INDEX S - Z
Saliva, Isis serpent formed from, 45 ; magical
qualities of, 46 .
Samaria, building of, 405 ; murder of Jezebel
in, 410 ; Assyrians capture,
455 ; "ten tribes" deported,
455 ; Babylonians settled in,
456 .
Sammu-rammat (sammu-ram-mat), Queen of Assyria, as Semiramis,
417 , 437 ,
438 ; a Babylonian,
418 ; high status of,
419 ; relation to Adad-nirari IV,
419 , 420 ;
innovations of, 421 ; mother worship and,
423 , 436 ;
Queen Nakia like, 470 ,
471 .
Samsu-iluna (s-sil-a), King, son of Hammurabi, slays Rim-Sin,
249 ; Kassites appear in reign of,
255 ; Erech and Ur restored by,
256 .
Sandan (sd), the god, 261 ; Agni and
Melkarth and, 346 ; winged disk of,
348 . Also rendered Sandes.
Sandstorms, the Babylonian, 24 .
Sap of plants, vitalized by water of life, 45 .
Sarah, Abraham's wife, 16 .
Saraswati (să-răswă-tee), wife of Brahma, 101 .
Sardanapalus (sar-dan-a-pālus), palace burning of,
350 ; Ashur-bani-pal and,
486 , 487 ,
488 .
Sargon of Akkad, as Patriarch, xxxiii ;
the Patriarch-Tammuz myth of, 91 ,
437 ; humble origin of,
125 ; legend of like Indian Karna story,
126 ; empire of,
127 ; Enlil-bani of Isin like,
133 ; Gilgamesh legend and,
171 , 172 ;
Sargon II an incarnation of, 462 .
Sargon II, King of Assyria, excavations at city of, xx ; "Lost Ten Tribes" deported
by, 455 ; Merodach Baladan revolt,
457 ; Syrian revolts against,
458 , 459 ;
tribute from Piru of Mutsri, 458 ; Piru and
Pharaoh, 458 n.; Isaiah warns Ahaz regarding,
459 ; Hittites and,
460 ; Urartu crippled by,
460 , 461 ;
Merodach Baladan ejected by, 462 ; Messianic
pretensions of, 462 ; Dur-Sharrukin built by,
463 ; deities worshipped by,
463 ; assassination of,
463 , 464 .
Saturn, the planet, Horus as, 300 ,
302 ; in sun and moon group,
301 ; Ninip (Nirig) as,
301 ; as ghost of elder god,
302 ; month of,
305 ; the "black", 314 ,
315 ; in astrology,
318 .
Satyrs, the dance of at Babylon, 114 ,
333 .
Saul, the ephod ceremony, 213 ,
214 ; cremation of,
350 .
Saushatar (sa-shat), King of Mitanni, Assyria subdued by,
279 , 280 .
Sayce, Professor, on Dagon-Dagan problem, 32 ;
on Daonus and Tammuz, 83 ; on Hittite chronology,
264 ; on star worship,
317 ; on the goat god,
332 , 333 ;
Hittite winged disk, 347 ,
348 , 428 .
Sceaf or Scef, "the sheaf", Tammuz and the Germanic myth of,
91 , 92 ,
93 , 210 .
Schliemann, pottery finds by, 263 .
Schools, in Hammurabi Age, 251 .
Scorpion man and wife, in Gilgamesh epic, 177 ,
178 .
Scotland, the sea god of, 33 ; spitting customs
in, 47 ; the "Great Mother" in, a demon,
64 ; return of dead dreaded in,
70 ; "calling back" belief in,
70 n.; south-west wind a hag like Babylonian,
73 ; fairies and elves of,
80 , 186 ; Tammuz-Diarmid
myth of, 85 ; Diarmid a love god of,
87 ; the eternal goddess of,
101 ; "the Yellow Muilearteach" of,
151 ; slain by Finn as Merodach slays Tiamat,
151 ; great eel story of,
152 ; mother-monster Sumerian lore in,
153 ; giant lore of,
164 , 317 ;
Etana-like eagle myth of, 167 ,
168 ; John Barleycorn, the Icelandic god Barleycorn
and Nimrod, 170 ,
170 n.,
171 ; water of life myths of, 186 ,
187 ; dark tunnel stories of,
189 ; Pictish customs in,
212 ; the Gunna,
213 ; seers and bull skin ceremony,
213 ; folk cures in,
232 , 233 ;
pig as the devil in, 293 ; May day solar belief
in, 348 ; the "seven sleepers" in,
394 ; "death thraw" belief,
427 n.; doves and ravens,
429 ; pigeon lore in,
431 .
Scott, Sir Walter, the Taghairm ceremony, 213 .
Scyld. See Sceaf.
Scythians, raids of in Western Asia, 461 ;
Esarhaddon and, 472 ; fall of Nineveh,
488 .
Sea demon, Ea as a, 62 .
Sea fire, 50 ,
51 .
Sea giants, the Babylonian, 34 .
Sea goddess, Ea's spouse as, and earth lady,
34 .
