire. Ohya, Shemihaza and Mahway have a conversation and seem to refer to weapons. Ohya and Mahway fall out and fight.

The giants are glad to see Enoch, (either visually or by the tablet) and promise to reform, asking for mercy. Enoch however, warns the giants/monsters they will face damnation despite their belief they would never lose their power. The angels descend from heaven and terrify the demons who take human form. The angels lead the children of the giants away to nearby towns.

The two hundred demons fight an intense battle with the four angels. Ohyah and Ahyah intend to keep their promise to do battle. The four archangels bind the watchers with chains and destroy their children. It seems prisons had been prepared for them long ago. Ohyah, the monster Leviathan, and the angel Raphael took part in a great battle. And then, vanished!

COMMENT

The DSS version of the Book of Giants, as we have just read, begins with the story of the descent of the disloyal angels to earth, their illicit union with mortal women, resulting in a giant and monstrous progeny. (We do not know how much is lost from the beginning; it seems likely that the fragment/s we have are not the beginning but tell of events some way into the account.) This much can be echoed in the O.T. Genesis, 4:6 ) Really the early story of the first giants ends here, tantalizingly, and is not taken up until later Books of the OT where further material is related concerning the various races of giants .

There are many references to giants in subsequent Books, denoting abiding belief, by the writers, in their existence and power. The DSS version goes on to relate the evil deeds of the giants and monsters, on earth and humanity, leading to the wrath of God and his threatened vengeance by means of a flood. This much we also learn in Genesis, leading on to the story of Noah and his Ark. The episode we encounter in the Book of Giants, must date at about this time since we are told of the coming destruction of the giants. Because of the evil that the giants had caused (the giants being part of humanity albeit extraordinary) but maybe more so because the human race itself was given to evil and immorality as a result of being corrupted by the descended (wicked) angels, the Lord we are told decided to destroy all living things on earth. This we are also told in Genesis.

The same story is told in the DSS version of the Book of Giants: there is an impending doom. It is at this point that the two accounts, Genesis and the Book of Giants, separate. In the DSS story we learn of the troublesome dreams of the giants, or some of them, that seem to show a baleful future for the giants. (This aspect is not mentioned in Genesis.) As the narrative of the Book of Giants indicates, Enoch is sought to interpret the dreams. Clearly there is much more detail about the giants in the DSS account than in Genesis.

The Pentateuch

The first five Books of the OT Bible are often reputed to be by Moses, (especially Jews).

This is not generally believed now (by other faiths). Genesis, in keeping with the rest of the Bible, has no verifiable date with regard to its writing. It probably grew over the centuries, from several sources, and by many hands. It may date from about 1000 years BC. In its first form, whatever that may have been, but most of the first Bible was lost in 6th century BC when the temple of Solomon was destroyed by King Nebuchadnezzar II of the Chaldean Babylon in 587 BC. It is certainly well written before the DSS version (of about 300 BC) and of course before the Manichean version of about 250 AD, which itself differs in several details from the DSS version. Large parts of the Bible were rewritten during the 70 years of Exile of the strain of Judah in Babylon by the Prophets Daniel and Ezekiel.

Concluion

There is much evidence of one kind or another for the existence of giant beings on the earth in earliest times. Whether one accepts this evidence or not is up to the individual. The bible itself is a collation of stories to which credence may or may not be given. Certainly much emphasis is placed on the existence of giants and the part they played in the biblical world. How the giants came into existence in the first place we are told in Genesis and the Book of Giants.

That they played a large part in the early days of man and his destruction by flood is central to the allusions in the biblical/religious literature. Reading Genesis 6:4 and the subsequent verses sets the scene; the story in the Book of Giants (DSS) follows on naturally to give additional information. Unfortunately, as with the beginning of the text, the concluding sections are missing.

The final message we are left with (in both accounts) is that the (wicked) giants are vanquished, but the mystery remains: giants are mentioned AFTER the flood!

PURPOSE OF THE WRITING OF THE BOOKS OF GIANTS

One of the most important considerations to exercise modern scholarship is: why were the books written in the first place? The following matter attempts some answers. (Clearly ALL the biblical Books had some raison d`etre.!)

MANI VERSION

As we have learned, one of the accounts of giants is by Mani, brought up in a Jewish/Christian sect. As the founder of a new (heretical) religion Mani wished to attract attention by writing several scriptures, most now lost. The Book of Giants is/was probably his most prominent work, composed in the dominant tongue of the area, Aramaic. He wrote hoping that his doctrines would be preserved, and partly to this end, drew on other major faiths to bolster credence in him and his teachings.

One of the main themes/subjects of ancient religious thought and writings was that of the existence of giants and their battles. (Echoes of Greek mythology). As we know, reference to giant beings is (first?) made in Genesis (depending on when this was written) could be as we have remarked, about 1000 BC. Mani therefore wished among other things, to establish himself as familiar with, if not an actual authority on, ancient biblical or religious history and writings. His background -that of Jewish Christianity also motivated him to pen (Christian source) literature and to see himself as giving a warning to others of the perils of not leading a semi-Christian, moral, life.

Not only this, but Mani intended his Book to illustrate ancient Iranian mythology (note Gilgamesh), since Iran was one of his main centers for proselytizing. The story of the giants was therefore adapted to suit his purpose. It is clear that Mani based much of his material on the text we now have since the DSS discovery. Apparently, there was also a very much earlier Aramaic Book of Giants, which Mani also laid under contribution. Though these early stories of giants may be regarded as history , Mani`s intention was to give his version a decidedly sectarian flavor. His main aim was therefore to impress and to steer aright his contemporaries.

Whether Mani himself believed in the stories of giants and their depredations is a moot point. Maybe he did, and this gives his account added moment. Fundamentally, Mani wished to inspire, impress and evangelize. I see no reason to doubt that IN HIS TIME he was successful.

DEAD SEA SCROLL VERSION

The version of the Book of Giants found (in 1947) at Qumran in Israel, is of earlier date than the Mani text, discussed above, and is generally thought to have been composed about 300 BC.

Unlike Mani`s text, which is decidedly sectarian in tone , the fragments from Qumran show no particular religious bias and appear to be (probably) a distillation of giant stories that had been around (in oral form) for a long time . Genesis basically tells a very similar story about fallen angels and the Watchers to that of the Qumran fragments. Clearly the compiler (or compilers) of the story of the giants was intent on preserving this lore for future generations. It is equally clear that legends of giants were taken seriously and their quondam existence thoroughly believed in. The Qumran Book of Giants was on a par with all the other Books discovered, and by no means to be construed as something mythological, but on the contrary was regarded with true historicity. The language of the fragment is mainly Hebrew and Aramaic.

Details differ in the two versions.

Both however, agree on what might be regarded as the main feature: that some angels descended to earth who (and) were allured by the beauty of mortal women by whom they produced beings that grew up as giants. This was not the only aspect which angered the deity, but also the revealing of heavenly secrets to humanity. This story would basically account for evil upon earth and the creation of demons out of wicked angels, as a result partly of imparting arcane and forbidden knowledge (to humanity). It is clear that one of the main aims of the writer or writers, of the Qumran text is to perpetuate the account of the beginnings of earthly wickedness.

Some of the sources used, are derived from Near Eastern myth, (as opposed to the Iranian of the Mani text) as witness the name Gilgamesh, well known in Sumerian literature from the famous Epic of Gilgamesh, a very long time before. The compiler was obviously well aware of these myths/stories, and thought them worth being given a modern (for that time) setting.

The composition of the work rules out a Christian context (as it appears to be a BC construct). It was probably produced by a Jewish scholar who believed the story of the fate of the giants was perhaps a salutary one, defining or reinforcing the then historical context. Perhaps in the concluding section we should attempt to put the Scrolls (or at least the writing/copying of them) in perspective/context.

It is generally believed that the Scrolls found at Qumran were the work of a Jewish sect called the Essenes who flourished c. 150 BC to 70 AD (when the Temple (of Herodes) at Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans). The dates are approximate : the sect may very well have existed before the date of 150 BC. (We still do not know much about them!) It was a time of Roman domination for the Jews and the Essenes may have tried to escape the worst aspects of the Roman persecution by fleeing to the area of the Dead Sea. Undoubtedly the underlying motive for the establishment of the sect in the desert hills was that the followers of the sect wished to practice their own brand of the Jewish faith away from the dictates of the priesthood in Jerusalem They wished to live by their own rules and principles , believing that their way was the true one. They spent much of their time in ascetic, devotion and living according to the roles and rituals laid down in their own holy book. It seems that much of their time also ,was spent in writing - or copying ancient manuscripts: for example, all of the OT texts (except Esther). They clearly wished to preserve these and at the same time to put their own gloss on the stories. A central tenet of their belief was Messianic: belief in the coming of a righteous one.

Some of the scrolls (at Qumran) date from c. 400 BC (or earlier, if not written by the sect itself). Modern research suggests that the Scrolls were not all written (or copied) AT Qumran but that some were imported to place in safe hideaways , to keep them from enemies , such as the Romans, - or main-line Jewish hierarchy who might not approve of Essene interpretation. Apart from throwing light on Jewish affairs at this time , it is possible to suggest the Scrolls reflect a type of nascent Christian thought. As with the NT the Scrolls indicate a messianic expectation based on a dualistic concept of the Last Day, when Good and Evil will be weighed in the balance.

