COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

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CHAPTER VI

SCOTLAND -- KEY TO HISTORY OF NEW WORLD

The Key to the history of the New World has been lost. Not a single historian or archaeologist knows the true origin of American Indian civilization. And no wonder! They have thrown away the keys to that history. One of those keys will be found in Danish history. The other -- and most important -- key in the checkered history of rugged Scotland.

WHAT HISTORIANS CLAIM

The famous eight-volume 'History of Scotland', by John Hill Burton, begins the history of Scotland this way: 'It is in the year 80 of the Christian era that the territory in later times known as Scotland comes out of utter darkness, and is seen to join the current of authentic history. In that year Julius Agricola brought Roman troops north ....'

This is a typical -- but mistaken -- view of Scottish history.

Historians have made an idol out of Roman records. What the Romans either refused to preserve, or carelessly neglected to record, is all too often treated with contempt by modern historians. Scotland was never long under the Roman heel. The Romans were not particularly interested in its rocky highlands. Consequently they did not occupy themselves with recording the major events of the past that befell its inhabitants.

Today, numerous documents are available covering the history of Scotland from very early times. These chronicles are usually disparaged in historical circles -- or at most treated as quaint and curious documents. But to restore the lost history of Scotland from them is frowned on with disdain.

Yet in these records are the missing links which, until now, have sundered the Old World from the New. It is time the true story of Scotland were made known. Here, in outline form, are the major events that make Scottish history.

FIRST MAJOR SETTLEMENT

The geographic location of Scotland is important in its history. Scotland is the link between Scandinavia and Britain and Ireland. Its shores provide control of the far reaches of the North Sea and the ocean. Scotland was consequently invaded, peaceably and by frightful devastation, several times in its history.

The first permanent settlement of Scotland, for which we have recorded history, begins with the coming of Danus I of Denmark in 1040. When the Cimbric tribes called upon an heir of the Trojan throne to establish his domain in Denmark, Odin responded immediately.

Out of southeastern Europe he marched into Denmark. Coming with him was a mixed tribe known as the Agathyrsi. Agathirsi was their name, declares an old Scottish Chronicle. ('Controversial Issues in Scottish History', by W. H. Gregg, p. 125.) Odin settled them in Scotland under their leader Cruithne -- after whom they were called Cruithnians or Cruithne. Herodotus, the Greek historian, traces the Agathyrsi to their origin in the Scythian plains of what is now the southern Ukraine The Agathyrsi were a mixed race. Various struggles led to a catastrophe among the Agathyrsi who came with Odin. They found themselves without women!

As a consequence they sought wives among neighboring tribes. They landed in Ireland at the time of the establishment of the Milesian monarchy under Ghede the Herimon (1016-1002). Following a few skirmishess an agreement was reached. The Milesians of Ireland agreed to give wives to the Agathyrsi from their daughters on one condition: that the Agathyrsi would pass on their inheritance through their daughters, not their sons. This was to acknowledge that any royalty which might follow derived kingship from their Milesian wives, not from the Agathyrsi men.

On this condition the Agathyrsi departed again for Scotland.

LINE OF JUDAH IN SCOTLAND

The women who journeyed in that day to Scotland were Milesians -- of the family of Mileadh. In volume I of the Compendium the history of the kingly line from Mileadh to the present throne in Great Britain was given in its entirety. Its ancient connection with the throne of David, in Judah, was made plain. But the genealogy of Mileadh was not included.

The line of Mileadh, in Irish records, properly begins with Easru in Egypt. The name Easru is Old Irish for Ezra or Azariah.

Easru was a friend of Moses. One Irish tradition has him crossing the Red Sea with the children of Israel. Another tradition has him journeying, after the Exodus, to Scythia. Irish annalists became confused by these two movements of Easru and his family. It never occurred to them that he might have crossed the Red Sea with Moses, and then, at a later time journeyed to Scythia.

No Irish records preserve the ancestry of Easru or Azariah. Many myths were later created by Irish monks to account for this blank. It seems not to have occurred to them that the Bible might record the ancestry of Easru, ending at the Exodus.

The previous volume of the Compendium established the significant fact that the symbol of the line of Easru and Mileadh was the Crimson or Red Branch -- signifying the royal line Zarah, Judah's son (Genesis 38:30). Now open the Bible to the genealogy of Judah. 'And the sons of Zarah: Zimri, and Ethan, and Heman, and Calcol, and Dara .... And the sons of Ethan: Azariah' (I Chronicles 2:6, 8).

Here is an Azariah, of the family of Judah -- and of Zarah, the Red Branch. Azariah was of the same generation as Moses -- both were great-great-grandsons of Jacob (compare with Exodus 6:16-20). Notice also that Azariah's descendants did not enter Palestine. His genealogy is not continued beyond the Exodus. That is significant.

Further, the name Azariah in Hebrew is often shortened to Ezra (see any Biblical encyclopaedia). Its Old Irish form would be Easru. So here we have an Azariah (or Ezra), of the same generation as Moses, Living at the time of the Exodus, whose descendants did not settle in Palestine, and who was of the Crimson Branch. At the same time Irish history reveals an Easru -- Old Irish for Azariah or Ezra -- living in Moses' day, crossing the Red Sea, but not settling in Palestine, whose descendants in after generations used the symbol of the Crimson Branch! Here is the line of Zarah -- Judah! Easru is Azariah, Judah's great-great-grandson.

In chart form (from the Bible and Stokvis' Manuel) the Milesian princely line appears thus:

Jacob

Judah

Zarah

Ezra

Ethan

Azariah, who is Easru

Sru

Eibher Scot

Beogamon

Ogamon

Tait

Agnamhan

Lamhfinn

Heber Glunfionn

Agnonfinn

Eimhear Glas

Nenuaill

Nuadhat

Aldoid

Earchada

Deaghata

Bratha

Breogan

Bile

Mileadh

Ghede the Herimon, now gave daughters of the royal family to the Cruithne. From these noble women sprang a line of kings that finally united with the Scots in the person of Kenneth Mac Alpin in 843.

In after ages the Cruithne came to be known, falsely, as Picts. The true Picts were another people altogether -- an uncivilized people who painted themselves. Because the Cruithne ruled over the Picts who lived in the Scottish highlands, later writers called them both 'Picts.' The wild, unsettled Picts later disappeared from Scotland. Where? -- historians do not know. But Scottish history tells!

But first, to summarize the story of the half-Jewish kings who descended from the Cruithnians and the Hebrew Milesian women.

EARLIEST HISTORY OF SCOTLAND

The complete king list -- and an accurate chronology of all the kings of the Cruithne -- has come down to us in the 'Pictish Chronicle.' The record begins with the first settlement of the Agathyrsi in 1040. That is the year they were planted in Northwest Europe by Odin of Denmark, who led them out of their ancient homeland in Thrace.

The 'Pictish Chronicle' begins with the name of Cruithne and seven sons, who divided the Scottish realm between them. The entire period from the first migration in 1040 to the death of Cruithne and his sons was 100 years. Thereafter the royal line was inherited from the mother's side, not the father's, in accordance with the original agreement with the Milesians.

The following chart is taken from the 'Pictish Chronicle.'

Lengths of Reign

Dates Cruidne (or Cruithne), son of Cinge (or Kinne), father of the Agathyrsi dwelling in Scotland. 100 1040- 940

The seven sons of Cruithne:

Circui
Fidaich	40
Forteim	70
Floclaid	30
Got	12
Ce, that is, Cecircum	15
Fibaid	24

The entire period of Cruithne and his seven sons is contained in the 100 years assigned to Cruithne. None of the sons' reigns can be dated. The kingship after 940 was passed on to the following:

Gedeolgudach	80	940-860
Denbacan	100	860-760
Finnechta (Olfinecta)	60	760-700
Guididgaedbrecach	50	700-650
Gestgurtich	40	650-610
Wurgest	30	610-580
Brudebout	48	580-532

'From Brudebout descended 30 kings of the name of Brude, who reigned during 150 years in Ireland and in Albany,' records the Chronicle. Albany was the seat of authority in Scotland. The following names indicate that the realm was divided into numerous principalities -- probably 15 -- over each of which two generations of kinglets reigned.

Thirty kings by name of Brude

150

532-382

Brude Gest	Brude Uleo
Brude Urgest	Brude Gant
Brude Point	Brude Urgant
Brude Urpoint	Brude Gnith
Brude Leo	Brude Urgnith
Brude Feth	Brude Gart
Brude Urfeichir	Brude Urgart
Brude Cal	Brude Clnd
Brude Urcal	Brude Urclnd
Brude Cint	Brude Uip
Brude Urcint	Brude Uruip
Brude Feth	Brude Grith
Brude Urfeth	Brude Urgrith
Brude Ru	Brude Muin
Brude Ero	Brude Urmuin

Gilgidi	101	382-281
Tharan	100	281-181
Morleo	15	181-166
Deocilunan	40	166-126
Cimoiod, son of Arcois	7	126-119
Deord	50	119- 69
Bliciblitherth	5	69- 64
Dectoteric, brother of Diu	40	64- 24
Usconbuts	30	24 B.C.- 7 A.D.
Carvorst	40	7- 47
Deoartavois	20	47- 67
Uist	50	67-117
Ru	100	117-217
Gartnaithboc	4	217-221
Vere	9	221-230
Breth, son of Buthut	7	230-237
Vipoignamet	30	237-267
Canutulachma	4	267-271
Wradech Vechla	2	271-273
Garnaichdi Uber	60	273-333
Talore, son of Achivir -- (Nectanus, a contemporary Pictish king was slain in 361)	75	333-408
Drust, son of Erp or Irb	45	408-453

Though the 'Pictish Chronicle' continues the history of the Cruithne without interruption, it is important that the list be stopped here to discover who Drust, the son of Erp, was.

EARLY LINE OF SCOTTISH KINGS

Erp is the Pictish name for the Scottish Erc. Who was this Erc?