Sea gods, Ea, Dagon, Poseidon, Neptune, Shony, and Njord as,
33 .
"Sea Lady", the, Sabitu, in Gilgamesh epic,
178 , 179 ; Germanic hag and,
184 , 185 ;
the Indian Maya like, 188 .
Sea of Death, in Gilgamesh epic, 178 et seq.
Sealand, Dynasty of in Hammurabi Age, 257 ;
in Kassite Age, 274 ,
275 .
Seasonal changes, evil spirits cause, 65 .
Seasons, the, of Babylonia, 23 ,
24 .
Sebek (sebek), Egyptian crocodile god, as a weeping deity,
29 .
Sekhet (sekhet), the Egyptian goddess, Ishtar and,
57 .
Seleucid Period, Lagash occupied in, 243 .
Seleucus I, 498 .
Seleukeia, rival city to Babylon, 498 .
"Self power", xxxiii; conception of in stage of Naturalism,
291 ; the "world soul" conception,
304 ; Anu a form of,
328 ; the "world soul",
328 ; gods as phases of,
329 ; stars as phases of,
331 .
Semiramis (sem-ira-mis), Queen, as founder of Nineveh,
277 ; Queen Sammu-rammat as,
417 ; mother worship and,
423 , 434 ;
birth legend like Shakuntala's, 423 ,
424 ; as representative of mother goddess,
425 ; buildings and mounds of,
425 , 426 ;
Persian connection, 427 ,
433 ; dove symbol of,
431 , 432 ;
origin of legend of, 437 ,
438 ; Urartu and,
441 ; Queen Nakia and,
471 ; wife of Cambyses like,
496 . See Sammu-rammat.
Semites, Akkadians were, 2 ; the racial blend of, 9 et seq.; influence of on
Sumerian gods, 135 ,
136 , 137 .
Sennacherib (sen-ner-ib ), King of Assyria,
463 ; wars of in Elam and Asia Minor,
464 ; Ionians deported to Nineveh by,
464 ; Merodach Baladan's second reign,
465 ; army of destroyed by "angel of the Lord",
466 , 467 ;
death of Merodach Baladan, 468 ; destruction
of Babylon by, 468 ,
469 ; murder of,
470 ; Nakia, Babylonian wife of,
471 .
Sergi, Professor, on Syrian and Asia Minor races,
11 , 267 .
Serpent, Isis makes from saliva of Ra, 45 ;
in group of seven spirits, 63 ; the world,
150 ; dragon as,
157 , 158 ;
totemic theory, 293 ,
296 ; in Crete,
430 .
Serpent charms, as fertility and birth charms,
150 , 165 .
Serpent worship, 77 .
Serpents, the mother of, in Zu bird myth, 74 ,
75 ; the Babylonian and Egyptian,
74 -76 ,
150 .
Sesostris (se-sōstris), Hittite god identified with,
441 ; Semiramis and,
426 . Set, as boar demon,
46 , 85 ,
293 ; as the dragon,
156 ; as thunder god,
261 .
Seti I (setee), of Egypt, struggle of with Hittites,
364 .
Seven, the demons in groups of, 34 . "Sevenfold
One", 298 ; constellations as,
300 et seq.; Tammuz as,
304 , 317 .
"Seven sleepers", the, 394 .
Seven spirits, the, dragon, &c., in, 63 ;
the daughters of Anu, 68 ; the sexless,
71 .
Shabaka (shk, King of Egypt, the Biblical So and,
454 n.
Shakespeare, "Jack" the fairy, 66 ; Tiamat-like
imagery in, 151 ; "sea devils",
152 ; grave inscription of,
214 , 215 ;
astrology references, 324 ,
325 .
Shakuntala (shă-koonta-l), birth legend of like Semiramis's,
423 , 424 ;
Persian eagle legend and, 493 .
Shallum (shl), revolt of at Samaria, 449 .
Shalmaneser I (sh-m-e-ser), of Assyria, a great conqueror,
363 ; western and northern expansion,
366 ; Kalkhi capital of,
367 .
Shalmaneser III, referred to in Bible, 401 ;
attacks on Aramns and Hittites, 407 ; Ahab
of Israel fights against, 407 ; authority of
in Babylonia, 408 ,
409 ; defeat of Hazael of Damascus,
411 ; tribute from Jehu of Israel,
411 , 412 ;
conquests of, 414 ; revolt of son against,
414 ; death of,
415 ; Babylonian culture, 422 ; library of
at Kalkhi, 422 .
Shalmaneser IV, of Assyria, reign of, 439 ;
Urartu wars of, 442 . Shalmaneser V, imprisons
Hoshea of Israel, 454 ,
455 .