The Book of the Giants

The Book of the Giants

By W. B. HENNING

From the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. XI, Part 1, 1943, pp. 52-74. The transcriptions of the original texts have been omitted in this version.}

ISAAC DE BEAUSOBRE, the Huguenot author of one of the best books ever written on Manichsm (Histoire critique de Manich et du Manicheme, Amsterdam, 1734, 1739), was the one to make the only sound suggestions on the sources used by Mani for the compilation of his Book of the Giants:the Book of Enoch, and the Γραφὴ τω̑ν Γιγάντωνwhich Kenan, a great-grandson of Noah, discovered lying in a field (vol. i, 429, n. 6). The latter work has been identified by Alfaric (Les ritures Manichnnes, ii, 32) with a book whose contents are briefly indicated in the Decretum Gelasianum, p. 54, ll. 298-9 (ed. Dobschz): Liber de Ogia 1 nomine gigante qui post diluvium cum dracone ab hereticis pugnasse perhibetur apocryphus. Of the Book of Enoch, which was composed in the Hebrew language in the second century B.C., only an Ethiopic version, a few Greek fragments, and some excerpts made by the Byzantine chronographer Georgius Syncellus survive. 2 Mani, who could hardly read the Hebrew, must have used an Aramaic edition based directly on the Hebrew text (see below, hmyzd). He quotes mainly from the first part, which Georgius S. (p. 45, Fl.-R.) calls "the first book of Enoch on the Egrēgoroi", but shows himself acquainted also with the subsequent chapters. 3

It is noteworthy that Mani, who was brought up and spent most of his life in a province of the Persian empire, and whose mother belonged to a famous Parthian family, 4 did not make any use of the Iranian mythological tradition. There can no longer be any doubt that the Iranian names of Sām, Narīmān, etc., that appear in the Persian and Sogdian versions of the Book of the Giants, did not figure in the original edition, written by Mani in the Syriac language. 5 His disciples, who, it is well known, were in the habit of translating every word of a text (including the names of months, deities, etc.), seen fit also to "translate" the names of the giants. Thus Sāmis merely the translation of Ohya. However, they kept some of the original names (e.g. hmyzd), and adapted some others (e.g. Wrwgdd). 1

The story of the fallen angels and their giant sons needed little adaptation to be fitted into Mani's system. Of course, the heavenly origin of the Bnē-hā-Elōhīm 2 of Genesis vi, 2, 4, the Εγρήγοροι, of the Book of Enoch, did not square with Mani's conviction that no evil could come from good. Therefore he transformed them into "demons", namely those demons that when the world was being constructed had been imprisoned in the skies under the supervision of the Rex Honoris. They rebelled and were recaptured, but two hundred of them escaped to the earth. Mani also used the term Εγρήγοροι(preserved in Coptic, see texts L, M, P, S), or rather yrin Aramaic (once in a Middle Persian fragment, text D), but in Eastern sources they are mostly referred to as "demons" (Pers. dywn, Parth. dywnin T 6, Sogd. δywtin G, H 17, K 7, cytytin E, δywt ZY ykytin H. 16).

The puzzling clause of Genesis vi, 4: "The Nephilim were on the earth those days," was interpreted by Mani in this fashion: "when the Egrēgoroi descended, the animals, or proto-animals, were already in existence." Mani confused nəfīlīmwith nef(n) = ἔκτρωμα: see Ndeke, ZDMG., 43 (1889), 536, who rightly referred to the formula of abjuration (P.Gr., i, 1461) where the giants and the "abortions" are mentioned in one breath. In Manichn parlance, "abortion" (cf. also MPers. bgng, Sogd. pq) is synonymous with "animal".

We are therefore left with the Gibbōrīm, understood by Mani 3 as "giants". He probably used the equivalent Syriac word, gabbārē(gnbr), which his disciples translated as γίγαντες, al-ǰabābirahin Arabic, MPers. and Parthian kwn, Sogd. kwyt= kawit(Sing. qwy, kwy= kawi); cf. Sb.P.A.W., 1934, 30. In Sasanian times the words derived from the Avestan Kaviwere generally understood as "giant"; see Benveniste, MO., xxvi, 214, and Polotsky in Mir.Man., iii, 901. Thus MPers. Parth. kwis freely used in Manichn texts, e.g. of the Father of Light (M 40), of solar deities, of leading Manichns (both in Mir.Man., iii), also of the First Man and Ahriman 4 with reference to the First Battle (which therefore could have been described as a γιγαντομαχία). 5 However, the word kwis applied only to men and such beings as are imagined anthropomorphous. Where one would translate γίγαςas monster, the Iranian equivalent is mzn, Mazan. Thus the γίγας τη̑ς θαλάσσης(Kephalaia, 113 and notes), whose breathing operations are responsible for ebb and flow (cf. also Beruni, India, 203, 10-11), is called Mzn y (z)rhyg 1 in Middle Persian (M 99, V 22-3). Accordingly, MPers. mzn(adj. 2 and noun) and the related words, Pahl. mā̆zan, māzanīg, Sogd. mznyn δyw, Av. māzainya-, 3 should be rendered as "monster", or "gigantic, monstrous".

The Egrēgoroi and their giant progeny are fought and vanquished by four archangels: Raphael, Michael, Gabriel, and Istrael (Enoch, 10, 1; or: Uriel, or: Fanuel). In the Book of the Giantsthey are called "the four angels". They are frequently invoked by name in Manichn prayers (e.g. M 4 d 19, f 6; M 20), as Rwpyl, Myxyl, Gbryl, and Sryl( = Istrael).

There were no details about individual feats of the giants in the Book of Enoch. Mani filled the gap with the help of the above-mentioned Liber de Ogia nomine gigante. This Ogiashas been identified with Og of Bashan, 4 who according to late sources lived five thousand years and managed to survive the Deluge, thanks to his giant size. 5 But possibly stories that primarily appertained to Ogiaswere transferred to the better known Og, owing to the resemblance of their names. The name of Ogiasis why (wḥy) =Ohyā̆ (Oḥyā̆) in the Manichn fragments, and this spelling is presumably more correct than that of Ogias. Og(wg) indubitably would appear as wg(or: wg). Since Mani took whyfrom an Aramaic text, the ending of Ogiascannot be regarded as a Greek addition.

Ogias fought with a draco, and so did Ohya; his enemy was the Leviathan (text N). Ohya and his brother Ahya were the sons of hmyzd(text H), i.e. Στμιαζα̑ς, the chief of the Egrēgoroi in the Book of Enoch; hence, Στμιαζα̑ςis transcription of hm-(or ḥm?). In the Persian edition of the KawānOhya and Ahya are "translated" as Sāmand Narīmān, but the original names are kept in one passage (A 60). The translator did well to choose Sām-Krsāsp, both with regard to Ogias' longevity (Sām is one of the "Immortals") and to his fight with the dragon (Sām is a famous dragon-killer). In the Sogdian fragments the name of Sām is spelt Shm= Sāhm, as it is often in Pahlavi (Shm 1 beside Sm); Ṭabari has Shm, 2 cf. Christensen, Kayanides, p. 130. Sāhm's brother is Pāt-Sāhm. This name may have been invented by the Sogdian translator in order to keep the names of the brothers resembling each other. Narīmān was evidently not known in Sogdiana as a brother of Sām. According to the Book of the Giants, the main preoccupation of Sām-Sāhm was his quarrel the giant Māhawai, 3 the son of Virōgdād, who was one of the twenty ers of the Egrēgoroi.

The Book of the Giantswas published in not less than six or seven languages. From the original Syriac the Greek and Middle Persian versions were made. The Sogdian edition was probably derived from the Middle Persian, the Uygur from the Sogdian. There is no trace of a Parthian text. 4 The book may have existed in Coptic. The presence of names such as Sām and Narīmān in the Arabic version proves that it had been translated from the Middle Persian. To the few surviving fragments (texts A-G) I have added two excerpts, the more important of which (H) probably derives from a Syriac epitome of the book. Naturally, Manichn authors quoted the book frequently, but there is only one direct citation by a non-Manichn writer (text O). With the exception of text O, all the passages referring to the Book of the Giants(texts J-T) go back to Syriac writings (apparently). They are, therefore, to be treated as quotations from the Syriac edition. E.g. the Parthian text N is not the product of a Parthian writer who might have employed a Parthian version of the book, but was translated from a Syriac treatise whose author cited the Syriac text.

In their journey across Central Asia the stories of the Book of the Giantswere influenced by local traditions. Thus, the translation of Ohya as Sām had in its train the introduction of myths appertaining to that Iranian hero; this explains the "immortality" of Sā(h)m according to text I. The country of Aryān-Vēan= Airyana Vaēǰah, in text G (26), is a similar innovation. 5 The "Km mountains" in text B may reflect the "Mount Hermon". The progeny of the fallen angels was confined in thirty-six towns (text S). Owing to the introduction of the Mount Sumeru, this number was changed (in Sogdiana) to thirty-two(text G, 22): "the heaven of Indra ... is situated between the four peaks (cf. G 21) of the Meru, and consists of thirty-twocities of devas" (Eitel, Handb. Chinese Buddhism, 148, on Trayastriṃśat).

TEXTS

(bcd) = damaged letters, or uncertain readings.
[bcd] = suggested restorations of missing letters.
... = visible, but illegible letters.
[...] = estimated number of missing letters.
[ ] = a lacuna of undetermined extent.
(84)] = same, at the beginning of a line.
[(85 = same, at the end of a line. 1

In the translation parentheses are employed for explanatory remarks.