Late Scottish historians confused this Erp or Erc with Erc the father of Fearghus. Fearghus mac Erc reigned 513-529. This was about a century after Drust mac Erp (or Erc). The two Ercs are not the same person. This is clearly proofd by all early Scottish historians. 'In two particulars at least, none of the early writers have disagreed: that in the year 503 an invasion of Caledonia took place under the leadership of Fergus mac Erc, and that he and his followers had come to stay' ('Controversial Issues in Scottish History', Gregg, page 35).

Then who was the other Erc whose son, a century earlier, returned to rule over the Picts? The answer is found in the early history of the Scots who migrated from Scythia in the year 331-330.

In 331 Alexander the Great overthrew the Persian realm. Many nations who had been held in virtual slavery gained their freedom. One of these people was the House of Israel. Israel was invaded in 721 by Shalmaneser of Assyria. After a three-year siege her people were taken into captivity. Ezekiel, over a century later was given a vision in which he saw that the House of Israel would not be released from their enslavement until 390 years had elapsed from the time of the siege of Samaria (Ezekiel 4:3-5). It was precisely 390 years from 721, when the siege against Samaria began, to 331, the date of the final overthrow of Persia and the deliverance out of captivity of the Hebrews. Some of them immediately commenced a migration to the land settled long before by their brethren. In the year 331-330 they journeyed out of Scythia to Scotland -- the word Scotland originally meant the land of the Scyths. In Scotland they sent to Ireland for a Scythian-Mileslan prince, of the line of Mileadh, to rule over them. A prince was dispatched, together with a small army. His name was Fergus, the son of Ferquhard. It was his family from which Erp or Erc, the father of Drust, king of the 'Picts,'' sprang. Before returning to complete the line of 'Pictish' kings, we shall present a summary of the earliest kings to rule over the Scots in Scotland. (It should be remembered that Scotland and Pictland were but two of several early divisions of that land now known as Scotland.)

This material is taken from Boethus and Buchanan. The correct outline is that preserved in Anderson's 'Royal Genealogies'. Buchanan mistakenly shortens the total of the dynasty 16 years. But Roman history confirms the longer form preserved by Anderson on page 753.

Lengths of Reign

Dates 1. Fergus He died in shipwreck off the coast of Ireland, where he went to quell some commotions. 25 330-305 2. Feritharis Brother of Fergus succeeds, since Fergus' sons are too young. 15 305-290 3. Mainus Fergus' younger son chosen king, the older, Ferlegus, being condemned for conspiring in his uncle's death. 29 290-261 4. Dornadilla A son of Mainus 28 261-233 5. Nothatus Dornadilla's brother; his own son too young to succeed to the throne. A very cruel and despotic ruler, he was slain. 20 233-213 6. Reuther Dornadilla's son. Dowal, the murderer of Nothatus, exercised great influence over the still young Reuther. 26 213-187 7. Reutha Son of Nothatus, cousin of Reuther. Reuther's brother rules for his nephew, who is only ten years old. Reutha resigned the government in favour of Thereus his nephew. 17 187-170 8. Thereus Reuther's son. A cruel and unwise tyrant, driven into exile in his twelfth year, Conan elected viceroy. 12 170-158 9. Josina Thereus' brother. He greatly honored physicians, as he had been educated among them. 24 158-134 10. Finnan Josina's son. Established that kings should not decide on great matters without authority of the great council. Ne was devoted to Druidical superstitions. 30 134-104 11. Durstus Finnan's son. A vile and debauched ruler. Pretending to reform his life, he invited the nobles and had them slain. He was slain in the ensuing battle. 9 104- 95 12. Evenus Paternal cousin to Durstus. Exacted oath of allegiance from his subjects. 19 95- 76 13. Gillus A crafty tyrant, slain by Cadwal, his viceroy, in battle. 3 76- 73 14. Evenus II Son of Doval; grandson of Josina. 17 73- 56 15. Ederus Son of Dochamus, Durstus' son. 48 56- 8 16. Evenus III A wicked and licentious king; the son of Ederus. He was put in prison by the nobles and there murdered by a fellow prisoner. 7 8- 1 17. Metellanus Son of Ederus' brother. 29 '1 B.C.'- 29 'A.D.' 18. Caractacus Son of Cadallanus and of Eropeia, Metellanus' sister. 20 29- 49 19. Corbred I Caractacus' brother. 18 49- 67 20. Dardanus Metellanus' nephew. A cruel and licentious ruler, he was captured in battle and beheaded. 4 67- 71 21. Corbred II. Corbred's son. After many battles with the Romans, he died at peace. 35 71-106 22. Luctacus A licentious prince, son of Corbred II. He was slain by his nobles. 3 106-109 23. Mogaldus (Mogallus) Grandson of Galdus and maternal nephew of Lactacus, son of the sister of Corbred II. Started his reign well but ended it in the ways of his predecessor. Was slain by the nobles. 36 109-145 24. Conarus Mogaldus' son. He was a partner in the conspiracy against his father. He himself was a lecherous tyrant, was put in prison after only 2 years. Argadus became governor; Conarus was finally slain in prison in 159. 14 145-159 25. Ethodius Mogaldus' sister's son. He was murdered for personal reasons by an Irish harper. 33 159-192 26. Satrael Ethodlus' brother, the son was not yet mature enough. This man murdered the nobles and friends of Ethodius, so he could do away with the sons, in order to keep the reign in his family. Was finally strangled by his own servants. 4 192-196 27. Donald I. Another brother of Ethodius. The first 'Christian king' of Scotland. First to coin gold and silver money in the land. 21 196-217 28. Ethodius II. Son of Ethodius, an intellectually weak and base-minded man. Directed by his nobles, slain by own officers. 21 217-238 29. Athirco Son of Ethodius. Began his reign decently, but degenerated and committed suicide when pursued by his nobles. Athirco's brother, Dorus, flees from the noble Nathalocus with the three sons of Athirco. 12 238-250 30. Nathalocau A son of Athirco's brother, he usurped the kingdom; was a cruel tyrant and was slain by the nobles. 12 250-262 31. Findochus A son of Athirco. A good ruler, he was slain by his own brother at the instigation of Donald the Islander. 11 262-273 32. Donald II. Findochus' brother. In battle Donald is wounded and dies shortly after. 1 273-274 33. Donald III Donald the Islander usurped the kingship without any right to it, and ruled very cruelly. He was finally slain by Crathilinthus. 12 274-286 34. Crathilinthus The son of Findochus, who was hidden for years. After a long series of battles with the wild Picts, and after purging the land of the idolatrous superstition of the Druids and enforcing Christianity, he died. 24 286-310 35. Fincormach Crathilinthus' cousin. A just ruler. 47 310-357 36. Romachus Son of oldest brother of Crathilinthus. Obtained the kingdom by force from the two sons of two other brothers of Crathilinthus. Defeated incursions of the wild Picts. His murder ended his evil reign. 3 357-360 37. Angusianus Son of a brother of Crathilinthus. Angusianus was slain in battle with the Picts' king Nectanus. 1 360-361 38. Fethelmachus Son of the third brother of Crathilinthus, Devastating the forces of the Picts in battle, they sent assassins who murdered the king. 3 361-364 39. Eugenius I (Evenus) Fincormach's son. He was killed in battle against the Romans and their Pictish allies. The Scottish kingdom was obliterated. The dead king's brother, with his son Erc, and his grandson, fled to Denmark where he was received by Sivaldus III. The Scottish population scattered throughout Scandanavia. 12 364-376

The Romans soon turned on the Cruithne -- who were still dwelling in Pictland along with the wild Picts. The Cruithne were miserably oppressed. After three decades they came to an agreement with the Scots and promised to restore the Scots to the throne if they would deliver them from oppression. The son of Erc or Erp returned in 408 at the head of a Scottish army, delivered the Cruithne and restored the throne. This son of Erc or Erp was not Ferghus, as later traditions assumed, but Drust, who became the new king of the Cruithne or Picts. Drust was famous in poetry for having fought 100 battles and lived 100 years. As he ended his reign in 453, he was born 353. He was therefore only 23 years old at the time of the flight of his grandfather and father.

Before continuing the remarkable history of the wild Picts which culminated in 503 in Scotland, we should continue with the line of Scottish kings who now sat on the throne over the Cruithne (or the Agathyrsi Picts).

KINGS OF CRUITHNE CONTINUED

Lengths of Reign

Dates (Drust, son of Erp or Erc 45 408-453) Talore, son of Aniel 4 453-457 Necton Morbet, son of Erp 25 457-482 Drest Gurthinmoth 30 482-512 Galanau Etelich 12 512-524 Dadrest 1 524-525 Drest, son of Gyrom 1 525-526 Drest, son of Udrost, reigned jointly with Drest, son of Gyrom 5 526-531 Drest, son of Gyrom, continues to reign alone 5 531-536 Gartnach, son of Gyrom 7 536-543 Cealtraim, son of Gyrom 1 543-544 Talorg, son of Muircholaich 11 544-555 Drest, son of Munait 1 555-556 Galam, with Aleth 1 556-557 Galam, with Brideo 1 557-558 Bride, son of Mailcon 30 558-588 Gartnaich, son of Domelch 11 588-599 Nectan 20 599-619 Cineoch, son of Luthrn 19 619-638 Garnard, son of Wid 4 638-642 Bridei, son of Wid 5 642-647 Talore, brother of the two former kings 12 647-659 Talorcan, son of Enfret 4 659-663 Gartnait, son of Donnel 6 663-669 Drest, brother of Gartnait 7 669-676 Bridei, son of Bill 21 676-697 Taran, son of Entisidich 4 697-701 Bredei, son of Derili 11 701-712 Necton, or Naitan, son of Derili 15 712-727 Drest and Alpin reigned together 5 727-732 Onnust, or Oengus, son of Urgust, or Fergus 31 732-763 Bredei, son of Uiurgust 2 763-765 Kinoid, or Kinoth son of Wirdech 12 765-777 Elpin, or Alpin son of Wroid 3 777-780 Drest, or Durst son of Talorgan 4 780-784 Talargan, son of Onnust 2 784-786 Canaul, son of Tarla 5 786-791 Castantin, or Constantine, son of Urguist, or Fergus 30 791-821 Unnust, or Hungus, son of Urguist 12 821-833 Drest, son of Constantine, and Taloran, son of Utholl, reigned together. 3 833-836 Uwen, or Eogan, son of Unnust 3 836-839 Wrad, son of Bargoit 3 839-842 Bred Brude 3 842-845

Keneth MacAlpin, first king 16 843-859 of all Scotland, united line of Cruithne (or 'Picts') with the Milesian Scottish line of Ferghus mac Erc.