Shamash (shash), Semitic name of sun god,
40 ; Babbar Sumerian name of, 54 ,
240 ; Mitra and Varuna and,
54 ; as god of destiny,
55 ; Mithra and,
55 . 56 ; sun as "boat of the sky",
56 , 57 ; consort
and attendants of, 57 ,
100 ; local importance of,
58 ; in eagle and serpent myths,
75 , 76 ; in demon
war, 76 ; development of,
132 ; in Gilgamesh legend,
172 et seq.; as an abstract deity,
240 , 241 ;
oracle of pleads for Merodach, 272 ; month of,
305 ; as the "high head",
334 ; "water sun" of,
334 ; the wheel symbol of,
347 ; Aramns destroy temple of,
445 ; worshipped by Esarhaddon,
471 ; oracle of and Ashur-bani-pal,
481 ; Nabonidus and,
492 .
Shamash-shum-ukin (shamash-shumin), King of Babylon,
471 , 476 ,
480 ; restoration of Merodach,
480 , 481 ;
revolt of against Ashur-bani-pal, 484 ; burns
himself in palace, 485 .
Shamshi-Adad VII (shamshi-adad), King of Assyria,
414 ; civil war,
415 ; conquests of,
415 , 416 ;
culture in reign of, 423 ; rise of Urartu,
440 .
Sh, the god. See Anshar.
Sh Apsi, "King of the Deep", Ea as, 28 ,
29 .
"Shar Kishshe", "King of the World", Assyrian title,
363 , 370 .
Sharduris III (shardris), of Urartu, routed by Tiglath-pileser IV,
446 , 447 .
Shaving customs, significance of, 4 ; of Arabians
and Libyans, &c., 9 ; why Sumerian gods were bearded,
135 -137 .
Shedu (shādu), the destroying bull, 65 ;
as household fairy, 77 .
Sheep, skin of in graves, 213 .
Shepherd, the divine, Tammuz as, 53 .
Sheshonk (shishak), Pharaoh of Egypt, alliance with Solomon,
388 ; Hebrews spoiled by,
391 , 402 .
Shinar, the Biblical, 111 ,
247 ; Amraphel (Hammurabi) of,
131 .
Shishak. See Sheshonk.
Shivă, the Indian god, Bel Enlil like, 38 ;
the Sumerian Ninip like, 53 ; Osiris and Ra like,
63 ; in "dying Indra" myth,
10 l.
Shony (shonee), sea god of Scottish Hebrides,
33 .
Sh the Egyptian god, created from saliva, 46 .
Shubari (shu-bi) tribes, 284 .
Shurippak or Shurruppak, city of, in flood legend,
190 , 191 ,
243 .
Shushan. See Susa.
Siberia, elves of, 105 ; "calling back" of
ghosts in, 69 , 70 .
Sidon, conspiracy against Nebuchadrezzar II,
491 ; tribute of to Adad-nirari IV, 439 ;
Tyre and, 388 ,
392 ; Israel an ally of, 406 ; in league
against Esarhaddon, 472 ; destruction of,
473 .
Siegfried (seegfreed), "birds of Fate" sang to,
65 ; the "Regin" dragon,
156 , 164 .
Signs of the Zodiac. See Zodiac.
Sigurd (seegoord), link with Merodach as dragon slayer,
147 n.; the "Fafner" dragon,
156 , 164 .
Sin, desert of, called after moon god, 52 .
Sin, the moon god, 51 ,
52 ; consort and children of,
53 ; Shamash, Mitra, and Varuna chastise,
54 , 55 ; in demon
war, 76 , 77 ;
as father of Isis, 100 ; as form of Merodach,
160 ; month of,
305 ; Ashur worshipped with, 353 ; Nabonidus
as worshipper of, 494 . See Moonand
Nannar.
Sinai, mountains of, called after moon god, 52 .
Sin-iksha (sin-iksha), King of Isin, 133 .
Sin-magir (sin-mir), King of Isin, 133 .
Sin-muballit (sin-mblit), King, father of Hammurabi,
132 , 242 ;
struggle of with Elamites, 243 .
Sin-shar-ishkun, last King of Assyria, 487 .
Sippar (sippar), sun god chief deity of, 40 ;
a famous priestly teacher of, 42 ; goddess of
assists Merodach to create mankind, 148 ; rise
of sun cult of, 240 ; first Amoritic king of,
241 ; Esarhaddon plunders,
472 .
Sirius, the star, Teutonic giant as, 295 ;
goddess Isis as, 296 .
Skull forms, language and, 3 ; of Mongolian,
Ural-Altaic, and Mediterranean peoples, 3 ,
4 ; Kurdish and Armenian treatment,
4 , 5 ; of early
Egyptians and Sumerians, 7 et seq.; Pallithic
still survive, 8 ; persistence of,
8 ; broad heads in Western Asia, Egypt, and India,
8 , 9 ; the Semitic,
10 .
Sky, conception of "Self Power" of, 292 ;
god of, 31 ; goddesses of,
36 , 37 . Sleeper,
the divine, Angus, the Irish, and Tammuz, 90 .
Sleepers, the seven, the Indras as, 101 ;
Thomas the Rhymer, Finn, Napoleon, and Skobeleff as,
164 ; as spirits of fertility,
164 ; Tammuz and,
210 .