FRAGMENTS OF THEKAWĀN

A. Middle-Persian

M 101, ato n, and M 911, fifteen fragments of a book, throughout small pieces from the centre of the pages. It has proved impossible, so far, to re-establish the original order of the pages. On purely technical grounds (size of the fragments, appearance of the margins, relative position of tears, stains, etc.), I at first assumed the following sequence: l-j-k-g-i-c-e-b-h-f-a-d-m-M 911-n. Being unable to estimate the cogency of these technical reasons now, because of the absence of any photographic material, I have decided to change the order of the first six fragments in the following way: c-j-l-k-g-i, in view of their contents. 2 Unfortunately we do not know in what order Mani had told the story of the giants. The task of finding the original order is made still more difficult by the fact that besides the Kawānthe book contained one or two more treatises, namely: (1) Parables referring to the Hearers, and possibly (2) a discourse on the Five Elements (here (1) = lines 160 to the end, and (2) = lines 112-159). The only fragments that undoubtedly belonged to the Kawānare c-j-l-k-g-i, while the position of the fragments e-b-h is particularly doubtful. It must be borne in mind that whole folios may be missing between apparently successive pages. In order to enable the reader to judge for himself, all the fragments (including the parables) are published here. The text is based on a copy I made nearly ten years ago (referred to in the notes as: Copy); a revision is not possible under the present circumstances.

Translation

(Frg. c) ... hard ... arrow ... bow, he that ... Sām said: "Blessed be ... had [he ?] seen this, he would not have died." Then Shahmīzād said to Sām, his [son]: "All that Māhawai ..., is spoilt (?)." Thereupon he said to ... "We are ... until (10) ... and ... (13) ... that are in (?) the fiery hell (?) ... As my father, Virōgdād, was ..." Shahmīzād said: "It is true what he says. He says one of thousands. 1 For one of thousands ....". Sām thereupon began ... Māhawai, too, in many places ... (20) until to that place he might escape (1) and ... 2

(Frg. j) ... Virōgdād ... Hōbābī 3 robbed Ahr ... 4 of -naxtag, 5 his wife. Thereupon the giants began to kill each other and [to abduct their wives]. The creatures, too, began to kill each other. 6 Sām ... before the sun, one hand in the air, the other (30) ... whatever he obtained, to his brother .... imprisoned ... (34) ... over Taxtag. 7 To the angels ... from heaven. Taxtag to ... Taxtag threw (or: was thrown) into the water. Finally (?) ... in his sleep Taxtag saw three signs, [one portending ...], one woe and flight, and one ... annihilation. Narīmān saw a gar[den full of] (40) trees in rows. Two hundred ... came out, the trees.... 8

(Frg. l) ... Enoch, 1 the apostle, ... [gave] a message to [the demons and their] children: To you ... not peace. 2 [The judgment on you is] that you shall be bound for the sins you have committed. 3 You shall see the destruction of your children. 4 ruling for a hundred and twenty 5 [years] .... (50) ... wild ass, ibex ... ram, goat (?), 6 gazelle, ... oryx, of each two hundred, a pair 7 ... the other wild beasts, birds, and animals and their wine [shall be] six thousand jugs ... irritation(?) 8 of water (?) ... and their oil shall be 9 ...

(Frg. k) ... father ... nuptials (?) ... until the completion of his ... in fighting ... (60) ... and in the nest(?) Ohya and Ahya ... he said to his brother: "get up and ... we will take what our father has ordered us to. The pledge we have given ... battle." And the giants ... together ... (67) "[Not the] ... of the lion, but the ... on his ... [Not the] ... of the rainbow, but the bow ... firm. Not the sharpness of the blade, [but] (70) the strength of the ox (?). 10 Not the ... eagle, but his wings. 11 Not the ... gold, but the brass that hammers 12 it. Not the proud [ruler], but the diadem on his [head. Not] the splendid cypress, but the ... of the mountain ...

(Frg. g) ... Not he that engages in quarrels, but he that is true in his speech. Not the evil fruit(?), but the poison in it. (80) [Not they that] are placed (?) 13 in the skies but the God [of all] worlds. Not the servant is proud, but [the lord] that is above him. Not one that is sent ..., but the man that sent him". 1 Thereupon Narīmān ... said ... (86) ... And (in) another place I saw those that were weeping for the ruin that had befallen them, and whose cries and laments rose up to heaven. (90) And also I saw another place [where there were] tyrants and rulers ... in great number, who had lived 2 in sin and evil deeds, when 3 ...

(Frg. i) 4 ... many ... were killed, four hundred thousand Righteous 5 ... with fire, naphtha, and brimstone 6 ... And the angels veiled 7 (or:covered, or:protected, or:moved out of sight) Enoch. Electae et auditrices(100) ... and ravished them. They chose beautiful [women], and demanded ... them in marriage. 8 Sordid ... (103) ... all ... carried off ... severally they were subjected to tasks and services. And they ... from each city ... and were, ordered to serve the ... The Mesenians [were directed] to prepare, the Khūzians 9 to sweep [and] (110) water, the Persians to ...

[On the Five Elements]

(Frg. e) (112) ... slaying ... righteous ... good deeds .... elements. The crown, the diadem, [the garland, and] the garment (of Light). The seven demons. Like a blacksmith [who] binds (or:shuts, fastens) and looses (or:opens, detaches) .... who from the seeds of .... and serves the king .... (120) ... offends ... when weeping ... with mercy ... hand ... (125) .....the Pious gave ...?... presents. Some buried the idols. The Jews did good and evil. Some make their god half demon, half god ... (130) killing ... the seven demons ... eye ...

(Frg. b) ... various colours that by ... and bile. If.... from the five elements. As if (it were) a means not to die, they fill themselves with food and drink. Their (140) garment is ... this corpse ... and not firm ... Its ground is not firm ... Like ... (146) ... imprisoned [in this corpse], in bones, nerves, 1 [flesh], veins, and skin, and entered herself [ = Āz] into it. Then he ( = Man) cries out, over 2 (?) sun and moon, the Just God's (150) two flames 3 ...?..., 4 over the elements, the trees and the animals. But God [Zrwān ?], in each epoch, 5 sends apostles: īt[īl, Zarathushtra,] Buddha, Christ, ...

(Frg. h) ... evil-intentioned ... from where ... he came. The Misguided recognize the five elements, [the five kinds of] trees, the five (kinds of) animals.

(160) ... On the Hearers

... we receive ... from Mani, the Lord, ... the Five Commandments to ... the Three Seals ... (164) ... living ... profession ... and wisdom ... moon. Rest from the power (or: deceit) ... own. And keep measured the mixture (?) ... trees and wells, in two ... (170) water, and fruit, milk, ... he should not offend his brother. The wise [Hearer] who like unto juniper [leaves 6 ...

(Frg. f) ... much profit. Like a farmer ... who sows seed .. in many 7 ... The Hearer who ... knowledge, is like unto a man that threw (the dish called) 8 frōag(180) [into] milk(?). It became hard, not ... The part that ruin ... at first heavy. Like ... first ... is honoured ... might shine ... (188) six days. The Hearer who gives alms (to the Elect), is like unto a poor (190) man that presents his daughter to the king; he reaches (a position of) great honour. 1 In the body of the Elect the (food given to to him as) alms is purified in the same manner as a ... that by fire and wind ... beautiful clothes on a clean body ... turn ...

(Frg. a) ... witness ... fruit ... (200) ... tree ... like firewood ... like a grain (?) ... radiance. The Hearer in [the world ?], (and) the alms within the Church, are like unto a ship [on the sea] 2 : the towing-line 3 (is) in the hand of [the tower] on shore, the sailor (210) is [on board the ship]. The sea is the world, the ship is [the ..., the ... is the ?al]ms, the tower is [the ...?], the towing-line (?) is the Wisdom. ... ... (214) ... The Hearer ... is like unto the branch (?) of a fruitless [tree] ... fruitless ... and the Hearers ... fruit that ... (220) pious deeds. [The Elect,] the Hearer, and Vahman, are like unto three brothers to whom some [possessions] were left by their father: a piece of land, ..., seed. They became partners ... they reap and ... The Hearer ... like ...

(Frg. d) ... an image (?) of the king, cast of gold ... (230) ... the king gave presents. The Hearer that copies a book, is like unto a sick man that gave his ... 4 to a ... man. The Hearer that gives [his] daughter to the church, 5 is like ... pledge, who ( = father ?) gave his son to ... learn ... to ... father, pledge ... (240) ... Hearer. Again, the Hearer ... is like .... stumble ... is purified. To ... the soul from the Church, is like unto the wife of the soldier (or: Roman) who ... infantrist, one shoe ... who, however, with a denarius ... was. The wind tore out one ... he was abashed 6 ... from the ground ... ground ...

(Frg. m) ... (250) ... sent ... The Hearer that makes one ..., is like unto [a compassionate mother] who had seven sons ... the enemy [killed] all ... The Hearer that ... piety ... (258) ... a well. One [on the shore of] the sea, one in the boat. (260) [He that is on] shore, tows(?) him that is [in the boat]. 1 He that is in the boat.... sea. Upwards to ... like ..?.. like a pearl ... diadem ...

(Frg. M911) ... Church. Like unto a man that ... fruit and flowers ... then they praise ... fruitful tree ... (270) ... [Like unto a man] that bought a piece of land. [On that] piece of land [there was] a well, [and in that well a bag] full of drachmas ... the king was filled with wonder ... share ... pledge ...

(Frg. n) ... numerous ... Hearer. At ... like unto a garment ... (280) like ... to the master ... like ... and a blacksmith. The goldsmith ... to honour, the blacksmith to ... one to ...

B. Uygur

LeCoq, Tk. Man., iii, 23. Bang, Musn, xliv, 13-17. Order of pages according to LeCoq (the phot. publ. by Bang seems to support LeCoq's opinion).