This completes the history of the Picts who descended from the intermarriage of the Cruithne and the Judaic Milesian royal house. From the reign of Kenneth MacAlpin the history of the throne of David has already been presented in volume I.

But what befell those wild, tribal Picts who gave their name to the Cruithne -- and who painted themselves? Remnants of them continued to be referred to as late as the seventeenth century. Most of the population, however, suddenly disappeared in 503 upon the coming of the Milesian Scots out of Ireland under the leadership of Fearghus mac Erc.

Those wild Picts were the people who left the many strange and intriguing remains in the Northern Isles of Britain -- the mounds, the flint knives, the stonehewn tombs, the carvings. The next chapter explains the link between Scotland and the New World.

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

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CHAPTER VIII

THE HISTORY OF SPAIN

Who would guess today, from reading Spanish history, that Spain was, in Old Testament times, one of the most important countries in the world? That famous Biblical characters as Togarmah and Seir the Horite and Tarshish made their appearance in this fabulous land?

Today the early history of Spain is virtually unknown. Scholars treat it in much the same fashion as the history of every other nation in Europe. Her past -- before Roman rule -- is made to appear a chronological blank. What little is written before that time mainly emphasizes broken pottery and similar artifacts.

The real history is vitally interesting. It holds the key to the settlement of the Peruvian Indian in Latin America. Spain was also the link between Palestine and Ireland. Whoever controlled Spain was in a position to dominate the Western Mediterranean.

ONLY RECENTLY SUPPRESSED

Until very recent times Spanish writers took pride in presenting their national history. They were not ashamed of it. Today, in the face of 'higher criticism,' Spanish scholars have suppressed the truth of her beginnings. What once was recognized to be fact is now relegated to the limbo of myth for no other reason than early Spanish history reads very much like the Bible!

Early Spanish history does not begin in Spain. It begins far to the east -- in the lands bordering the ancient Assyrian Empire.

Similarly, the history of the Hebrews of the Bible does not begin with Palestine, but with the land of the Chaldeans in Mesopotamia. In its earliest period the history of the Iberian Peninsula is not primarily the story of the Spanish people at all. It is the history of other people who migrated through that land, or temporarily dominated it.

Few books in English preserve the history we are now entering upon. The two works most readily available in libraries are Anderson's 'Royal Genealogies' and the 20 volume 'Universal History', published in 1748. The Spanish material is contained in volume xviii.

Our story opens in Asia Minor, in the region of the city of Tarsus. Paul the apostle was born here. Tarsus was a port first settled by the children of Tarshish. From Tarsus in Cilicia they gradually migrated into Spain, where they founded the city of Tartessus. The earliest homeland of the children of Tarshish in Asia Minor was originally ruled over by Tubal, son of Japheth. Spanish history begins with his government at Babel.

The land about Tarsus in Asia Minor long bore the name of Tubal.

The Assyrians, in their cuneiform documents, referred to it as Tabal.

It extended from the area of what is eastern Turkey today into the Caucasus to the Russian plains.

The most valuable area in the ancient land of Tabal was the excellent farming and trading region of Iberia in the Caucasus -- the modern Georgia. From this vast area, the descendants of Tubal migrated into the Russian steppes. But their subjects, the children of Tarshish, migrated westward toward Spain. Early Spanish history is in a sense the story of the Spanish people, but the record of their foreign rulers.

The following outline summarizes the important events preserved of the early history of the Spanish people beginning from the Tower of Babel.

EARLIEST KINGS OVER THE SPANISH

Name of Rulers	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Tubal Grandson of Noah (Gen. 10:2). Came to power at Babel. Ruled over territory in eastern Asia Minor (Turkey) where Tarshish, the father of the Spaniards, originally settled.	156	2254-2098
Iberus, a son of Tubal He gave his name to the entire peninsula, which is still known as the Iberian Peninsula. Later his descendants migrated from Spain to Iberia in the Caucasus.	37	2098-2061
Eubalda (or Idubeda) Son of Iberus, last of the line of Tubal to rule over the children of Tarshish.	64	2061-1997
Brigus Son of Mash, the son of Aram (Gen. 10:23). Previously settled a colony in Eastern Europe under Asshur; now leads a colony to Spain by sea. An Aramaic large nosed element may be seen in the Spanish population to this day. The ancient city of Damascus, Syria, was named after his father Mash. Brigus (Brigo) organized his people into pastoral units (whence our 'brigades'), which multiplied so rapidly that colonies were forced to leave Spain in search of new homes. Some of his children from Europe early carried his name into Phrygia (Asia Minor). There the family became associated with Meshech, brother of Tubal. Brigo's father, Mash, became known by the name Meshech (I Chr. 1:17). Brigo's family in Spain soon became associated with the children of Togarmah, who next entered Spain.	52	1997-1945
Tagus Ormah The Togarmah, son of Gomer, of the Bible (Gen. 10:2). Late Latin writers split his name into two syllables, and added Latin '-us' ending. Togarmah invaded Italy one year after his domination of Spain. Both were yet sparcely populated lands and afforded new, hospitable areas. During his reign he sent many bands to seek habitations elsewhere, ultimately passing eastward into the far northern reaches of Asia (Ezekiel 38:6). The Tagus River of Southern Spain was named for him.	30	1945-1915
Bet(us), or Boetus, (or 31) (1915-1884) son of Togarmah; Bet(us) gave his name to the Bet(us) river (now called Guadalquivir). In his day the children of Tarshish, known as Turditanians, in Spanish histories, settled the southwestern part of Spain. Boetus encouraged the development of learning. The children of Betus were soon forced to migrate out of Europe, with the rest of the family of Togarmah, and at length settled in Tibet -- which means the plateau of Bet! The family of Togarmah was superseded by an invasion from the south.	32	1915-1883

INVASION FROM AFRICA

Having become again a civilized land and wealthy due to changes in climate and the presence of many gold mines, Spain aroused the cupidity of Egyptian and other North African nations. Gerion or Deabus, a Lybian, with many men and ships invaded and conquered Spain and forced the Spaniards to dig gold for their African overlords. African cultural elements were introduced. Many Spanish slaves died from overwork under this tyranny. The history of this period is as follows:

Rulers of Spain (continued)	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Gerion, the giant Gerion was the seventh generation from Ham. He descended through Cush, Saba (the Seba of Gen. 10:7), Gog, Triton, Ammon and Hiarba (compare the last name with the Biblical 'Arba' of Joshua 15:13, who was the father of the Anakim glants).	34 (or 35)	1883-1849 (1884-1849)
The Lomnini The Lomnini were three giant sons of Gerion. They were allowed to continue to rule in the land after an invasion in 1849 by an Egyptian army under Osyris Denis (Dionysius in Greek)	42	1849-1807

Osyris slew Gerion in 1849, upon which part of his tribe took to ship and sailed to the New World. A tradition found among the Toltecs of Mexico and preserved by Ixtlilxochitl declares there once were giants in their land.

Even the date of the arrival of these giants has been preserved by the Toltec historian. It was 520 years after the flood. (Bancroft 'Native Races of the Pacific States', vol. V, p. 209. ) The year of the flood was 2370-2369. And 520 years AFTER the flood -- that is, after 2369 -- is 1849, the very year a great battle was fought in Spain during which Gerion was slain and many of the giants were expelled.

Later Indian tradition records the perishing of these giants in the New World in a struggle with the Indians.

One of the Lomnini in Spain, meanwhile, was given to wife a sister of Osyris. A son of the union, Norac, settled Sardinia and built the city of Norca. Sardinia is famous for traditionally being inhabited by giants who left the megalithic remains and giant tombs. Early British tradition also assigns to swarthy giants the building of many of the megalithic monuments or henges.

To avenge the death of their father, the three Lomnini brothers conspired with Typhon, brother of Osyris. Typhon assassinated his brother Osyris.

After the death of Osyris, Hercules appears on the scene. Rather than drench the whole land in a bloodbath, he challenged the three sons of Gerion to personal combat -- three against one -- and slew them all.

Hercules then turned the government of southern Spain over to Hispal, his son and one of his generals, and departed with the bulk of his army to Italy.

Who were Osyris, Typhon and Heracles of Spanish, Italian and North African tradition?

Note the time setting. These events are long after the death of Nimrod (2167) or of Miebis (2037), who was the second Osiris. The dates of these events correspond to the latter half of Dynasty II in Egypt. It is the period of the patriarch Jacob. The Hercules of these traditions has already been proofd to be Seir the Horite. In Spanish history Hercules is often referred to as 'Oron,' meaning the Horite. He was a king of Egypt -- a descendant of Horus. He slew the giant Antaeus, another king of Egypt, records Josephus the Jewish historian.

Who are all these supposedly mythological rulers?

The surprising answer is that they have all been listed in Volume I -- they are kings of the second half of Dynasty II of Egypt. Notice the parallels. Antaeus -- an opponent of Osiris -- was a man of giant stature. So was Sesochris (Neferkaseker), who reigned 1815-1767. Typhon, the slayer of Osiris, was pictured as a destroyer in the Greek traditions of this period. King Chaires (Aka) bore the title 'Destroyer.' His reign began also in 1815. Following a war in Egypt against the faction of Osiris III, he temporarily received the 'united kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt and the seal of the accursed one' -- Osiris.