Smith, Professor Elliot, on Sumerian origins,
7 ; on origin of Semites, 10 ; on conquest
by Akkadians of Sumerians, 12 ; on first use
of copper, 12 ; on early Egyptian invasion of
"broad heads", 263 ,
264 .
Smith, George, career and discoveries of, xxi -xxiii ;
"Descent of Ishtar", 95 et seq.
Smith, Professor Robertson, on Atargatis legend,
28 ; on life-blood beliefs,
47 ; on agricultural weeping ceremony,
83 .
Snakes, doves and, Cretan goddess and, 430 .
So, King of Egypt, Shabaka and other kings and,
454 , 454
n.
Sokar, a composite monster god, 135 .
Sokar (sok), Egyptian lord of fear, 63 .
Solomon, King, ally of Egypt and Tyre, 388 ,
389 ; sea trade of with India,
389 , 390 ;
Babylonia during period of, 391 ; Judah and
Israel separated after death of, 401 ,
402 .
Soma (sōmă), source of inspiration, 45 .
Song of the Sea Lady, in Gilgamesh epic, 178 ,
179 .
"Soul of the land", river Euphrates as the, 23 .
Souls, carried to Hades by eagle, 168 .
Spells on water, 44 ; layers of punished,
233 .
Spinning, in Late Stone Age, 14 .
Spirits, "air" and "breath" as, 48 ,
49 ; gods evolved from,
60 ; the good and evil,
58 , 63 ,
77 , 78 ,
236 ; the Gorgons,
159 ; periodic liberation of,
65 ; the "calling back" belief,
69 , 70 ; penetrate
everywhere, 72 ; of luck and fate,
77 , 236 ; elves,
Ribhus, and Burkans as, 105 .
Spitting customs, in Asia, Africa, and Europe,
46 , 47 .
Spring sun, the, Tammuz as god of, 53 .
Sri, the Indian eternal mother, 101 .
Stars, the, great beauty of in Babylonia, 24 ;
"Will-o-the-wisps" as, 67 ; Zu bird and,
74 ; Merodach fixes Signs of the Zodiac,
147 ; the "stations" of Enlil and Ea,
147 ; animals and myths of the,
289 ; in various local mythologies,
290 ; the "host of heaven",
294 ; as totems,
295 ; as ghosts,
295 , 304 ;
in mythologies of Teutons, Aryo-Indians, Greeks, Egyptians, &c.,
295 , 296 ,
319 , 320 ;
star of Osiris, 296 ; Ishtar myths,
295 , 299 ;
Merodach as Regulus and Capella, 299 ; bi-sexual
deities and the, 299 ; early association of
Isis with, 300 ; three for each month,
307 , 308 ,
309 ; the "divinities of council",
309 ; the doctrine of mythical Ages and,
310 et seq.; popular worship of,
317 ; as "birth-ruling divinities",
318 ; spirits of associated with gods,
318 ; in Indian Vedas and "Forest Books",
318 ; Biblical references to,
324 ; literary references to,
325 ; Anshar as the Pole star,
330 ; Isaiah and Polar star myth,
331 ; Polar star as "the kid",
333 ; in Ashur ring symbol,
344 .
Steer, moon god as the, 52 ,
135 .
Stone Age, the Late, pottery of in Turkestan, Elam, Asia Minor, and Europe,
5 ; origin of agriculture in,
6 ; in Palestine,
10 ; racial blending in Egypt in, 11 ; civilization
in, 13 et seq.; refined faces of men
of, 15 .
Stone worship, moon worship and, 52 ; Ninip
the bull god and, 53 .
Storm demons, the Babylonian Shutu and Adapa legend,
72 , 73 ; the
European, 72 , 73 .
See Wind hags.
Strabo, on Babylonian works of Alexander, 498 ;
on Semiramis legend, 425 .
Straw girdle, a birth charm, 165 .
Subbi-luliuma (sbi-lu-li-a), Hittite king, conquests of,
283 , 363 .
Sumer, or Sumeria (shoomer and sum-āri-a), its racial and geographical
significance, 1 ; early name of Kengi,
2 ; agriculture in at earliest period,
6 ; culture of indigenous,
6 , 7 ; women's
high social status in, 16 ,
17 ; Eridu a seaport of,
22 ; surplus products and trade of,
25 ; gods of like Egyptian,
26 , 36 ,
37 ; modes of thought and habits of life in,
51 ; the Great Mother Tiamat of,
106 ; early history of,
109 et seq.; principal cities of,
110 ; the "plain of Shinar",
111 ; why gods of were bearded,
135 , 136 ,
137 ; burial customs of like early Egyptian,
211 , 214 ;
cities of destroyed in Hammurabi Age, 243 ;
the Biblical Shinar is, 247 ; stars in primitive
religion of, 289 ; Naturalism and the Zi,
291 ; sculpture of compared with Assyrian,
401 .
Sumerian goddesses, racial origin of, 105 .