(First page) ... fire was going to come out. And [I saw] that the sun was at the point of rising, and that [his ?] centre (orḍu) without increasing (? amat?) above was going to start rolling. Then came a voice from the air above. Calling me, it spoke thus: "Oh son of Virōgdād, your affairs are lamentable (?). More than this you shall [not] see. Do not die now prematurely, but turn quickly back from here." And again, besides this (voice), I heard the voice of Enoch, the apostle, from the south, without, however, seeing him at all. Speaking my name very lovingly, he called. And downwards from ... then

(Second page) ...".. for the closed 2 door of the sun will open, the sun's light and heat will descend and set your wings alight. You will burn and die," said he. Having heard these words, I beat my wings and quickly flew down from the air. I looked back: Dawn had ...., with the light of the sun it had come to rise over the Km mountains. And again a voice came from above. Bringing the command of Enoch, the apostle, it said: "I call you, Virōgdād, ... I know ... his direction ... you ... you ... Now quickly ... people ... also ...

C. Sogdian

M 648. Small scrap from the centre of a page. Order of pages uncertain.

(First page) ... I shall see. Thereupon now S[āhm, the giant] was [very] angry, and laid hands on M[āhawai, the giant], with the intention: I shall ... and kill [you]. Then ... the other g[iants ...

(Second page) ... do not be afraid, for ... [Sā]hm, the giant, will want to [kill] you, but I shall not let him ... I myself shall damage ... Thereupon Māhawai, the g[iant], ... was satisfied ...

D. Middle-Persian

Published Sb.P.A.W., 1934, p. 29.

... outside ... and ... left .... read the dream we have seen. Thereupon Enoch thus .... and the trees that came out, those are the Egrēgoroi (yr), and the giants that came out of the women. And ..... over ... pulled out ... over ...

E. Sogdian

T iii 282. Order of pages uncertain.

(First page) ... [when] they saw the apostle, ... before the apostle ... those demons that were [timid], were very, very glad at seeing the apostle. All of them assembled before him. Also, of those that were tyrants and criminals, they were [worried] and much afraid. 1 Then ...

(Second page) ... not to ... Thereupon those powerful demons spoke thus to the pious apostle 2 : If .... by us any (further) sin [will] not [be committed ?], my lord, why ?.... you have ... and weighty injunction 3 ...

F. Middle-Persian

T ii D ii 164. Six fragmentary columns, from the middle of a page. Order of columns uncertain. Instead of A///B///CDEF, it might have been: BCDEFA, or even CDEF///A///B. 4

(Col. A) ... poverty ... [those who] harassed 1 the happiness of the Righteous, on that account they shall fall into eternal ruin and distress, into that Fire, the mother of all conflagrations and the foundation of all ruined tyrants. And when these sinful misbegotten sons 2 of ruin in those crevices and ....

(Col. B) ... you have not been better. In error you thought you would this false power eternally. 3 You ... all this iniquity ...

(Col. C) ... you that call to us with the voice of falsehood. Neither did we reveal ourselves on youraccount, so that youcould see us, nor thus .... ourselves through the praise and greatness that to us ... -given to you ..., but ...

(Col. D) ... sinners ..... is visible, where out of this fire your soul will be prepared (for the transfer) to eternal ruin (?). And as for you, sinful misbegotten sons of the Wrathful Self, 1 confounders of the true words of that Holy One, disturbers of the actions of Good Deed, aggressors upon Piety, ... -ers of the Living...., who their ...

(Col. E) ... and on brilliant wings they shall fly and soar further outside and above that Fire, and shall gaze into its depth and height. And those Righteous that will stand around it, outside and above, they themselves shall have power over that Great Fire, and over everything in it. ..... blaze .... souls that ...

(Col. F) ... they are purer and stronger [than the] Great Fire of Ruin that sets the worlds ablaze. They shall stand around it, outside and above, and splendour shall shine over them. Further outside and above it they shall fly 2 (?) after those souls that may try to escape from the Fire. And that ....

G. Sogdian

T ii. Two folios (one only publ. here; the other contains a wyδβγ cn pqṯ δywtyy"Discourse on the Nephīlīm-demons"). Head-lines: R: pn prβr 3 "... pronouncement", V: iv frytyt δn CC"The four angels with the two hundred [demons ... ".

... they took and imprisoned all the helpers that were in the heavens. And the angels themselves descended from the heaven to the earth. And (when) the two hundred demons saw those angels, they were much afraid and worried. They assumed the shape of men 3 and hid themselves. Thereupon the angels forcibly removed the men 4 from the demons, (10) laid them aside, and put watchers over them .... the giants .... were sons ... with each other in bodily union .... with each other self- .... and the .... that had been born to them, they forcibly removed them 5 from the demons. And they led one half of them (20) eastwards, and the other half westwards, on the skirts of four huge mountains, towards the foot of the Sumeru mountain, into thirty-two towns which the Living Spirit had prepared for them in the beginning. 6 And one calls (that place) Aryān-waian. And those men are (or: were) .... in the first arts and crafts. 7 (30) .... they made ... the angels ... and to the demons ... they went to fight. And those two hundred demons fought a hard battle with the [four angels], until [the angels used] fire, naphtha, and brimstone 8 ....

EXCERPTS

H. Sogdian

T ii S 20. Sogdian script. 9 Two folios. Contents similar to the "Kephalaia". Only about a quarter (I R i-17) publ. here. The following chapter has as headline: γt ny cnn β[cn]pδ[yh w]prs= Here begins: anai's 10 question the world. Init. rty tym ZK n[y] [cnn] mrmny rwγny pry[tkw wnkw ]prs ynk βcnpδ ZY kw ZKh mrtγmyt(skwnt) oo cknc pyδr zy mrch zγyrnt= And again anai asked the Light Apostle: this world where mankind lives, why does one call it birth-death (saṃsāra, Chin. shg-szŭ).

... and what they had seen in the heavens among the gods, and also what they had seen in hell, their native land, and furthermore what they had seen on earth,all that they began to teach (hendiadys) to the men. 3 To ahmīzād two(?) sons were borne by .... One of them he named "Ohya"; in Sogdian he is called "Sāhm, the giant". And again a second son [was born] to him. He named him "Ahya"; its Sogdian (equivalent) is "Pāt-Sāhm". As for the remaining giants, they were born to the other demons and Yakṣas. (Colophon) Completed: (the chapter on) "The Coming of the two hundred Demons".

I. Sogdian

M 500 n. Small fragment.

.... manliness, in powerful tyranny, he (or: you ?) shall not die". The giant Sāhm and his brother will live eternally. For in the whole world in power and strength, and in .... [they have no equal].

QUOTATIONS ANDALLUSIONS

J. Middle-Persian

T ii D ii 120, V ii 1-5: and in the coming of the two hundred demons there are two paths: the hurting speech, and the hard labour; these (belong, or: lead) to hell.

K. Sogdian

M 363.

(First page) ... before ... they were. And all the ... 2 fulfilled their tasks lawfully. Now, they became excited and irritated for the following reason: namely, the two hundred demons came down to the sphere from the high heaven, and the ....

(Second page) ... in the world they became excited and irritated. For their life-lines and the connections of their Pneumatic Veins 3 are joined to sphere. (Colophon) Completed: the exposition of the three worlds. (Head-line) Here begins: the coming of Jesus and [his bringing] the religion to Adam and itil. ... you should care and ...

L. Coptic

Kephalaia, 17116-19: Earthquake and malice happened in the watchpost of the Great King of Honour, namely the Egrēgoroi who arose at the time when they were .... and there descended those who were sent to confound them.

M. Coptic

Kephalaia, 9224-31: Now attend and behold how the Great King of Honour who is ἔννοια, is in the third heaven. He is ... with the wrath ... and a rebellion ..., when malice and wrath arose in his camp, namely the Egrēgoroi of Heaven who in his watch-district (rebelled and) descended to the earth. They did all deeds of malice. They revealed the arts in the world, and the mysteries of heaven to the men. Rebellion and ruin came about on the earth ...

N. Parthian

M 35, lines 21-36. Fragment of a treatise entitled rdhng wyfrs= Commentary on (Mani's opus) Ārdahang. 4

And the story about the Great Fire: like unto (the way in which) the Fire, with powerful wrath, swallows this world and enjoys it; like unto (the way in which) this fire that is in the body, swallows the exterior fire that is (lit. comes) in fruit and food, and enjoys it. Again, like unto (the story in which) two brothers who found a treasure, and a pursuer lacerated each other, and they died; like unto (the fight in which) Ohya, Lewyātīn ( = Leviathan), and Raphael lacerated each other, and they vanished; like unto (the story in which) a lion cub, a calf in a wood (or: on a meadow), and a fox lacerated each other, [and they vanished, or: died]. Thus [the Great Fire swallows, etc.] both of the fires.... 1

M 740. Another copy of this text.

O. Arabic, from Middle-Persian? 2

Al-Ghaḍanfar (Abū Isḥāq Ibr. b. Muḥ. al-Tibrīzī, middle of thirteenth century), in Sachau's edition of Beruni's Āthār al-bāqiyah, Intr., p. xiv: The Book of the Giants, by Mani of Babylon, is filled with stories about these (antediluvian) giants, amongst whom Sām and Narīmān.

P. Coptic

Keph. 9323-28: On account of the malice and rebellion that had arisen in the watch-post of the Great King of Honour, namely the Egrēgoroi who from the heavens had descended to the earth,on their account the four angels received their orders: they bound the Egrēgoroi with eternal fetters in the prison of the Dark(?), their sons were destroyed upon the earth.