Then who was Osiris III -- the Osiris Dionysius of Spanish history? None other than king Sendi (the Sethenes of Manetho). His body, according to the tradition, was cast into the Nile. Reports Weigall of him: 'No trace of the king's tomb has been found; and ... he seems to have met with disaster at the end' ('The History of the Pharaoh's', page 136).

And now notice Hercules in this same dynasty. Hercules -- the Seir the Horite of Scripture -- was renowned for having subdued Libya, and the vast territories that lie west of Egypt. He was called Heracles Libycus. Did one of the Pharaoh's of this same period conquer Libya?

Certainly -- Necherophes. Manetho records of him: 'In his reign Libya revolted, but, on account of an unexpected increase of the moon, they submitted through fear.'

Now to continue with the outline of Spanish history. Hercules -- Seir the Horite -- put Hispal his son over the country. He could be none other than Shobal of Genesis 36:20. It is common for a silent 'h' to appear before Spanish names. The successor to Hispal or Shobal was Hispan, a grandson of Hercules.

Is there a grandson of Seir the Horite by that name? See the name in Genesis 36:26 -- Eshban! He was a son of Dishon, another son of Seir. Now it ought to be plain why Scripture records the genealogy of this famous man. Without it, there would be no means of understanding who the rulers of these times were. When we come to Italian history, we shall see how they link up with the family of Jacob. Meantime, the history of Spain in chart form is presented below.

Rulers of Spain (continued)	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Hispal, son of Hercules He built the city Hispalis, later known as Sepila, now Seville.	17	1807-1790
Hispanus, grandson of Heracles	32	1790-1758

Gave his name to Hispania (Spain) in consequence of extending his rule (during his first year 1790-1789) into central and northern regions of the peninsula previously settled only by wild tribes. He built towers to control the region of Gallicia in Spain.

Once again Spanish history has a bearing on the New World. The attack by Hispanus on these rude tribes in the northern regions on the shores of the Bay of Biscay is recorded in Toltec history.

Ixtlilxochitl records that a second invasion from the east occurred 2236 years after the creation of man (Bancroft, vol. v, p. 209). Notice how this figure corresponds with both the Bible and Spanish history.

At the death of Hispanus, Hercules, that is, Seir the Horite, reappears in Spain and Western Europe in his old age.

Rulers of Spain (continued)	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Hercules	19	1758-1739

Note that these dates correspond exactly with those of his rule in Britain and Gaul. It is significant that Hercules' family should appear so prominently in

Western Europe. They must already have been driven out of Mt. Seir by Esau. Hercules left no heir to the Spanish throne He was succeeded by one of his generals.

ABRAHAM'S CHILDREN

Rulers of Spain (continued)	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Hesperus	11	1739-1728

Spanish records declare Hesperus to be one of the two captains (not his sons) who accompanied Hercules in his original exploits into Spain. He gave his name

Hesperus to Spain and Italy which in early times were called Hesperia Minor and Hesperia Major respectively.

He was driven out of Spain into Italy by his brother, who succeeded him.

Rulers of Spain (continued)	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Atlas Sometimes called Italus.	12 (10)	1728-1716 (1728-1718)

A brother of Hesperus, the other captain of Hercules, a famous astronomer; dethroned and exiled Hesperus.

Josephus, the Jewish historian, also wrote about these two famous captains of Hercules in 'Antiquities', I, xv. Here are his words: 'Abraham after this married Keturah' -- Genesis 25, 'by whom six sons were born to him ...' Then Josephus names Midian, a son of Abraham, who begat 'Ephas and Ophren,' called Ephah and Epher in the Bible. 'It is related of this Ophren, that he made war against Libya, and took it; and that his grandchildren, when they inhabited it, called it (from his name) Africa; and indeed Alexander Polyhistor gives his attestation to what I here say; who speaks thus: ' ... from the other two (Apher and Japhran) the country of Africa took its name; because these men were auxiliaries to Hercules, when he fought against Libya and Antaeus.' '

Josephus understood that the two famous captains of Hercules were the grandsons of Abraham.

Hesperus, who was later exiled in a family quarrel, was the Biblical Ephah. Atlas, the strong man and astronomer, was Epher. It is his line that continued to control the western Mediterranean for several generations.

The late Greek writers at times confused this Atlas, who was also known from Italian history as Atlas Italus Kitim (because he ruled the land of Kittim), with another Atlas. That other Atlas was surnamed Maurus and was the descendant, in Greek tradition, of Japetus and Asia.

Japetus or Iapetus was the Japheth of the Bible. Atlas Maurus is associated with Spain and North Africa because his people were migrating from the borders of Asia westward to the New World. The only son of Japheth whose children left Western Asia and Eastern Europe was Tiras.

Atlas Italus Kitim was succeeded by a son --

Rulers of Spain (continued)	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Oris or Sicorus, son of Atlas	44 (or 45)	1716-1672 (1718-1673)
Anus or Sicanus, son of Sicorus Gave his name to people whom he led through Italy to Sicily. From these Sicani the island of Sicily was anciently called Sicania.	31 (or 32)	1672-1641 (1673-1641)
Sicileus or Siculus, son of Sicorus Crossed into Italy. He changed the name of Sicania to Sicilia.	45 (or 44)	1641-1596 (1641-1597)
Lusus, son of Siculus He gave his name to Lusitania (now Portugal)	29 (or 60)	1596-1567 (1567-1507)
Ulus or Siculus, son of Lusus He was also known as Neptune. He had great fleets of ships.	64 (or 60)	1567-1503 (1567-1507)

Ulus again led an army into Sicily to aid the colonists whose presence there was still being opposed. At the close of his reign, in 1503, a city was founded on the coast of Spain by refugees from Greece. The year 1503 is the date of a great devastation in Thessaly, the flood of Deucalion, in which many perished. In this period -- the 'neolithic' -- the inhabitants of Thessaly were culturally like Mexican Indians ('The Origins of Greek Civilization', C. G. Starr, p. 17, footnote) Again notice the harmony of these records.

CHAOS IN SPAIN

Rulers of Spain (continued)	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Testa A descendant of Triton (thus related to Gerion), seized southwestern Spain and called himself king of Spain.	70	1503-1433
Romus, son of Testa In his third year 'Liber Pater,' or Bacchus (Iacchus), reduced Spain to his sway. He was from the East. His title belonged to Hesus the Mighty of Celtic tradition. Hesus was Joshua (Jesus in Greek). He pursued the Canaanites and drove them out of Western Europe	33	1433-1400
Palatuus, son of Romus	19	1400-1381
Cacus LiciniusA native prince who rebelled and deposed Palatuus in a year-long struggle.	36	1381-1345
Palatuus restored In his days Erithrus, king of Tyre, came to Spain.	6 (or 15)	1345-1339 (1345-1330)
Erithree, or Erithrus, king of Tyre	66	1339-1273
Corgoras Mellicola, son of Erithree He divided Spain into several provinces.	75	1273-1198
Hebides or Habis, grandson of Gorgoras	49 (or 64)	1198-1149 (1198-1134)

Following the recapture of Troy in 1149 many groups of people, conquered as well as conquerors, sought new homes. As a result several areas of western and northern Spain were populated. The Lydians achieved dominance after 1149 over all the Mediterranean region, heading the list of Thalassocracies or Sea Powers. Their dominion in Spain began in 1149. Each of the Sea Powers in turn dominated Spain until Nebuchadnezzar the Great of Babylon made Spain a part or the Chaldean Empire for 9 years. After that, the Spaniards of Gades invited the Carthaginians to come and rule over them. The Carthaginians remained until expelled by the expanding Roman Empire.

TIME OF THE SEA POWERS

As ancient Troy was the key to control of the Eastern Mediterranean, so Spain was to the Western Mediterranean. There are noticeable variations between the two regions that are worth noting. In volume I of the Compendium, in the chapter on Greek history, the list for the Eastern Mediterranean appears. Below is the Spanish evidence for the West, including the Atlantic littoral.

Sea Powers for Western Mediterranean to 530	Duration	Dates
Lydians	48	1149-1101
------------------------------
Thracians	86	970-884
Rhodians	20	884-864
Phrygians	26	864-838
Cyprians	39	838-799
Phoenicians	41	799-758
Egyptians	35	758-723
Milesians	29	723-694
Carians	48	694-646
Lesbians	68	646-578
Phocaeians	48	578-530

There is a gap deliberately inserted in this list. It is similar to attempts elsewhere to expurgate any record of the Pelasgians, who were the Hebrews of the Kingdom of Israel.

The missing item should be

Sea Powers for Western Mediterranean to 530	Duration	Dates
Pelasgians	131	1101-970

This list indicates that the Hebrews became dominant in Spain at the time the Lydians resettled in the Grecian world in 1101.

The 9 years of Nebuchadnezzar's dominion began in 578 and lasted until 569, the year his insanity commenced. He gained dominion over the Mediterranean through the Phocaeian fleets. Nebuchadnezzar established, as his representative in Spain a long-lived hero named Aganthonius who ruled 80 years (578-498) to the coming of the Carthaginians in 498.

With this, the early history of the Spanish is restored. Its important connection with Biblical and secular history is obvious -- and especially so when one remembers that Spanish historians also mention the 26 years' drought in Spain referred to in Irish Annals.

This was the famine in David's time, and precipitated the establishment of the Hebrew throne in Ireland.

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

---

CHAPTER VII

THEY CROSSED THE ATLANTIC

The origin of the American Indian has puzzled Europeans from the day Columbus' sailors set foot on the Caribbean isle. Yet, just four centuries earlier, the New World was common knowledge to the educated in North Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Its natives were even embracing the faith of the Roman Church, which had appointed an Icelander of noble birth as bishop over Iceland, Greenland and the lands of the New World! How did these facts all become lost?