Sumerians, characteristics of, 2 ; Akkadians
adopted culture of, 2 ,
3 ; unlike the Chinese,
3 ; Mongolian affinities of doubtful,
3 ; language of agglutinative like those of Chinese,
Turks, Magyars, Finns, and Basques, 3 ; Ural-Altaic
racial theory, 4 ; shaving customs of,
5 ; of Mediterranean or Brown Race,
7 ; congeners of prehistoric Europeans,
9 ; Arabs and Egyptians and,
9 , 10 ; conquered
by Akkadians, 12 ; survival of culture and language
of, 13 ; in early Copper Age,
12 , 13 ; pious
records of kings of, 112 ; how history of is
being restored, 113 ; the earliest dates,
114 ; end of political power of,
217 ; as early astronomers,
300 .
Sums-abum (sumu-abum), early Amoritic king,
241 .
Sumu-la-ilu (su-mula-ilu), early King of Hammurabi Age,
241 ; capture of Kish by,
241 , 242 ;
Assyrian king claims descent from, 419 .
Sun, origin of in sea fire, 50 ,
51 ; seasonal worship of,
53 , 240 ; Mitra
and Varuna as regulators of, 54 ; as "boat of
the sky", 56 ; as a planet,
301 ; as bridegroom,
306 , 306
n.; in astrology, 318 ; the "man in"
the, 335 , 336 .
Sun, god of, Ninip, Nirig, and Nergal as, 53 ,
54 , 303 ; Babbar
as, 54 ; as Judge of living and dead,
54 ; as seer of secret sin,
54 , 55 ; links
between Shamash, Mitra, and Varuna, 54 ,
55 ;
Ninip and Nin-Girsu, and Babbar and Shamash, 132 ;
Tammuz as, 158 ; forms of,
297 , 298 ;
Horus as the, 300 ; as offspring and spouse
of moon, 301 ; Orion as a manifestation of,
305 ; animals identified with,
329 , 330 ;
symbols of, 335 ,
336 .
Sundial, a Babylonian invention, 323 ; of
Ahaz, 323 .
Sun god, Shamash as, 40 ; centres of,
40 . See Shamash.
Sun goddess, the Babylonian and Hittite, 57 .
Surpanakha (s-pănăk-h, the Indian demon, like Lilith,
67 .
Susa, prehistoric pottery of, 5 ; capital of
Elam, 111 ; Hammurabi Code discovered at,
222 ; burning of Persian palace at,
497 .
Sutarna II (stn, King of Mitanni, 283 ;
deposed by rival, 284 .
Sutekh (sekh), as tribal god, 156 ; as
dragon slayer, 157 ; Hittite thunder and fertility
god and, 261 .
Suti (si), the, Aramn robbers, 285 ,
359 , 360 ;
settled in Asia Minor, 461 .
Svipdag, Gilgamesh and, 184 ,
185 . Swan, Irish love god as,
428 n.; love messenger in India,
429 .
Swan maidens, as lovers, 68 .
Swine, offerings of to sea god, 33 ; demons
enter, 71 ; sacrificed to Tammuz,
85 ; associated with Osiris,
85 ; Gaelic Hag's herd of,
87 ; sacrifice of to cure disease,
236 ; Ninip as boar god,
302 .
Symbolism, forehead symbol of Apis bull and Sumerian goat,
334 ; "high heads": Anshar, Anu, Enlil, Ea,
Merodach, Nergal, and Shamash, 334 ; symbols
of "high heads", 334 ; the "world spine" and
"world tree", 334 ; the "water sun" of Shamash,
334 ; Ashur's winged disks or "wheels",
334 et seq.; "man in the sun" in Assyria,
Egypt, and India, 335 ,
336 ; Blake's "double vision",
336 ; the arrow symbol,
337 ; "shuttle" of Neith a thunder-bolt,
337 n.; Assyria the cedar,
340 , 341 ;
Isaiah and Ezekiel use Babylonian and Assyrian,
341 ; the eagle, 343 ,
344 ; Ezekiel's wheels and four-faced cherubs,
344 et seq.; wheels or disks of Hittites,
Indians, &c., 347 ,
348 ; the double axe,
348 ; the Ashur arrow,
351 , 352 ;
the "dot within the circle" and egg thorn, 352 .
Syria, broad heads in, 8 ; early races in,
11 ; supposed invasion of by Lugal-zaggisi,
125 ; Sargon of Akkad's empire in,
127 ; hill god of,
136 ; sheepskin burials in,
213 ; culture of higher than Egypt at end of
Hyksos Age, 275 .
Tabal (ta-b), Hittite Cilician kingdom of,
395 ; Shalmaneser III subdues king of,
414 ; Sargon II conquers,
460 , 461 ;
Biblical reference to, 464 ; tribute from to
Ashur-bani-pal, 483 .
Tablets of Destiny, the, Zu bird steals, 74 ;
Tiamat gives to Kingu in Creation legend, 141 ,
145 ; Merodach takes from Kingu,
146 ; Ninip receives,
158 .
Taharka (tharka), King of Egypt, in anti-Assyrian revolt,
465 ; intrigues against Esarhaddon,
471 ; Esarhaddon's invasion of Egypt,
475 ; flight of,
475 , 476 ;
death of, 482 .