Q. Coptic

Manich. Psalm-book, ed. Allberry, 1427-9: The Righteous who were burnt in the fire, they endured. This multitude that were wiped out, four thousand .... Enoch also, the Sage, the transgressors being ...

R. Coptic

Man. Homil., ed. Polotsky, 6818-19: ... evil. 400,000 Righteous .... the years of Enoch ...

S. Coptic

Keph., 1171-9: Before the Egrēgoroi rebelled and descended from heaven, a prison had been built for them in the depth of the earth beneath the mountains. Before the sons of the giants were born who knew not Righteousness and Piety among themselves, thirty-six towns had been prepared and erected, so that the sons of the giants should live in them, they that come to beget .... who live a thousand years.

T. Parthian

291a. Order of pages unknown.

(First page) ... mirror ... image.... distributed. The men ... and Enoch was veiled ( = moved out of sight). 1 They took ... Afterwards, with donkey-goads .... slaves, 2 and waterless trees (?). Then ... and imprisoned the demons. And of them .... seven and twelve.

(Second page) ... three thousand two hundred and eighty- 3 ... the beginning of King Vitāsp. 4 .... in the palace he flamed forth (or: in the brilliant palace). And at night ..., then to the broken gate ... men ... physicians, merchants, farmers, ... at sea. ?... armoured he came out ...

APPENDIX

U. Parthian

T ii D 58. From the end ( ... r t) of a hymn.

... gifts. A peaceful sovereign [was] King Vitāsp, [in Aryā]n-Waian 5 ; Wahman and Zarēl .... The sovereign's queen, Khudōs, 1 received the Faith, 2 the prince ... They have secured (a place in) the (heavenly) hall, and quietude for ever and ever ...

V. Sogdian

M 692. Small fragment. Order of pages uncertain.

(First page) ... because ... the House of the Gods, eternal joy, and good ..?.. 4 For so it is said: at that time ... Yima was ... in the world. And at the time of the new moon (?) .... the blessed denizens of the world 5 ... all assembled 6 ... all ...

(Second page) ... they offered five garlands in homage. 7 And Yima accepted those garlands ... And those ... that .... and great kingship ... was his. And on ... them .... And acclamations 8 ... And from that pious (?) ... he placed the garlands on his head ... the denizens of the world