THE LITTLE ICE AGE

One is so accustomed to read of 'Ice Ages' as events of the remote past, that it hardly occurs to the mind that thirteenth century Europeans witnessed a veritable Little Ice Age that completely severed communications between Europe and the New World. The Baltic froze over.

Vikings ceased to traverse the inhospitable Atlantic. In the New World the Land of the White Man -- Hvitramanna Land in Icelandic literature -- lost contact with Europe. Centuries later remnants of their population were found among the natives which had early traversed the Atlantic with them.

This chapter unfolds what really happened in Western Europe, and especially the British Isles and Denmark, from the days of Solomon to long after the fall of the Roman Empire. It will explain the astounding chronological connection between the rise of New World civilization and the sudden flight of tribes out of Northwest Europe.

WHITES DID NOT BECOME INDIANS

First, let us immediately banish a myth. White Europeans did not become Indians by merely settling in the New World and becoming lost!

The American Indians are not the 'Lost Tribes of Israel,' or Egyptians.

The American Indian looks as he does because his ancestors appeared that way before they traversed the waters of the Atlantic.

It may come as a surprise to learn it, but Europe and the Mediterranean world was early -- and comparatively late -- inhabited by 'Red Men.' Everyone has heard of the famous Phoenician sailors of the ancient Mediterranean world. They are known to have traveled far out into the Atlantic and to Northwestern Europe. The Greeks called them Phoenicians because that is what they were -- 'Red Men.' The word 'Phoenician' is derived from the Greek word for reddish dye. The ancient Egyptians painted the Phoenicians on their walled tombs and on papyri. Their skin color? Reddish. The Egyptians painted other peoples of Palestine white and black. They recognized three races of men living in Palestine in early ages.

Julius Firmicus, an early writer, stated that 'in Ethiopia all are born black; in Germany, white; and in Thrace, red.' Thrace was north of Greece and originally populated by the children of Tiras, son of Japheth (Gen. 10:2). It was from Thrace that Odin led the Agathyrsi and other tribes to Northwestern Europe when he founded the Danish kingdom.

Many of the warriors employed by the early princes of western Europe were fierce, of swarthy skin, naked and often tatooed and painted. Strabo, the Roman geographer, wrote that areas of Ireland and Britain were inhabited 'by men entirely wild.' Jerome, writing in one of his letters in the fifth century, characterizes some of them as cannibals: 'When they hunted the woods for prey, it is said they attacked the shepherd, rather than his flock; and that they curiously selected the most delicate and brawny parts, both of males and females, for their horrid repast.'

In the eighteenth century, Martin, in his volume 'Western Islands of Scotland', remarked that the complexion of the natives of the isle of Skye was 'for the most part black;' and the natives of Jura were 'generally black of complexion,' and of Arran, 'generally brown, and some of a black complexion.' The inhabitants of the Isle Gigay were 'fair or brown in complexion.' The American Indian -- commonly called the Red Man -- varies from copper brown to almost black, and, of course, almost white in some tribes.

And the famous literary companions Johnson and Boswell several times took notice of the swarthy color of some of the natives in the north and west of Scotland (Croker's 'Boswell', 1848, pp. 309-310, 316, 352). 'There was great diversity in the faces of the circle around us,' wrote Boswell; 'some were as black and wild in their appearance as any American savages whatever.' 'Our boatmen were rude singers, and seemed so like wild Indians, that a very little imagination was necessary to give one an impression of being upon an American river.'

A writer at the beginning of the nineteenth century characterized the people of Harris: 'In general the natives are of small stature .... the cheek bones are rather prominent. The complexion is of all tints.

Many individuals are as dark as mulattoes, while others are nearly as fair as Danes' ('Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal', No. vii, pp.142, 143).

In 'Pennant's Second Tour', 1772, is a line drawing of the wigwams of the half-breed natives of the Scottish Island of Jura. Here are natives, like American Indians, living in the remote islands of Europe, whose last remnants died out as late as the beginning of the nineteenth century.

AMERICAN INDIAN TRADITION

The common idea that American Indians had no means of preserving their history is a fiction based on the assumption that all Indians were on the same level of culture. Wild, rude tribes there were. But civilized nations existed too. They carefully preserved, among other things, the history of their journeys, and the duration of their habitation in the New World. When the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the New World they were amazed to find the Maya and Aztecs using bark paper to preserve history and daily records. It was obtained from the FICUS, a tree related to the mulberry. Bark was peeled off, beaten with a rubber mallet, and folded into sheets to make books. In Moctezuma's palace Bernal Diaz followed an 'accountant' who showed him 'all the revenue that was brought ... (and recorded) in his books which were made of paper which they call 'amatl', and he had a great house full of these books' (pages 184-185 of 'The Ancient Sun Kingdoms of the Americas', by von Hagen). Only a few escaped the book burning of the Spanish zealots, who sought to wipe out all vestiges of the previous culture and the lineage of their royal houses.

Some rare codices have been preserved, however. One is the 'Popol Vuh', a sacred book of the ancient Quiche Maya. In it are recorded the migrations and wanderings of their ancestors. It traces their origin eastward across the Atlantic Ocean to the Old World. Other Indians had similar origins of having to cross a great body of water from the northeast to reach their present land. (Later migrations, once they had arrived from the east, could take any direction.)

The writer of the Popul Vuh declared: 'They also multiplied there in the East .... All lived together, they existed in great numbers and walked there in the East .... There they were then, in great numbers, the black man and the white man, many of many classes, men of many tongues .... The speech of all was the same. They did not invoke wood nor stone, and they remembered the word of the Creator and the Maker

The Maya record continues: '... they came from the East ... they left there, from that great distance .... they crossed the sea' (pp. 181, 183). When they sought to establish their kingdom 'they decided to go to the East .... It had been a long time since their fathers had died East, there whence came our fathers.' Certainly they crossed the sea when they came there to the East, when they went to receive the investiture of the kingdom' (pp. 206-207).

To what line of great kings in the east were these Quiche Maya journeying? To the successors of the great ruler who conducted them, about 1000 B.C., to the Usumacinta River in Mexico.

ENTER VOTAN

The Mayas claim that their kingdom was founded by a great eastern ruler named Votan or Oden or Dan by various tribes. He was a white man who came by sea from the east and settled them in their new land. The time of their migration, according to Ordonez, was ten centuries before the present era. This Votan -- who was also worshipped as a god -- was famous for having himself journeyed to a land where a great temple was being built.

Do we have a king in Europe, living at the time Solomon's temple was being built (around 1000 B.C.), who had dominion over the seas, who was worshipped as a god, and whose name sounded like Votan? Indeed -- Woden or Odin, king of Denmark from 1040-999. He was worshipped later as a great god. Scandinavian literature is replete with accounts of his distant journeys which took him away from his homeland for many months, sometimes years.

Just as king Odin or Danus gave his name to Denmark -- Danmark -- so Odin gave his name to the 'forest of Dan' in the land of the Quiche Indians. (See pages 549 and 163 of volume V, 'Native Races of the Pacific States', by Hubert H. Bancroft.) 'Dan ... founded a monarchy on the Guatemalan plateau' (Bancroft, vol. I, p. 789). His capital, built for the Indians and their white suzerains, was named Amag-Dan.

Here we have the records of Danish kings, as early as 1000 years before the birth of Christ, sailing to the New World and planting colonies of Red Men from Europe in the Yucatan and Guatemalan highlands. Is it any wonder that it was the Danes, of all nations of Europe, who continued to communicate with the New World in the days of Eric the Red? It was the king of Denmark who ruled over Iceland in the days of Christopher Columbus. Before Columbus awakened the sleepy Mediterranean world by his important journey across the Atlantic, he first sailed to Iceland where he obtained information for his fateful voyage.

And is it not significant that it was an Icelandic nobleman, Eric Gnupson, who was consecrated by Pope Pascal II as Bishop of Greenland and the neighboring regions ('regionumque finitimarum') in 1112? (See 'Conquest by Man', Paul Herrmann, p. 287.)

EARLY TIME OF MIGRATION

Tradition universally assigns white leadership to every major recorded historic migration of the American Indian from far to the northeast. The later history of Mexico commences with the establishment of a monarchy by the Toltecs of Mexico. The Toltecs were of white descent. They led and ruled over the Indians and spoke their languages.

Charnay wrote in the 'North American Review', October 1881, 'Physically Veytia describes the Toltec as a man of tall stature, white, and bearded.' A carved head of a 'noble Aztec,' on display in the National Museum, may be seen on plate 40 in George C. Vaillant's 'Aztecs of Mexico'. The noble Aztec was not an Indian at all, but a Norseman!

Little wonder that wherever the Spanish journeyed they found the ruling classes much lighter than the people over whom they ruled. On occasion the conquistadors thought their women as fair or fairer than their Spanish women.

'The Annals of the Cakchiquels -- Lords of Totonicapan' contains direct reference to the racial descent of the nobles who led and governed the natives to the New World.

'These, then, were the three nations of the Quiches, and they came from where the sun rises, descendants of Israel, of the same language and the same customs .... When they arrived at the edge of the sea,

Balam-qitze (a native title for one in a religious office) touched it with his staff and at once a path opened, which then closed up again, for thus the great God wished it to be done, because they were the sons of Abraham and Jacob. So it was that those three nations (the 'mixed multitude' of Exodus 12:38) passed through, and with them thirteen others called Vukamag' -- meaning the 13 tribes. Israel had altogether 13 tribes including Levi.

'We have written that which by tradition our ancestors told us, who came from the other part of the sea, who came from Civan-Tulan, bordering on Babylonia' page 170. Page 169 says they '.... came from the other part of the ocean, from where the sun rises.' (Translated by Delia Goetz; published by University of Oklahoma Press, 1953.)