Tammuz, Osiris and, xxxi, 81 ; variations
of myths of; xxxii; blood of in river, 47 ,
48 ; as the shepherd and spring sun,
53 ; spends winter in Hades,
53 ; links with Mithra,
55 , 94 ; son
of Ea, 82 ; Belit-sheri, sister of;
98 ; Ishtar, mother and lover of,
10 l; worship of among Hebrews,
82 , 106 ,
107 ; as "the man of sorrows",
88 ; "the true and faithful son",
93 ; as the patriarch,
82 ; Sargon of Akkad myth and,
91 ; links with Adonis, Attis, Diarmid, and pre-Hellenic
deities, 83 , 84 ;
blood of in river, 85 ; kid and sucking pig of,
85 ; as "steer of heaven",
85 ; Nin-shach, boar god, as slayer of,
86 ; Ishtar laments for,
86 ; month of wailings for,
87 -89 ; why Ishtar
deserted, 99 , 103 ;
as the love god, 87 ; dies with vegetation, &c.,
87 , 88 ; sacred
cedar of; 88 ; in gloomy Hades,
89 ; return of like Frode (Frey),
95 ; as the slumbering corn child,
89 , 90 ,
91 ; Teutonic Scyld or Sceaf and,
92 , 93 ; Frey,
Hermod, and Heimdal like, 93 ; as world guardian
and demon-slayer like Heimdal and Agni, 94 ;
as the healer like Khonsu, 94 ; Ishtar visits
Hades for, 96 , 97 ,
98 ; refusal to leave Hades,
98 ; like Kingu in Tiamat myth,
106 ;
Nin-Girsu, or En-Mersi, of Lagash a form of, 116 ,
120 ; Nina and Belitsheri and,
117 ; Sargon myth like Indian Karna story,
126 , 437 ;
Zamama, Merodach, Ninip and, 53 ,
126 , 158 ,
241 , 302 ,
305 ; as elder god,
159 ; Etana and Gilgamesh and,
164 ; as patriarch and sleeper,
164 ; eagle of,
120 , 168 ; Nimrod myth,
170 ; John Barleycorn and,
170 ; Gilgamesh and,
171 , 172 ,
210 ; in Gilgamesh epic,
176 ; Nebo and,
303 , 435 ; Adonis slain by boar god of war,
304 ; planetary deities and,
301 , 304 ;
forms of like Horus, 305 ; astral links with
Merodach and Attis, 305 ; Ashur and,
337 , 340 ,
348 ; identified with Nusku, &c.,
354 ; as Anshar, En Mersi, and Nin-Girsu,
333 ; doves and,
428 n.
Tanutamon (tnuton), Ethiopian king, Assyrians expelled from Memphis
by, 482 , 483 ;
defeat of, 483 .
Tarku (tk, Asia Minor thunder god, 35 ,
57 , 261 ,
395 .
Tarsus, Hittite city of, 395 .
Tashmit (thmit), spouse of Nebo, 436 ;
creatrix and, 437 .
Taylor, J. E., xx .
Tears, agricultural weeping ceremonies, 82
et seq.
Tears of deities, the fertilizing, 29 ; the
creative, 45 , 46 .
Tefnut (tefnut), the Egyptian goddess, created from saliva,
46 .
Tell-el-Amarna letters, historical evidence from,
280 et seq.; Assyrian king's letter,
284 , 285 .
Tello (tello), Lagash site, 120 ; archaic
forms of gods, 135 ; mound of, Lagash site,
243 .
Temples, the houses of gods, 60 .
Teshub or Teshup (teshub), thunder god of Armenia,
261 ; as a Mitannian god,
269 1 in Tell-el-Amarna
letters, 282 ,
395 .
Teutonic sea-fire belief, 51 .
Thebes, sack of by Assyrians, 483 .
Theodoric (toydrik orthē-odo-rik), the Goth, myths of,
164 .
Thomas the Rhymer, as a "sleeper", 164 .
Thompson, R. Campbell, 34 ,
39 , 72 ,
76 , 234 ,
235 , 238 ,
239 .
Thor, Ramman and Dadu or Hadad as, 57 ; Dietrich
as, 74 , 164 ;
the hammer of, 238 ; deities that link with,
261 ; the goat and,
333 , 334 ;
Ashur, Tammuz, and Indra and, 340 .
Thorkill (thōrkill), the Germanic, Gilgamesh and,
185 .
Thoth (thōth or tā-hootee), the Egyptian god, as chief of Ennead,
36 ; curative saliva of,
46 ; Sumerian moon god like,
301 .
Thothmes III (thōthmes), of Egypt, wars against Mitanni,
275 ; correspondence of with Assyrian king,
276 , 279 .