Footnotes
1 Numerous variants (p. 126, Dobschz), e.g. de ogiae, de oggie, diogiae, diogine, diogenes, de ozia, de ugia, de ugica, de ogiga, de eugia, de uegia, de eugenia,etc. In Migne's Patrologia Latinathe text is in vol. 59, 162-3.
2 See Charles, The Book of Enoch, 2nd ed., 1912. For the Greek fragments (and Georgius S.) the edition by Flemming and Radermacher ( = Fl.-R.) is quoted here. For Mani's use of the Enoch literature see my papers in Sb.P.A.W., 1934, 27-32, and in ZDMG., 90, 2-4.
3 See below A 86-94, and compare G 19-21 with Enoch67, 4, and G 38 with Enoch17, 1; 21, 7; 54, 6; 67, 4-13. On chaps. 72 sqq. see Sb.P.A.W., 1934, 32.
4 Namely the Kamsarakan-k(mentioned often in the Armenian history of the fourth century) who claimed descent from the royal house of the Arsacids. This is clear from the Chinese-Manichn text that preceded the Fragment Pelliot, now printed in the TaishTripiṭaka as No. 2141a, vol. 54, p. 1280A, but hitherto untranslated: "He was born in the country of Sulin ( = Babylonia), in the royal abode of Bu-tiei( = Patī-g), by his wife Mu-i̯( = Maryam) of the family of Ki̯əm-s-gi̯ɒn( = Kamsar(a)gān)." The name Κάρασσα in the Byzantine formula of abjuration (Migne, Patr. Gr., i, 1468) may be corrupted from Kamsar-. Thus there is a grain of truth in the assertion in the K. al-Fihrist, 327, 31, that Mani's mother had belonged to the Arsacid house; ibid., Maryam(ed, marmaryam) is given as one of her names.It is not proposed to discuss the origin of Mani's father here.
5 I have abandoned my earlier opinion on this point (ZDMG., 90, 4) which was based on insufficient material. The important Sogdian fragment, text H, was not then known to me.
1 See BSOS., viii, 583; ZDMG., 90, 4. [Cf. also Bal. girōk, Geiger, No.107.]
2 Cf. also Parthian bgpwhrn, Sogd. βγpyt, lit. "sons of God" = angels (also fem. Sogd. βγpwryt). Thus bgpwhrhas a double meaning in Parthian, it being (Sogd. βγpwr) also the translation of Chin. Tien-tzŭ, or rather of Skt. devaputra.
3 Herein he differed from the common interpretation of the passage (Nephilim = giants), shared also by the authors of the Book of Enoch.
4 M 41: br qrcr wṯ zmbg stft cy whrmyzdbg qyrd d dywn: dw qwn wṯ dw nywn.
5 This word, in the anti-Manichn book by Alexander Lycopolitanus, p. 8, 10, ed. Brinkmann, refers neither to the Manich. "First Battle", nor to Mani's Book of the Giants, as Cumont, Rech., i, 3; ii, 160 sq., erroneously states. Cumont goes so far as to say that in the quoted passage Alexander had given a summary of Mani's work, and Benveniste, MO., xxvi, 213, has repeated this statement. In fact, Alexander says that experts in Greek mythology might quote, from the Greek poets, the Greek γιγαντομαχία, as a parallelto the Manich. doctrine of the rising by the Hyle against God. In ch. 25 (p. 37, 13 sqq.) Alexander explains that such poetical fables about giants could not be regarded as a satisfactory parallel, because they were myths and meant to be understood as allegories. He then (37, 17) quotes the story of Genesisvi, 2-4, which he provides with an allegorical explanation. But he ascribes it to the History of the Jewswithout even mentioning the Book of the Giants. This shows conclusively that he had no knowledge of Mani's book.
1 Jackson, Researches, 37, 67 sq., has "poisonous mass"; cf. OLZ., 1934, 752.
2 Hence the comparative mzndr(e.g. Mir.Man., i) and the superlative Pahl. mā̆zan-tum(e.g. Dd., p. 118, 12 ed. Anklesaria).
3 Clearly to be derived from Av. mazan-"greatness". Cf. also Jackson, loc. cit., on mzn. Hence, the first part of the name of Māzandarānprobably = "gigantic".
4 Thus Dobschz, Decret. Gelas., p. 305.
5 Dobschz, loc. cit., who quotes Fabricius, Cod. pseudepigr., 799 sq., and Migne, Dict. des apocr., ii, 649, 1295.
1 For example, Men.Khr., 68, 12; 69, 12, ed. Andreas; Pahl. Yasna, 9, 10 (p. 71, 19).
2 Shm, of course, transcribes Shm, not Sm.
3 MPers. mhwyA 7, with suff. mhwy-cA 19, Sogd. mhwyC 15 ( = Wrogdad oγlϊin B). Hardly = Māhōi(as suggested ZDMG., 90, 4), for the ending -ōiwas pronounced -ōialso in the third century (cf. e.g. wyrwd= Wērōiin the inscription of Shapur, line 34). Furthermore, there was no Māhōi among the heroes of the Iranian epos (M. is well known as the name of the governor of Marv at the time of the last Yezdegerd). More likely Māhawaiwas a non-Iranian name and figured already in the Aramaic edition of the Kawān; it may have been adapted to Persian. Cf. Mḥwyl, Genesis, iv, 18 ?
4 But see Mir.Man., iii, 858 (b 134 sqq.).
5 The children of the Egrēgoroi share with the inhabitants of Airyana Vaēǰah the distinction of being regarded as the inventors (or first users) of the arts and crafts. For the spelling of Aryān-Vēansee also Appendix, text U. It is not clear whether Yima(text V) had been given a place in the Sogdian Kawān. Ymyẖ, i.e. Imi, is the correct Sogdian form of the name.
1 This system of notation has been used also in my book Sogdica, and in my paper in BSOS., X, pp. 941 sqq. The various interpunction marks are uniformly represented by oo here.
2 But possibly Frg. ishould occupy the first place; see below, notes on lines 95-111.
1 = far less than he could say. Cf. ə hazār yak, GV., xiv, 2,ə hazāra̢ baewara̢ yak, ibid., xvi, 1. Salemann, Zap. Imp. Ak. Nauk, s. viii, t. vi, No.6, 25, quoted Persian az hazār yakī va az bisyār andakī.
2 The texts Band C(Uygur and Sogdian) could be inserted here (or hereabouts).
3 Probably one of the twenty "decarchs" (Enoch6, 7), viz. No. 4 Kokabiel= Χωχαριήλin the Greek fragments, and Χωβαβιήλapud Syncellus.
4 This also could be a "decarch", Arakib- Αρακιήλ, or Aramiel- Ραμιήλ.
5 Incomplete name.
6 Cf. Enoch 7, 5.
7 txtgmight be appellative, = "a board". This would fit in three of the passages, but hardly in the fourth.
8 Evidently this is the dream that Enoch reads in the fragment M 625c ( = Text D, below), which therefore probably belonged to the Kawān. It should be inserted here.
1 Here (or hereabouts) the texts E and F should be entered, both of which deal with the judgment on the fallen angels. Text F approximates to Enoch, ch. 10 (pronouncement of the judgment by God), while Text E is nearer to Enoch, ch. 13 (communication of the judgment the angels by Enoch).
2 = Enoch, 12, 4-5: εἰπὲ τοι̑ς ἐγρηγόροις .... οὐκ ἔσται ὑμι̑ν εἰρήνη.
3 = Enoch, 13, 1-2: ὁ δὲ Ενώχ ... ει̑πεν ... οὐκ ἔσται σοι εἰρήνη κρι̑μα μέγα ἐξη̑λθεν κατὰ σου̑ δη̑σαί σε ... περί ... τη̑ς ἀδικίας καὶ τη̑ς ἀμαρτίας κτλ.
4 = Enoch, 14, 6: ἴδητε τὴν ἀπώλειαν τω̑ν υἱω̑ν ὑμω̑ν.
5 = Syncellus, pp. 44-5 Fl.-R. (ad cap.xvi), cf. Genesis, vi, 3. ἀπολου̑νται οἱ ἀγαπητοὶ ὑμω̑ν .... ὅτι πα̑σαι αἱ ἡμέραι τη̑ς ζωη̑ς αὐτω̑ν ἀπὸ του̑ νυ̑ν οὐ μὴ ἔσονται πλείω τω̑ν ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν ἐτω̑ν.
6 In Jewish Persian trwis "ram" (Lagarde, Pers. Stud., 73), but in the dialect of Rīahr nr. Bushire (according to the notes made on this dialect by Andreas about seventy years ago) t is "a young she-goat". See JRAS., 1942, 248. [trw, Is. 111, Ier. 5140= Hebr. attūd, probably understood as "he-goat".]
7 These lines evidently refer to the promise of peace and plenty that concludes the divine judgment in Enoch, 10. Hence = "each pair of those animals shall have two hundred young"?
8 sārin: cf. DkM. 487apu.-488, 3, "when they provoke (sārēn-) him he does not get irritated (sār-and better, sārih-)." GrBd. 5, 8, "if you do not provoke, or instigate (sārēn-) a fight" (differently Nyberg, ii, 202). sār-, if from sarəd-(Skt. śardh-), is presumably the transitive to syrydn(from srdhya-according to Bartholom, cf. NGGW., 1932, 215, n. 3.
9 Cf. Enoch, 10, 19: ἡ ἄμπελος [sic]ἣν ἂν φυτεύσωσιν ποιήσουσιν πρόχους οἴνου χιλιάδας .... ἐλαίας ....
10 tyor ty[y] = taifrom taihfrom taiγ(cf. GGA., 1935, 18), is ambiguous: (1) sharp instrument, (2) burning, glow, brightness, sunrays, etc. So also is tyzyy: (1) sharpness, (2) speed. One could also restore ty[gr].
11 Lit. "but the Wing(s) that (is, are) with him." The curious expression was chosen probably on account of the rhythm. For the same reason bycis employed in the place of nyin line 73.
12 Lit. "beats".
13 ystyh-is obviously different from styh-(on which see BSOS., IX, 81), and possibly derived from yst-, cf. zyh-"to be born" from zy-"to be born". ystyh-is met with in W.-L., ii, 558, Ri 25, "blessed chief who stands (ystyhyd?) as the sign of the Light Gods." Lentz has ystyhnd, but without having seen the manuscript one may presume a misreading (cf. ibid., R i l, Lentz: pd[ .. ]dg, but probably pr[d]ng, R i 2, Lentz: p.dr, but probably pyrr, ibid., R ii 22, Lentz: n.z, but probably wn; for further cases see OLZ., 1934, 10).
1 St. John, 13, 18.
2 phrystn: phryz-= Parth. prxtn: prxyz-(cf. Av. pārihaēza-, Sogd. pr-γy; Parth. xt: MPers. xyst) is mostly "to stand around, to be about, versari", sometimes "to stand around for the purpose of looking after someone" = "serve, nurse, protect", often merely "to be". phryz-"to stand off, to abstain" is presumably different (para-haēza-).
3 The series of visions in which Enoch sees the arrangements for the punishment of the fallen angels, etc., and of "the kings and the Mighty" (chaps. xvii sqq.), follows immediately upon the announcement of the divine judgment. Hence, frgg. k-gmust be placed after frg. l. Text G (below), which describes, the execution of the divine order, could perhaps be inserted here.
4 It is difficult to decide whether this fragment should be placed at the end or at the beginning of the book. The 400,000 Righteous may have perished when the Egrēgoroi descended to the earth. The "choosing of beautiful women", etc., strongly suggests the misbehaviour of the Egrēgoroi on their arrival upon the earth. The hard labour imposed on the Mesenians and other nations may be due to the insatiable needs of their giant progeny (Enoch, 7, 2 sqq.). On the other hand, "fire, naphtha, and brimstone" are only mentioned as the weapons with which the archangels overcame the Egrēgoroi, after a prolonged and heavy fight (Text G, 38), and the 400,000 Righteous may well have been the innocent non-combatant victims of this battle which may have had a demoralizing effect even upon the electae. To clear up the debris the archangels would naturally commandeer the men. We do not know whether Mani believed Enoch to have been moved out of sight (ἐλήμφθη Enoch, 12, 1) before the Egrēgoroi appeared, or before they were punished.
5 See texts R, and Q (where 4,000 instead of 400,000).
6 See BSOS., X, 398.
7 See text T, line 3.
8 Cf. Enoch, 7, 1 ?
9 On mynygnsee BSOS., X, 945, n. 2, on hwjyg, ibid., 944, n. 7.
1 py(y) always = nerves, sinews (not "fat" as in Mir.Man., i, etc., as alternative rendering). It is equivalent to nerfs(Chavannes-Pelliot, TraitMan., 32/3 [528/9]), Uygur singir(T.M., iii, 18/9), Copt. = Sehne(Keph., 96, etc.), Sogd. pδδw(unpubl.). Cf. also GrBd., 196, 4, where Goetze, ZII., ii, 70, wrongly has "fat". MPers. pai= NPers. pai= Pashto pala= Sogd. pδδw(not Av. piθwā-).
2 Hardly "to". Cf. Cumont, Rech., i, 49, and my paper NGGW., 1932, 224.
3 Or: over the Just God, sun and moon, the (or: his) two flames. The "Just God" is the Messenger (not = bgrtygr, i.e. Zrwān).
4 Unintelligible. Lit. "... two flames given into the (or: his) hand".
5 Cf. Sb.P.A.W., 1934, 27, and BSOS., VIII, 585.
6 Cf. M 171, 32 sqq. wṯ st ngwg ky w b[w](r)[s] mnhg ky hmyw zrgwng tyd w zmg wd tbn png ny ryzynd. wgwn hwyc hwrwn ngwg pd pzd wd wydx pd xwr wṯ dyjwr, kd dwr c wjydgn wṯ kd nzd w wjydgn, hw pd wxybyy frhyft wd wwryft kbyd, etc. "And some Hearers are like unto the juniper which is ever green, and whose leaves are shed neither in summer nor in winter. So also the pious Hearer, in times of persecution and of free exercise (lit. open-mindedness), in good and bad days, under the eyes of the Elect or out of their sight,he is constant in his charity and faith." Although the word brwsis incomplete in both passages, its restoration is practically a certainty.
7 Possibly the parable of St. Mark, iv, 3 sqq.
8 BSOS., IX, 86.
1 An elaborate version of this parable is found in M 221 R 9-23: u nywg ky hn rwngn w wjyydgn wryyd, wn mng cwn kwẖ myrd[ky] dwxt y nyq zd hy, wd pd wryhryy wd gryyẖ byr hwcyyhr hy. wd hn myrd y kwẖ w hwcyhryyẖ y wy qnyycg xwy dwxtr prg myyẖ cy byr h[wcyhr] [h]y. wd wy dwxtr y hwcyhr[  ]. w w ẖ hndyymn[qwnyẖ] wd ẖ wy qnycg ps[ndyẖ?] wd pd znyy nyy. w[ ] pws cyy zynd[ ] pwsryn y c w[y myrd y ]kwẖ dwxtr z[d(remainder missing), "The Hearer that brings alms to the Elect, is like unto a poor man to whom a pretty daughter has been born, who is very beautiful with charm and loveliness. That poor man fosters the beauty of that girl, his daughter, for she is very beautiful. And that beautiful daughter, he presents her to the king. The king approves of her, and puts her into his harem. He has [several] sons by her. The sons that were born to that poor man's daughter ....". Throughout the story the parabolic optativeis in use.
2 For a similar parable see below, lines 258 sqq.
3 zyyg: this word, hitherto unexplained, occurs in the ābuhragān(M 470 V 14, spelt zyg). The sinners, roasting in hell, see the Righteous enjoying the New Paradise, and ask them: ... wmn ... zyg w dst dyy[d wd ]c yn swcyn bwzy[d] "... put a rope (or: life-line) in our hands and rescue us from this conflagration". Cf. Pahl., Pers. zīg, Nyberg, Mazd. Kal., 68.
4 Possibly "weapons".
5 Cf. Kephalaia, 192/3.
6 Cf. āhīd-gar-ānbelow, F 43/4. For a discussion of āhīdsee Zaehner; BSOS., IX, 315 sq. Perhaps one can understand Av. āhiti-as "something that causes shame", hence "stain", etc. In that case Anāhitācould be compared to Apsaras. As regards NPers. χīre, mentioned by Zaehner, this may be connected with Sogd. γyrk"foolish". The word in DkM., 2058, is not necessarily hyrg-gwn(thus Zaehner, ibid., 312). It might be hyl-= Pashto xəṛ"ashen, grey, etc."
1 Cf. supra, lines 206-212.
2 On boγuqsee Bang, loc. cit., p. 15, who has: "the door of the closed (locked) sun." Acc. to Enoch, chaps. 72 sqq., there are 180 doors in the east one of which is opened each morning for the sun to pass through (the idea, familiar also from Pahlavi books, is of Babylonian origin).
1 Cf. Enoch, 13, 9, ἠ̑λθον πρὸς αὐτούς, καὶ πάντες συνηγμένοι ἐκάθηντο πενθου̑ντες κτλ.
2 Cf. Enoch, 13, 4-6.
3 i.e. the divine order for their punishment (Enoch, 10).
4 [Other fragments of the same manuscript ("T i"), not however belonging to the Kawān, show that there were three columns to a page; hence, the correct order of the columns is: BCDEFA. Perhaps this text, too, is not a fragment of the Kawān.]
1 murzīdanis "persecute, harass", not "show pity" as hitherto translated (S9; Mir.Man., ii; W.-L., ii, 556, r 6).
2 ghwd(Mir.Man., ii), ghwdgn(Mir.Man., i), ghwyn-(ZII., ix, 183, 27): the derivation of these words from vi+ hūby Schaeder, Sb.P.A.W., 1935, 492, n. 3, is based on the translation I had given; this translation, however, was based on nothing but this selfsame etymology.
3 Enoch, 10, 10.
1 This passage in particular seems to show that the text is a fragment of the Kawān. There are two groups of sinners here: one is (apparently) to be transferred from a preliminary fire-prison to the permanent hell at the end of the world ( = the Egrēgoroi), the other consists of the κίβδηλοι( = Giants). The digression on their final fate in the great conflagration, under the eyes of the self-satisfied Righteous (cf. ābuhragān, M470 V), is well in keeping with Mani's discursive style.
2 wy-(different from Parth. wy-"to lead") = "to fly" or "to hunt" ? Cf. wywg"hunter" (BBB., where the translation should be changed), Air. Wb.1356, 1407.
3 My pupil I. Gershevitch thinks prβrshould be derived from prβyr-. It is true that "explanation, announcement" fits most passages better than "chariot"! Hence, Mahāyāna rendered as "the great announcement" ?
3 Enoch, 17,1: ὅταν θέλωσιν φαίνονται ὡσεὶ ἄνθρωποι. ptsδ, cf. Skt. praticchanda-.
4 viz. the human associates of the demons, esp. the "daughters of men".
5 viz. the giants and their children ? Or merely the children of the giants ? See below, S. to Syncellus (apud Fl.-R., p. 25) there were three generations: (1) the giants, (2) the Nephīlīm, their sons, and (3) the Eliud, their grandsons. In the Book of Enochthe giants are killed, or rather incited to kill each other, before the Egrēgoroi are punished (ch. 10). Their spirits shall roam the world, until the day of judgement, as πνεύματα πονηρά(15,8-16,1).
6 This passage shows that the Sogdian text had been translated from either Middle-Persian or Parthian (MPers. ky myhryzd c nwx wyn ry wynrd bwd, Parthian ky wd jywndg c nwx hwyn wsnd wyrt bwd).
7 nδykprobably = skill, art, ability (differently, BBB., p. 105).
8 See above, A 97.
9 Fairly cursive, difficult to read.
10 Probably by assimilation from amai( = imaiin Ezra).
3 See above, G 28-9, and below, text M. According to Enoch, ch. 8, the fallen angels imparted to mankind unholy arts and undesirable knowledge, e.g. astrology, cosmetics, soothsaying, metallurgy, production of weapons, even the art of writing (ch. 69, 9).
2 Presumably the stellar demons.
3 Cf. JRAS. 1942, 232 n. 6.
4 If Mani's famous Ertenkwas indeed a picture-book, this Vifrāsmay well have been the explanatory text published together with it; cf. Polotsky's suggestion, Man. Hom., 18, n. 1, on Mani's εἰκών(but see BBB., pp. 9 sq.). There is no reason for "identifying" the Ertenkwith Mani's Evangelion(Schaeder, Gnomon, 9, 347). The fragments of the Vifrās(M 35, M 186, M 205, M 258, M 740, T ii K, T iii D 278) will be published at some other opportunity.
1 The point is that A eats or kills B, after B had finished C. A man killed his brother over the treaaure, but was killed by a third party, etc. The Great Fire will devour the bodily fire which had swallowed the "exterior fire". Hence, Ohya killed Leviathan, but was killed by Raphael.
2 St. Wikander, Vayu, i [1941], 166, quotes my article on Enoch, and my paper in ZDMG., 1936, p. 4, and remarks that eigentuemlicherweiseI had forgotten Al-Ghaḍanfar's notice on Sām and Narīmān. Less careless readers will find Ghaḍanfar's notice quoted in extensoon the page cited by Wikander.
1 See above, A 98.
2 Cf. above. A 105 sqq.
3 Presumably the number of years supposed to have passed from the time of Enoch to the beginning of the reign of Vitāsp. The date for Enoch was probably calculated with the help of the Jewish world-era, or the mundane era of Alexandria (beginning 5493 B.C.), or by counting backwards from the Deluge. Taking 3237 B.C.(but 3251 B.C.according to the Coptic chronology) as the date of the Deluge (see S. H. Taqizadeh, BSOS., X, 122, under c), and adding 669 ( = from Enoch's death to the Deluge according to the Hebrew Genesis), and subtracting the number in our fragment, 3,28[8 ?], from 3,237 + 669 = 3,906, the resulting date, 618 B.C., agrees perfectly with the traditional Zoroastrian date for the beginning of Vitāsp's reign (258 + 30 years before Alexander's conquest of Persia, 330 B.C.; cf. Taqizadeh, ibid., 127 sq.). From this one may infer that the famous date for Zoroaster: "258 years before Alexander" was known to Mani (Nyberg, Rel. Alt. Iran, 32 sqq., thinks it was invented towards the beginning of the fifth century).
4 The name is possibly to be restored in Tk. Man., iii, p. 39, No. 22, R 5, where wy.tδlpwas read by LeCoq.
5 In quoting this text in ZDMG., 90, p. 5, I took wyjnfor what it seemed to be, viz. Vēan. But as the appearance of Bēanin connection with Vitāspa is incomprehensible, I have now restored [ry]n-wyjn, see above, G 26.
1 For the spelling, cf. kwdws apudTheodore bar Kōnay.
2 mwst= amwast= believer, faithful (not "sad" !), from hmwd-, Arm. havat-.
4 Hardly "food" or "banquet" ? Cf. Parth. wxrn, etc. Also Budd. Sogd. wγr-(wγr-) Impf. wγr-, Inf. wγwrt, etc.) "to abandon" (SCE., 562; Dhuta, 41; P2, 97, 219; P 7, 82; etc., appears to be of no use here.
5 Cf. NPers. ǰehāniyān.
6 Cf. Vd., ii, 20 ? But the Manich. fragment appears to describe the election of Yima to the sovereignty over the world.
7 Cf. BSOS., X, 102, n. 4.
8 yrnmis a karmadhāraya, = acclamation(s), cheering, cf. e.g. Rustam frg.(P 13, 5) prw RBkw yrnm"with loud cheers"; it should not be confused with the bahuvrīhi yrnmk"well-reputed, famous" (e.g. Reichelt, ii, 68, 9; yrnmy, ibid., 61, 2, cf. BBB., 91, on a11). But yrnmis also "(good) fame", see e.g. V.J., 156, 168, 1139.