Was the mysterious Civan-Tulan -- meaning in Indian dialects a place of caves or ravines -- the region of Petra, where Moses led the Children of Israel? Petra is famous for its caves. Canaanite Hivites, mixed with Egyptian stock, dwelt at Petra, or Mt. Seir, at the time of the Exodus (Genesis 36:2, 20, 24). They lived at peace with the Hebrews.

This settlement of Hivites was a region dominated by Midian. A high priest who visited the land of Midian and Moab in Moses' day was named Balaam -- almost the exact spelling in the Quiche-Maya title Balam used for priests!

The people led by Odin or Votan across the Atlantic to the New World were not exclusively the sons of Tiras from Thrace; some tribes were called Chivim, reports Ordonez the early Spanish writer. It is the very Hebrew spelling used for the English word Hivites, some of whom once lived in Mt. Seir, the land of caves, near Babylonia! So the Mexican Indians were a mixed people.

CHRONOLOGY OF MEXICO

No continuous history of the Quiche-Maya civilization is extant.

We have now to turn to the Valley of Mexico for direct and surprising connection with the movement of events in Scotland where dwelt the Picts and the Maiatai (Greek for Maia folk).

From Scottish history, covered in the previous chapter and in the first volume of the Compendium, it can be established that major migrations occurred in the years 376 -- when the Scots and allies were driven out and the Picts miserably oppressed -- and in 503 -- when the Scots from Ireland drove out most of the remaining wild Picts or painted men. Where did these folk flee to? Can we establish a direct connection between these events in Pictland with the history of migration to the Valley of Mexico of the Toltecs and others in the New World?

Indeed we can.

The nation of the Scots was utterly driven out by the Romans in the year 376. The Cruithne and Picts, who remained in the land as Roman allies, were soon miserably oppressed. Rebellion broke out. The Romans dealt severely with the fleeing rebels. The Cruithne and Picts besought and obtained Scottish help to drive out the Romans and their British allies.

Now compare this with the migration of the Toltecs and their white chieftains to Mexico. The historian of the Toltecs was Ixtlilxochitl.

He reports several migrations over the centuries. But the one he takes special note of -- for its chronological import -- commenced in 387. (See Bancroft's 'Native Races of the Pacific States', Vol. 5, pp. 209, 214.) The events were these -- a rebellion broke out that led to a protracted struggle for eight years. The rebels were finally forced to flee in 384 for protection. After remaining 3 years (to 387) they continued their lengthy migration. It was now 11 years after the initial rebellion. Eleven years before 387 is 376 -- the very year the Romans drove out the Scots and suppressed the Painted Red Men of Pictland! Is this mere coincidence? Their migration took them over water and land till they reached Jalisco in Mexico. To do so they must have landed in the traditional area of the Usumacinta River, crossed the isthmus, and coasted to Jalisco on the southern extremity of the Gulf of California. After wandering many years they settled in Tulancingo. 'The third year of their stay in Tulancingo completed ... one hundred and four years since the departure from the country,' records Bancroft from Ixtlilxochitl (vol. v, p. 213). (The 104 years compose two Indian calendar cycles of 52 years each.) It was now 488.

At Tulancingo they remained another 15 years -- to 503. In 503 they migrated to the Valley of Mexico to the region of Lake Texcoco.

What caused them to migrate in 503? Is this a significant date in Scottish history? Indeed. That was the year the Scots from Ireland finally settled in Scotland and drove the wild Pictish tribes out of the country.

Strengthened by a new influx of migrants, the Toltecs journeyed (in 503) to the already-settled shores of the lake on which Mexico City now stands. There, at Tullan, for six years the Toltecs lived under a theocratic republic, each chief directing the movement of his band in war and directing their needs in times of peace. 'But in the seventh year,' records Bancroft, 'after their arrival in Tollan, when the republic was yet in a state of peace and prosperity, undisturbed by foreign foes, the chiefs convened an assembly of the heads of families and the leading men. The object of the meeting was to effect a change in the form of their government, and to establish a monarchy.' It was agreed to accept, as king, a son of a neighboring Chichimec king to be supreme ruler. 'Immediately after the accession of the young monarch' in 510, 'a law was established by him and his counsellors to the effect that no king should reign more than fifty-two years, but at the expiration of this term should abdicate in favor of his eldest son, whom he might, however, still serve as adviser. Should the king die before the allotted time had elapsed, it was provided that the state should be ruled during the unexpired term by magistrates chosen by the people' (pp. 244, 246).

This custom continued firmly established among the Toltecs at Tullan for many years. Later the practice was discontinued, though the Mexican Indians still continued to count time by 52 year cycles. The history of the American Indian from 510 to the coming of the Spanish has been carefully preserved by Ixtlilxochitl and in the Annals of Cuauhtitlan.

Modern writers in previous decades often carelessly discounted the value of these Indian records. But archaeology is forcing a renewed respect for the history of the New World as preserved by the native writers during the earliest days of the Spanish colonial period. The most readily accessible -- and one of the best works -- on early Mexico is -- 'Aztecs of Mexico', by G. C. Valliant, revised by Suzannah B. Valliant. Another useful source is Stokvis' 'Manuel'.

THE HISTORY OF TOLTECS AT TULLAN

The history of Tullan is the history of the Mayapan culture of Mexico. Earlier cultures are commonly found, but no continuous history exists before 510. The Toltecs were not the carriers of the culture of Teotihuacan, as is often stated by archaeologists (see p. 6 of Penguin edition of 'The Aztecs of Mexico' by Valliant).

The following is a summary of the history of Tullan (or Tula), restored in accordance with the earliest extant Aztec and Toltec records. Bancroft's 'Native Races of the Pacific States' may be consulted for the full story of events. It is a treasure-house of information.

(Note that the 'x' in Aztec names is pronounced as 'sh.') according to Ixtlilxochitl a struggle with Chichimecs occurred during the reign of Topiltzin.

Toltec Kings of Tulan	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Period of the Tullan	7	503-510
Republic under chieftains
Chalchiuhtlanetzin	52	510-562
Ixtlilcuechahauac	52	562-614
Huetzin I	52	614-666
Totepeuh I	52	666-718
Nacoxoc	52	718-770
Mitl-Tlacomihua	59	770-829
Queen Xihuiquenitzin	4	829-833
Izaccaltzin	52	833-885
Topiltzin I	74	885-959

Topiltzin was forced to flee leaving authority in the hands of the royal family of Ihuitimal. The confused conditions are reflected in the joint rulership presented in the next short succeeding chart. The parallel reigns also indicate that Toltec leadership was divided among powerful city-state princes in the growing Toltec Empire which spread itself in the Valley of Mexico.

Toltec Kings	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Mixcoatl Mazatin	65	804-869
Texcaltepocatl Huetzin	28	869-897
Ihuitimal	28( or 36)	897-925 (887-923)
Topiltzin I	22 (or 24)	925-947 (923-947)

The above chart indicates Ihuitimal succeeded his father in 897, but, according to the Annals of Cuauhtitlan, he replaced the fleeing Topiltzin in 887. Topiltzin returned in 923. Ihuitimal ended his reign two years later. Though Topiltzin continued on the throne to 959 (see first chart), he was succeeded in 947 as follows.

Kings of Tullan according to the Annals of Cuahtitlan	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Matlacxochitl	36	947- 983
Nauhyotzin I	14	983- 997
Queen Xiuhtlaltzin	4	997-1001
Matlaccoatzin	24 (or 28)	1001-102 (997-1025)
Tlilcoatzin	21	1025-1046
Huemac	75	1046-1121

Huemac is another name of Quetzalcoatl (Bancroft Vol. III, pp.267, 283-4). He was a ramous white man who came from the east with a religion that banned human sacrifice and used the symbol of the cross.

The name Quetzalcoatl, was originally that of an early Aztec god.

It was applied by Aztecs to any great priest who claimed to represent the deity. Huemac Quetzalcoatl disappeared and returned on several occasions during his 75 years, leaving the supreme government, in his absence, to contemporaries of the royal house. This white priest became famous over much of the New World. Who was he? And what religion was he bringing?

The answer is found by the date of his death 1121. Was there a famous white priest, with jurisdiction over areas of the Western Hemisphere who died in 1121?

Yes! Icelandic Bishop Eric Gnupson, whose domain included the New World! He died in 1121, the same year that Quetzalcoatl did. At his death in 1121 the Icelandic Thing (Parliament) met to request the pope that a new bishop be appointed (Conquest by Man, by Herrmann, pp. 286-287) . The religion of Quetzalcoatl was Roman Catholicism. When the Spanish missionaries later came to the Indians they were amazed to find so many parallels to the Catholic religion -- holy water, nuns, rosaries, the cross, penances and other traditions!

Contemporary with Huemac Quetzalcoatl were the following Tullan rulers:

Huemac II Atecpanecatl	35	1046-1081
Topiltzin Acxitl	33	1081-1114
Matlacxochitl Huemac III	2	1114-1116

Veytia gives 1116 as the date of the final overthrow of Tullan at the coming of the Aztecs (Hist. Ant. Mej., bk. 1, pp. 287-304. ) See also Bancroft, vol. 5., p. 325.

THE CITY-STATE OF CULHUACAN

A major expansion of the Toltecs occurred at the close of the end of the fourth 52 year cycle -- in 718. In that year a branch of the royal lineage founded Culhuacan. It suffered a major reverse in the year 1063 at the hands of the Chichimecs who established a new dynasty in Texcoco. The following chart covers the kings of Culhuacan until that defeat.

Kings of Culhuacan	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Nauhyotl I	50	718- 768
Mixcohuatl Camaxtli	78	768- 846
Totepueh I Nonohyatcatl I
Yohuallatonac I	59	846- 905
Quetzallacxoyatl	49	905- 954
Chalchiuh-Tlatonac I	32	954- 986
Totepeuh II	41	986-1027
Nauhyotl II	36	1027-1063

For five years (1063-1068) the local government of Culhuacan was in the hands of a Toltec noble Xiuhtemoc, to whom the late king's children were confided. The year after the defeat, a young son of the king was placed on the throne under the tutelage of Xiuhtemoc.