Thunder god, Ramman, Hadad or Dadu, and Enlil as,
35 , 57 ; Indra
as, 35 ; Dietrich as Thor,
74 ; in Babylonian Zu and Indian Garuda myths,
74 , 75 ,
169 ; in demon war,
76 ; Merodach as,
144 ; Hercules as,
171 ; horn and hammer of,
238 ; the Hittite,
260 ; the Amorite, Mitannian, Kassite, and Aryan,
261 ; Ptah of Egypt a,
263 , 264 .
Thunder goddess, the Egyptian Neith a, 337
n.
Thunderstone, weapon of Merodach and Ramman,
144 , 159 ,
160 .
Tiamat (tia-mat), like Egyptian Nut, 37 ;
in group of early deities, 64 ; the "brood" of,
64 , 65 ; as Great
Mother, 106 ; in Creation legend,
138 ; plots with Apsu and Mummu,
139 ; as Avenger of Apsu,
140 ; exalts Kingu,
141 ; Anu and Ea fears,
142 ; Merodach goes against,
144 ; slaying of,
146 ; Merodach divides "Ku-pu" of,
147 ; the dragon's heart,
147 n.; body of forms sky and earth,
147 ; followers of "fallen gods",
150 ; as origin of good and evil,
150 ; beneficent forms of,
150 ; as the dragon of the deep,
151 ; Gaelic sea monster and,
151 ; Alexander the Great sees,
151 ; the Scottish "eel" and,
151 ; "brood of" in Beowulf,
151 ; vulnerable part of,
153 ; Ishtar and,
157 ; the Gorgons and,
159 ; in Germanic legend,
202 ; grave demons and,
215 ; reference to by Damascius,
328 . (Also rendered "Tiawath". )
Tiana (ti-ani), Hittite city of, 395 .
Tibni, revolt of in Israel, 405 .
Tidal (tidal), Saga on Hittite connections of,
264 , 265 ;
Tudhula of the Hittites as, 247 ,
248 .
Tiglath-pileser I (tiglath pi-lesur), of Assyria,
382 ; conquests of,
383 , 384
Tiglath-pileser IV, the Biblical "Pul", 444 ;
Babylonian campaign of, 445 ,
446 ; Sharduris of Urartu defeated by,
446 , 447 ;
Israel, Damascus, and Tyre pay tribute to, 449 ;
destruction of Urarti capital, 450 ; appeal
of Ahaz to, 451 ,
452 ; Israel punished by,
453 ; Babylon welcomes,
453 ; triumphs of,
454 .
Tigris, the river, 22 ; as "the bestower of
blessings", 23 ; rise and fall and length of,
24 .
Tiy, Queen, in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 283 ;
Semiramis like, 418 ; Aton and Mut worship,
419 ; mother worship and,
423 .
Toothache, Babylonian cure of, 234 ,
235 .
Totems, the bear, 164 ; mountains, trees,
and animals as, 292 ,
293 ; surnames and,
293 ; the fish of Ea and,
294 ; eating the in Egypt,
295 ; doves, snakes, crocodiles, &c., as,
432 , 433 ;
Persian eagle, 493 .
Trade routes, Babylonia and Assyria struggle for,
286 ; the ancient,
356 ; Baghdad and other railways following,
357 ; ancient Powers struggled to control,
358 ; Babylon's route to Egypt,
359 ; Arabian desert route opened,
360 ; route abandoned,
361 ; Elam's caravan roads,
361 ; struggle for Mesopotamia,
361 et seq.; Babylon's trade with China,
Egypt, &c., 371 ,
372 .
Transmigration of souls, 315 .
"Tree of Life", Professor Sayce on the Babylonian,
39 .
Tree worship, Tammuz, Adonis and Osiris and,
88 ; Ashur and, 339 ; Ezekiel on Assyria's
tree, 340 , 341 .
Trees, in Babylonia, 24 ,
25 ; sap as the "blood" of,
47 ; as totems,
291 , 293 .
Trident, the lightning, weapon of Merodach,
144 .
Tritons, the, 33 .
Tudhula (thl, a Hittite king, identified with Biblical Tidal,
247 , 248 ;
forms of name of, 264 ,
265 .
Tukulti-Ninip I (tu-kulti-ninip), of Assyria,
368 , 369 .
Tukulti-Ninip III, 396 .
Tunnel, the dark, in Gilgamesh epic, 178 ;
Germanic land of darkness, 185 ; in Alexander
the Great myth, 185 ,
186 ; in Indian legends,
187 , 188 ;
in Scottish folk tales, 189 .
Turkestan, early civilization of and the Sumerian,
5 ; did agriculture originate in?
6 ; prehistoric painted pottery in,
263 .
Turkey, great Powers and, 357 ; language
of and Sumerian, 3 .
Turks, of Ural-Altaic stock, 4 .
Tushratta (thrat-ta), King of Mitanni, 280 ;
correspondence of with Egyptian kings, 282
et seq.; murder of, 283 .
Twin goddesses, Ishtar and Belitsheri, 98 ,
99 ; Isis and Nepthys,
99 .
Tyr, the Germanic god, mother of a demon, 64 .