The Book of Giants Introduction

The Book of Giants


It is fair to say that the patriarch Enoch was as well known to the ancients as he is obscure to modern Bible reaclers. Besides giving his age (365 years), the book of Genesis says of him only that he "walked with God," and afterward "he was not, because God had taken him" (Gen. 5:24). This exalted way of life and mysterious demise made Enoch into a figure of considerable fascination, and a cycle of legends grew up around him.

Many of the legends about Enoch were collected already in ancient times in several long anthologies. The most important such anthology, and the oldest, is known simply as The Book of Enoch, comprising over one hundred chapters. It still survives in its entirety (although only in the Ethiopic language) and forms an important source for the thought of Judaism in the last few centuries B.C.E. Significantly, the remnants of several almost complete copies of The Book of Enoch in Aramaic were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, and it is clear that whoever collected the scrolls considered it a vitally important text. All but one of the five major components of the Ethiopic anthology have turned up among the scrolls. But even more intriguing is the fact that additional, previously unknown or little-known texts about Enoch were discovered at Qumran. The most important of these is The Book of Giants.

Enoch lived before the Flood, during a time when the world, in ancient imagination, was very different. Human beings lived much longer, for one thing; Enoch's son Methuselah, for instance, attained the age of 969 years. Another difference was that angels and humans interacted freely -- so freely, in fact, that some of the angels begot children with human females. This fact is neutrally reported in Genesis (6:1-4), but other stories view this episode as the source of the corruption that made the punishing flood necessary. According to The Book of Enoch, the mingling of angel and human was actually the idea of Shernihaza, the leader of the evil angels, who lured 200 others to cohabit with women. The offspring of these unnatural unions were giants 450 feet high. The wicked angels and the giants began to oppress the human population and to teach them to do evil. For this reason God determined to imprison the angels until the final judgment and to destroy the earth with a flood. Enoch's efforts to intercede with heaven for the fallen angels were unsuccessful (1 Enoch 6-16).