Kings of Culhuacan	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Nauhyotl III	60	1064-1124
Cuanhtexpetlatzin	57	1124-1181
Huetzin	21	1181-1202
Nonoalcatl	21	1202-1223
Achitometl	14	1223-1237
Cuauhtonal	14	1237-1251
NEW LINEAGE BEGINS
Mazatzin	23	1251-1274
Quetzaltzin	13	1274-1287
Chalchiuhtlatonac II	17	1287-1304
Cuauhtlix	7	1304-1311
Yohuallatonac	10	1311-1321
Tziuhtecatzin	13	1321-1334
Xihuitlemoc	18	1334-1352
Coxcox	24	1352-1376
Acamapichtli	12	1376-1388
Achitometl	12	1388-1400
Nauhyotl	13	1400-1413

The central government in the Valley of Mexico now passed into the hands of the Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan. Prior to the Aztec dominion, the Chichimecs at Texcoco were a dominant Indian tribe. Their power commenced with the defeat of Tullan in 1063.

THE CHICHIMECS AT TEXCOCO

Chichimec Kings of Texcoco	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Xolotl	17	1063-1180
After the era of Xolotl a new lineage begins.
Nopaltzin	31	1180-1211
Tlotzin Pochotl	35	1211-1246
Quinantzin Tlaltecatzin	59	1246-1305
Techotlala	52	1305-1357
Istlilxochitl (For this king Valliant has mistakenly dropped out an entire cycle of 52 years in his reign.)	61	1357-1418
Nezahualcoyotl	54	1418-1472
Nezahualpilli	44	1472-1516
Cacama	3	1516-1519

Spanish land in Vera Cruz, native rulers to 1550 continued with limited authority. During part of the reign of Istlilxochitl, two tyrants of Tepanec dominated the country. They are below.

Tepanec Tyrants at Azcapotzalco	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Tezozomoc	84	1343-1427
Maxtla	2	1427-1429

THE AZTECS

The Mexican Indians were, at the coming of the Spanish, under the Aztec sway. Many tribes readily accepted Spanish assistance to aid them in the overthrow of their oppressive rulers. They had yet to learn that new oppressors were coming in the guise of deliverers. The following outline illustrates the gradual rise to power of the Aztecs. The story of the final overthrow of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan is so generally narrated as to need no repetition here. The city was established under Tezcuecuex in 1202 at the end of the reign of Huetzin of Culhuacan.

Aztecs of Tenochtitlan	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Tezcuecuex	33	1202-1235
Huitzilhuitl, called Mexi, after whom Mexico receives its name. Culhuacan seized Tenochtitlan. The city again became independent under Tenoch in 1325.	63	1235-1298
Tenoch, after whom the city of Tenochtitlan was named.	11	1325-1336
Tlacotin	1	1336-1337
Teuhtlehuac	12	1337-1349
LINEAGE BEGINS:
Queen Ilancueitl	34	1349-1383
Acamapichtli, reigns 8 years contemporary with previous queen.	20	1375-1395
Huitzilhuitl II	19	1395-1414
Chimalpopoca	14	1414-1428
Itzcoatl	12	1428-1440
Montezuma I	29	1440-1469
Azayacatl	12	1469-1481
Tizoc	5	1481-1486
Ahuitzetl	17	1486-1503
Montezuma II, in his reign the Spanish arrived.	17	1503-1520
Cuitlahuac (murdered on way to Honduras)	4 months	1520

The history of the Peruvian civilization must wait until Spanish history is presented. Other cities of lesser import have left us a record but those present here give the chronological outline from which a valid study of Mexican history can begin.

COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY

VOLUME 2

A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

by Herman L. Hoeh

1963 1966, 1969 Edition

---

CHAPTER V

THE CONQUESTS OF ODIN AND DANISH HISTORY

Many a school boy has heard of Odin, the great Norse hero. But how many realize that Odin was a real king of Denmark? That he founded the kingdom of Denmark in the days of David, king of Israel? That he visited Solomon's temple? of that Odin was the first Danish king to cross the Atlantic -- as did Danish Vikings centuries later?

For centuries Danes revered the history of their nation. Not until the atheistic educational philosophy of German schools permeated their country did the Danes discard the early history of their nation. Modern historians, imbued with the idea that myth was the only form in which early man knew how to write, treat all Danish history as myth. They have never investigated to see whether it were so. of course myth was grafted in the Middle Ages on the early history of Denmark. That tragedy befell all nations under the sway of religious superstition in the Middle Ages.

But that does not proof that the essential core of early Danish history is invalid. Today historians labor under the delusion that history was artificially created after traditional mythology had long been established. Not so. Recorded and traditional history around the world was carefully preserved in palaces and royal libraries. Only later did myth embrace history,

WHAT THE HISTORY OF DENMARK REVEALS

Now is the time to restore the lost history of Denmark. The most accessible outline of Danish history is that found in Anderson's 'Royal Genealogies'. Many other volumes contribute to the story, but only Anderson's work correctly preserves in English the chronology of the early period.

Danish written history properly begins with the first king to bear rule over the Danish or Cymbric peninsula. That king was Danus I. In Danish history he is also called Dan I. He was the first Odin or Votan -- from the Hebrew 'adonai' meaning 'lord.'

Denmark originally received its name from the tribe of the Danaan. It passed to the king who took the name of the subjects over whom he ruled.

King Dan I commenced his reign in 1040. This was the year of the break-up of the German realm. The division of German territory among the three sons of Wolfheim -- Kells, Gall and Hiller -- left the seafarers of the far northwest of Europe without leadership. To fill the void the German and Hebrew inhabitants of Denmark called upon the scion of the Trojan House to reign over them. That scion was Dan I. He lived at the time in Thrace.

THE GENEALOGY OF DAN I

The present kings of Northwestern Europe and Great Britain are all related to Dan I of Denmark. The 'Saxon Chronicle' commences the line of Dan I with the following two names: 'Noah, Sem.' Thereafter a long break occurs in the genealogy -- similar to the Biblical statement: 'Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham' (Matthew l:l).

This gap in Odin's genealogy is partially filled in by the Icelandic 'Langfedgatal'. After Sem, the 'Langfedgatal' gives the following genealogy on Odin's father's side:

'Saturnus of Krit

Jupiter

Darius

Erichhonius

Troes

Ilus

Lamedon

Priam, King of Troy

Minon or Memnon, who married Priam's daughter. Their son was Tror, whom we call Thor, the father of Hloritha.

Thor

Einridi

Vingethorr

Vingener

Moda

Magi

Seskef, or Sescef.'

In Danish literature Seskef -- sometimes spelled Sceaf -- is a title of Odin. It means a 'sheaf' of grain. Odin claimed to be a kind of savior, or a lord. He laid claim to being the sheaf that symbolically represented the Messiah (Leviticus 23:9-14).

But why should Dan I, a king of Denmark, copy a ceremony perpetuated by the law of Moses? Is there a connection between Odin and Israel?

The answer is found in who Saturnus of Krit, ancestor of Odin, really was. In modern English the name would be Saturn of Crete. There were many Saturns in antiquity, often confused with one another. Usually the name was applied to a man who flees or who hides himself.

Saturn is a Latin word derived from a root meaning to flee into hiding. The Greek term was Kronos. This particular Saturn of Crete was so famous that the Phoenician historian Sanchoniathon spoke of him. Fragments of his works have been preserved by Eusebius in 'Preparation of the Gospel', book i, ch. x. Here are his words: 'For Kronus or (Saturn), whom the Phoenicians call Israel ....' ('Corey's Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician, Carthaginian, Babylonian, Egyptian and other Authors', by E. Richmond Hodges, page 21.)

Israel was the name of Jacob. That would make Odin a son of Shem and a son of Jacob. But why was Jacob called Saturn? Because Jacob became famous for fleeing or hiding from his enemies. Jacob's mother warned him of his brother Esau's wrath: 'Now, therefore, my son, hearken to my voice; and arise, flee thou to Laban my brother in Haran' (Genesis 27:43). 'And it was told Laban ... that Jacob was fled' -- this time back to Palestine. (Gen. 31:22).

But how is one to account for the title to Crete in Jacob's name? Certainly Jacob did not have title to it prior to descending into Egypt. The answer is, Jacob obtained it from Pharaoh in Egypt.

Here are the facts. Egypt was a vast Mediterranean power in the days of Jacob. One of the areas early settled by Egyptians was the island of Crete, an important naval gateway in the Mediterranean. From Crete -- Caphtor in Hebrew -- came the Philistines (Jer. 47:4 and Amos 9:7). The Philistines descended from Mizraim, father of the Egyptians (Gen. 10:13-14). Ruling over the Egyptians and Philistines in Crete and the eastern Nile Delta was a little-known dynasty of Egyptian kings. They are mentioned in the 'Book of Sothis' by Sncellus. Manetho does not include them among his dynasties.

The king of this dynasty, who was subject to the jurisdiction of the great Pharaoh in Egypt, was Rameses (l744-1715). Because of Joseph's service to the Egyptian government, the Pharaoh transferred primary title to the Land from the line of Rameses to the line of Israel -- and that included not only Goshen, but Crete!

And that is how Israel (Jacob) anciently obtained title to the island of Crete.

The 'Langfedgatal' genealogy of Odin of Denmark may therefore be clarified as follows:

Saturnus of Krit -- Israel or Jacob (1856-1709)

Jupiter, son of Saturn of Krit -- Judah

Darius, descendant of Jupiter (Judah) -- is Dara or Darda (see the family name in I Chronicles 2:4,6); Josephus calls him Dardanus (1477-1412); he fled Italy and founded Troy (the Norse geneaology skips the names of Tarah and Mahol between Judah and Darda)

Erichhonius -- Ericthonius (1412-1366), second king of Troy

Troes -- Tros (1366-1326), third king of Troy

Ilus -- Illus (1326-1277), fourth king of Troy

Lamedon -- Laomedon (1277-1233), fifth king of Troy

Priam -- Priamus (1233-1181), king of Troy during first Trojan war.