The Book of Giants retells part of this story and elaborates on the exploits of the giants, especially the two children of Shemihaza, Ohya and Hahya. Since no complete manuscript exists of Giants, its exact contents and their order remain a matter of guesswork. Most of the content of the present fragments concerns the giants' ominous dreams and Enoch's efforts to interpret them and to intercede with God on the giants' behalf. Unfortunately, little remains of the independent adventures of the giants, but it is likely that these tales were at least partially derived from ancient Near Eastern mythology. Thus the name of one of the giants is Gilgamesh, the Babylonian hero and subject of a great epic written in the third millennium B.C.E. A summary statement of the descent of the wicked angels, bringing both knowledge and havoc. Compare Genesis 6:1-2, 4.

What's left over of the tablets

1Q23 Frag. 9 + 14 + 15 2( . . . ) they knew the secrets of ( . . . ) 3( . . . si)n was great in the earth ( . . . ) 4( . . . ) and they killed manY ( . . ) 5( . . . they begat) giants ( . . . ) The angels exploit the fruifulness of the earth. 4Q531 Frag. 3 2( . . . everything that the) earth produced ( . . . ) ( . . . ) the great fish ( . . . ) 14( . . . ) the sky with all that grew ( . . . ) 15( . . . fruit of) the earth and all kinds of grain and al1 the trees ( . . . ) 16( . . . ) beasts and reptiles . . . (al)l creeping things of the earth and they observed all ( . . . ) |8( . . . eve)ry harsh deed and ( . . . ) utterance ( . . . ) l9( . . . ) male and female, and among humans ( . . . ) The two hundred angels choose animals on which to perform unnatural acts, including, presumably, humans. 1Q23 Frag. 1 + 6 ( . . . two hundred) 2 donkeys, two hundred asses, two hundred . . . rams of the) 3 flock, two hundred goats, two hundred ( . . . beast of the) 4 field from every animal, from every (bird . . . ) 5( . . . ) for miscegenation ( . . . ) The outcome of the demonic corruption was violence, perversion, and a brood of monstrous beings. Compare Genesis 6:4. 4Q531 Frag. 2 ( . . . ) they defiled ( . . . ) 2( . . . they begot) giants and monsters ( . . . ) 3( . . . ) they begot, and, behold, all (the earth was corrupted . . . ) 4( . . . ) with its blood and by the hand of ( . . . ) 5(giant's) which did not suffice for them and ( . . . ) 6( . . . ) and they were seeking to devour many ( . . . ) 7( . . . ) 8( . . . ) the monsters attacked it. 4Q532 Col. 2 Frags. 1 - 6 2( . . . ) flesh ( . . . ) 3 al(l . . . ) monsters ( . . . ) will be ( . . . ) 4( . . . ) they would arise ( . . . ) lacking in true knowledge ( . . . ) because ( . . . ) 5( . . . ) the earth (grew corrupt . . . ) mighty ( . . . ) 6( . . . ) they were considering ( . . . ) 7( . . . ) from the angels upon ( . . . ) 8( . . . ) in the end it will perish and die ( . . . ) 9( . . . ) they caused great corruption in the (earth . . . ) ( . . . this did not) suffice to ( . . . ) "they will be ( . . . ) The giants begin to be troubled by a series of dreams and visions. Mahway, the titan son of the angel Barakel, reports the first of these dreams to his fellow giants. He sees a tablet being immersed in water. When it emerges, all but three names have been washed away. The dream evidently symbolizes the destruction of all but Noah and his sons by the Flood. 2Q26 ( . . . ) they drenched the tablet in the wa(ter . . . ) 2( . . . ) the waters went up over the (tablet . . . ) 3( . . . ) they lifted out the tablet from the water of ( . . . ) The giant goes to the others and they discuss the dream. 4Q530 Frag.7 ( . . . this vision) is for cursing and sorrow. I am the one who confessed 2( . . . ) the whole group of the castaways that I shall go to ( . . . ) 3( . . . the spirits of the sl)ain complaining about their killers and crying out 4( . . . ) that we shall die together and be made an end of ( . . . ) much and I will be sleeping, and bread 6( . . . ) for my dwelling; the vision and also ( . . . ) entered into the gathering of the giants 8( . . . ) 6Q8 ( . . . ) Ohya and he said to Mahway ( . . . ) 2( . . . ) without trembling. Who showed you all this vision, (my) brother? 3( . . . ) Barakel, my father, was with me. 4( . . . ) Before Mahway had finished telling what (he had seen . . . ) 5( . . . said) to him, Now I have heard wonders! If a barren woman gives birth ( . . . ) 4Q530 Frag. 4 3(There)upon Ohya said to Ha(hya . . . ) 4( . . . to be destroyed) from upon the earth and ( . . . ) 5( . . . the ea)rth. When 6( . . . ) they wept before (the giants . . . ) 4Q530 Frag. 7 3( . . . ) your strength ( . . . ) 4( . . . ) 5 Thereupon Ohya (said) to Hahya ( . . . ) Then he answered, It is not for 6us, but for Azaiel, for he did ( . . . the children of) angels 7 are the giants, and they would not let all their poved ones) be neglected (. . . we have) not been cast down; you have strength ( . . . ) The giants realize the futility of fighting against the forces of heaven. The first speaker may be Gilgamesh. 4Q531 Frag. 1 3( . . . I am a) giant, and by the mighty strength of my arm and my own great strength 4( . . . any)one mortal, and I have made war against them; but I am not ( . . . ) able to stand against them, for my opponents 6( . . . ) reside in (Heav)en, and they dwell in the holy places. And not 7( . . . they) are stronger than I. 8( . . . ) of the wild beast has come, and the wild man they call (me). 9( . . . ) Then Ohya said to him, I have been forced to have a dream ( . . . ) the sleep of my eyes (vanished), to let me see a vision. Now I know that on ( . . . ) 11-12( . . . ) Gilgamesh ( . . . ) Ohya's dream vision is of a tree that is uprooted except for three of its roots; the vision's import is the same as that of the first dream. 6Q8 Frag. 2 1three of its roots ( . . . ) (while) I was (watching,) there came ( . . . they moved the roots into) 3 this garden, all of them, and not ( . . . ) Ohya tries to avoid the implications of the visions. Above he stated that it referred only to the demon Azazel; here he suggests that the destruction is for the earthly rulers alone. 4Q530 Col. 2 1 concerns the death of our souls ( . . . ) and all his comrades, (and Oh)ya told them what Gilgamesh said to him 2( . . . ) and it was said ( . . . ) "concerning ( . . . ) the leader has cursed the potentates" 3 and the giants were glad at his words. Then he turned and left ( . . . ) More dreams afflict the giants. The details of this vision are obscure, but it bodes ill for the giants. The dreamers speak first to the monsters, then to the giants. Thereupon two of them had dreams 4 and the sleep of their eye, fled from them, and they arose and came to ( . . . and told) their dreams, and said in the assembly of (their comrades) the monsters 6( . . . In) my dream I was watching this very night 7(and there was a garden . . . ) gardeners and they were watering 8( . . . two hundred trees and) large shoots came out of their root 9( . . . ) all the water, and the fire burned all 10(the garden . . . ) They found the giants to tell them 11(the dream . . . ) Someone suggests that Enoch be found to interpret the vision. ( . . . to Enoch) the noted scribe, and he will interpret for us 12 the dream. Thereupon his fellow Ohya declared and said to the giants, 13 I too had a dream this night, O giants, and, behold, the Ruler of Heaven came down to earth 14( . . . ) and such is the end of the dream. (Thereupon) all the giants (and monsters! grew afraid 15 and called Mahway. He came to them and the giants pleaded with him and sent him to Enoch 16(the noted scribe). They said to him, Go ( . . . ) to you that 17( . . . ) you have heard his voice. And he said to him, He wil 1 ( . . . and) interpret the dreams ( . . . ) Col. 3 3( . . . ) how long the giants have to live. ( . . . ) After a cosmic journey Mahway comes to Enoch and makes his request. ( . . . he mounted up in the air) 4 like strong winds, and flew with his hands like ea(gles . . . he left behind) 5 the inhabited world and passed over Desolation, the great desert ( . . . ) 6 and Enoch saw him and hailed him, and Mahway said to him ( . . . ) 7 hither and thither a second time to Mahway ( . . . The giants awaig 8 your words, and all the monsters of the earth. If ( . . . ) has been carried ( . . . ) 9 from the days of ( . . . ) their ( . . . ) and they will be added ( . . . ) 10( . . . ) we would know from you their meaning ( . . . ) 11( . . . two hundred tr)ees that from heaven (came down. . . ) Enoch sends back a tablet with its grim message of judgment, but with hope for repentance. 4Q530 Frag. 2 The scribe (Enoch . . . ) 2( . . . ) 3 a copy of the second tablet that (Epoch) se(nt . . . ) 4 in the very handwriting of Enoch the noted scribe ( . . . In the name of God the great) 5 and holy one, to Shemihaza and all (his companions . . . ) 6 let it be known to you that not ( . . . ) 7 and the things you have done, and that your wives ( . . . ) 8 they and their sons and the wives of (their sons . . . ) 9 by your licentiousness on the earth, and there has been upon you ( . . . and the land is crying out) 10 and complaining about you and the deeds of your children ( . . . ) 11 the harm that you have done to it. ( . . . ) 12 until Raphael arrives, behold, destruction (is coming, a great flood, and it will destroy all living things) 13 and whatever is in the deserts and the seas. And the meaning of the matter ( . . . ) 14 upon you for evil. But now, loosen the bonds bi(nding you to evil . . . ) l5 and pray. A fragment apparently detailing a vision that Enoch saw. 4Q531 Frag. 7 3( . . . great fear) seized me and I fell on my face; I heard his voice ( . . . ) 4( . . . ) he dwelt among human beings but he did not learn from them ( . . . )

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