Eighth in descent from Priam was Seskef, who was Danus I or Odin (Votan), first king of Denmark -- 1040-999. Odin was a Hebrew, of the line of Judah, from whom the chief rulers were to come. 'For Judah prevailed above his brethren, and of him came the chief ruler' (I Chron. 5:2).

Now consider over whom Odin ruled in Northwest Europe.

'HU THE MIGHTY'

King Danus' realm extended far beyond the reaches of the Danish peninsula. The people over whom he ruled were a collection of tribes which constituted the greatest sea power of the time -- the Pelasgians or sea people. From the list of sea powers, commented on in Volume I of the Compendium, it is proofd that the Pelasgians were Hebrews and their allies. Their chief center of habitation was Palestine. Denmark was one of several overseas settlements. Israel gained power in 1057, shortly before the break-up of Germany in Europe. They retained it until 972, when Solomon's kingdom in Palestine was split. For the Israelites to have obtained dominion of the sea in 1057 in the Mediterranean and Atlantic presupposes that they already were living along the western shores of Europe before that date.

When and how did the Children of Israel migrate to Western Europe? The answer is found in Cymbric or Welsh history.

A fragmentary Welsh record, called the Welsh Triad, reads as follows: 'First was the race of the Cymry, who came with Hu Gadarn to Ynys Prydain.' Hu came from 'the land of summer' -- a land located somewhere in what later constituted the realm of Constantinople (the capital of the eastern Roman Empire). He journeyed to Ynys Pridain -- the Welsh name of the Isle of Britain. This first major settlement preceded the migration in 1149 of Brutus of Troy to Britain.

Who was Hu Gadarn? Gadarn is a Welsh word. It means the 'Mighty.' Hu was a short form of the Old Celtic name Hesus ('Origines Celticae', by Edwin Guest, vol. 2, p. 9). Hesus is the Celtic -- and also the Spanish -- pronunciation of Jesus. Was there a famous 'Jesus' who lived in the balmy summerland of the eastern Mediterranean centuries before the time of Jesus the Christ? Most certainly! It is found in Hebrews 4:8, 'For if Jesus that is, Joshua) had given them rest, then would he not afterward have spoken of another day.'

Jesus was merely the Greek form of the Hebrew name Joshua. Hu or Hesus the Mighty was Joshua the Mighty, the great general who led Israel into Palestine. And the Welsh Triad records that in his later years he also settled Israel peaceably in the British Isle. From there, for trading purposes, they spread to the coasts of the continent which were subject to the German Cymry -- the descendants of the German king Cimbrus (1679-1635). That is how Israel in Denmark came to be known by the tribal name of Cymry.

As time elapsed the peninsula of Denmark became a chief area of trade and commerce. It is strategically located to dominate both North and Baltic sea trade. So together with the original German tribes of the Cymry and Dauciones were migrants from Britain. In 1040 the Hebrew Cymry called for a descendant of Judah, a royal scion of the House of Troy, to rule over them. Odin answered the call and led a migration out of Thrace into Denmark and neighboring regions. The deeds of Odin upon becoming king over the Cymry (sometimes spelled Cymbri) will be included in a later section on the American Indian.

THE KINGS OF DENMARK

Below is the genealogical and historical line of Judah that descended from Odin. Through intermarriage the line of Odin has permeated throughout Western Europe. Small wonder that the lion of Judah is the symbol on the coat of arms and shields of the royalty of Northwestern Europe.

Kings of Denmark	Lengths of Reign	Dates
1. Danus I, or Odin first king of Denmark	41	1040-999
2. Humblus, son of Odin	8	999-991
3. Lotherus, son of Odin	17	991-974
4. Boghius	5	974-969
5. Scioldus, son of Lotherus	80	969-889
6. Gram (or Gran) Slain by Suibdagerus, a king of Norway, in battle; wives were Groa a Swede, and Signe of Finland.	31	889-858
7. Suibdagerus King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, who, by force, married Gran's daughter and conquered Denmark.	40	858-818
8. Guthormus, son of Queen Signe Reigned 14 years contemporary with Suibdagerus.	14	832-818
9. Hadingus, another son of Signe and Gram	54	818-764
10. Frotho I, son of Hadingus	77	764-687
11. Haldanus I, son of Frotho	56	687-631
12. Rhoe, son of Haldanus	63	631-568
13. Helgo, son of Haldanus Reigned contemporary with his brother.	34	628-594
14. Rolvo, son of Helgo by his own daughter Ursa. Became king after death of Rhoe; was killed by Attile, king of Sweden, who conquered Denmark.	41	568-527
15. Hotherus, great-grandson of Hadingus, son of king Hotobrodus of Sweden. King of Denmark and Sweden.	42	527-485
16. Roric Slyngeband, son of Hotherus	49	485-436
17. Wigletus, son of Roric	48	436-388
18. Guitalchus	32	388-356
19. Vermundus, son of Wigletus	61	356-295
20. Uffe, son of Vermundus	30	295-265
21. Danus II, son of Uffe	37	265-228
22. Hugletus the Little, son of Danus II	52	228-176
23. Frotho II, son of Hugletus	30	176-146

DENMARK ENTERS ROMAN HISTORY

24. Danus III, son of Frotho In his time the German Cymbrians joined the Teutons in a terrible war against Rome in 113. Italy would have been conquered if the consul Marius had not defeated them utterly.	69	146- 77
25. Fridlevus I, the Swift, son of Danus	37	77- 40
26. Frotho III, the Pacific, son of Fridlevus ('A.D.') King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway.	54	40- 15
INTERREGNUM for nearly	4 years	15- 19
27. Hiarnus, a poet	2	19- 21
28. Fridlevus II, son of Frotho	12	21- 33
29. Frotho IV, the Liberal, son of Fridlevus	46	33- 79
30. Ingellus Wendemothius, son of Frotho	23	79-102
31. Olaus I, son of Ingellus	10	102-112
32. Haraldus I, reigned contemporary with brother	5	112-117
33. Frotho V, brother of Haraldus	19	112-131
34. Haraldus II, son of Haraldus I	10	131-141
35. Haldanus II, son of Haraldus II Reigned 10 years contemporary with brother, 5 years alone.	15	131-146
36. Unquinus, king of Gothland, succeeded son-in-law Haldanus in Denmark.	9	146-155
37. Sivaldus I, son of Unquinus	22	155-177
38. Sigarus, son of Sivaldus	13	177-190
39. Sivaldus II, son of Sigarus	11	190-201
INTERREGNUM -- Rule of 5 governors	40	201-241
40. Haldanus III, married Guritha, granddaughter of Sigarus.	20	241-261
41. Haraldus III, (Hilletand or Hilderand), son of Haldanus; died in Sweden after a seven-year war, during which time his daughter Haditha governed Denmark.	66	261-327
42. Olaus II, brother of Haditha	4	327-331
43. Osmund, son of Olaus	10	331-341
44. Sivardus I, son of Osmund	9	341-350
45. Buthlus, brother of Sivardus	1	350-351
46. Jarmericus, son of Sivardus	16	351-367
47. Broderus, son of Jarmericus	2	367-369
48. Sivaldus III, son of Broderus	9	370-379
49. Snio (or Sino), son of Silvaldus.	22	379-401

The next seven kings lived mostly abroad. They succeeded each other as father and son.

50. Roderic	10	401-411
51. Sueno I	55	411-467
52. Guitlachus	50	467-517
53. Haraldus IV	46	481-527
54. Eschyllus	16	527-543
55. Veremundus	78	543-621
56. Osmund II	75	621-696

The following kings lived in Denmark.

57. Biorno	4	696-701
58. Baldrus, son of Biorno	6	701-707
59. Haraldus V, son of Baldrus	8	707-715
60. Gormo I, son of Haraldus	50	715-765
61. Gotricus or Godfrey or Sigfrid, commences invasions of England 787	45	765-810
62. Olaus III Because Gotricus became the great legislator of the Danes, his reign is often begun from the year 777 as follows:	1	810-811
Gotricus (or Godfrey), called Sigfrid	33	777-810
Olaus III or Olabus	2	810-812

Continuing:

63. Hemmingius or Hemmingus or Heningus	4	812-816
64. Sivard II	2	816-818
65. Ringo, contemporary with Sivard II	2	816-818
66. Regner	13	818-831
67. Harald VI	3	818-821
68. Sivard III, the last heathen king of Denmark.	3	831-834

CHRISTIANITY INTRODUCED ON THE THRONE

69. Eric I, the first king of Denmark to adopt Christianity.

1

834-835

During much of this and the preceding period Denmark was plagued by joint reigns, disputed succession, and lesser kings who seized on part of the realm. Whole tribes left the peninsula to settle permanently in England. They were called Danes, but were, in fact, of Anglo-Saxon stock.

70. Eric II, called Barno, the Child	24	835-859
71. Canute I, surnamed the Small	20	859-879
72. Frotho VI	1	879-880
73. Gormo II (or Guthran or Gormund)	13	880-893
74. Harald VII, Parcus, or the Niggard	8	893-901
75. Gormo III or Guthram or or Godrum or Gormund	30	901-931
76. Harald VIII, called Blaatand	48	931-979
77. Sueno II or Suen-Otto, called Forked Beard	35	979-1014
78. Ericus, King of Sweden became King of Denmark in 988 for 7 years, till slain by his own servants, when Suen-Otto was restored by Scottish assistance.	7	988-995
79. Canute II or King Knut the Great, united Scandinavia under his realm, it fell apart at his death. Became king of England 1016.	21	1014-1035

From this date on any thorough work on Denmark will satisfactorily present its history. With the death of Canute a period of 2074 years ended since the founding of the monarchy.