Tyre, relations with Sidon and Hebrews, 388 ,
389 , 392 ;
tribute of to Adad-nirari IV, 439 ; gifts from
to Tiglath-pileser IV, 449 ; King Luli and Assyria,
465 ; Esarhaddon and,
474 , 475 ;
tribute from to Ashur-bani-pal, 483 ; conspiracy
against Nebuchadrezzar II, 491 ,
492 .
Tyrol, the demon lover of, 68 ; wind hags
of, 74 .
Uazit (ooaz-it), Egyptian serpent goddess,
150 .
Umma (oomma), city of, Lagash and, 118 ;
captured by Eannatum, 118 ; crushing defeat
of by Entemena, 119 ,
120 ; king of destroys Lagash,
123 , 124 .
Ur, Nannar, moon god of, 40 ; the moon god
Baal of, 51 ; antiquity of,
52 ; Lagash king sways,
119 ; empire of,
130 ; moon god of supreme,
130 ; Abraham migrates from,
131 , 245 ;
revolt of with Larsa against Isin, 132 ; moon
god of in Kish, 241 ; under Elamite kings of
Larsa in Hammurabi Age, 242 ; Abraham's migration
from, 245 ; Chaldns and,
391 ; revolt against Ashur-bani-pal,
484 ; Nabonidus and,
492 .
Ura (oora), god of disease, 77 .
Ural-Altaic stock, Turks and Finns of, Sumerians and,
4 .
Urartu (-art, combines with Phrygians and Hittites against Sargon II,
460 ; as vassal state of Assyria,
461 ; rise of kingdom of,
395 ; god and culture of,
440 ; Adad-nirari and,
440 ; ethnics of,
440 n.; capital of,
441 ; Sharduris of routed by Tiglath-pileser
IV, 446 , 447 ,
450 ; alliance with Hittites against Sargon
II, 460 ; as vassal state of Assyria,
461 ; Cimmerians and Scythians raid,
461 , 464 ;
Sennacherib's murderers escape to, 470 ; in
Esarhaddon's reign, 472 ; Assyrian alliance
with, 473 , 486 ;
Cyaxares king of, 493 .
Uri (i), early name of Akkad, 2 .
Ur-Nina (-nin, King of Lagash, 116 ;
gods worshipped by, 116 ,
117 ; famous plague of,
117 , 118 .
Ur-Ninip (-ninip), King of Isin, 132 ;
mysterious death of, 133 .
Uruk (uk). See Erech.
Urukagina (-u-kagin-a), King of Lagash, first reformer in history,
121 ; taxes and temple fees reduced by,
122 , 210 ,
211 ; fall of,
123 , 124 .
Urumush (mush), Akkadian emperor, 127 .
Utu (, Sumerian name of sun god, 55 .
Valentine, St., mating day of, 430 .
Vărună, the Indian god, links with Ea-Oannes,
31 , 34 ; sea fire of,
50 , 51 ; Shamash
the sun god and, 54 ; association of with rain,
55 ; Sumerian links with,
55 , 56 ; worshippers
of buried dead, 56 ; no human beings in Paradise
of, 209 ; attire of deities in Paradise of,
212 ; the goat and,
333 .
Vasolt, Tyrolese storm demon, 74 .
Vayu (vu), Indian wind god, 35 .
Vedas (vaydăs), astronomy of the, 318 .
Venus, the goddess, 17 ,
296 ; lovers of,
102 .
Venus, the planet, Ishtar as, 296 ; female
at sunset and male at sunrise, 299 ; in sun
and moon group, 301 ; rays of as beard,
301 ; as the "Proclaimer",
314 ; connection of with moon,
314 ; in astrology,
318 , 324 .
Vestal virgins, 228 ,
229 .
Vishnu (vishnoo), the Indian god, like Ea, 27 ;
Ea like, 38 ; eagle giant as vehicle of,
75 ; Sri or Lakshmi wife of,
101 ; sleep of on world serpent,
150 ; eagle and,
169 , 347 .
"Vital spark", the, fire as, 49 .
Voice, the pure, in Sumerian spell, 46 .
Vulture, as deity of fertility, 429 ,
430 ; the Persian eagle legend and,
493 ; goddess of Egypt,
168 ; as protectors of Shakuntala,
423 , 424 .
Wales, pig as the devil in, 293 .
Warad Sin, struggle of with Babylon, 217 ;
the Biblical Arioch, 247 ,
248 .
Warka. See Erech.
Water, control and distribution of in Babylonia,
23 , 24 ; corn
deities and, 33 ; essence of life in,
44 , 45 ,
51 .
Water gods and demons, 27 et seq.
Water of Life, Gilgamesh's quest of, 177
et seq.; in Alexander the Great myth, 186 ;
in Koranlegend, 186 ; in Gaelic legends,
186 , 187 ;
in Indian legends, 187 ,
210 .
Waxen figures, in folk cures, 234 .
Weapons in graves, 212 .
Weaving, in Late Stone Age, 14 .
Weeping ceremonies, the agricultural, 82
et seq.; the Egyptian god Rem, 29 .
Wells, worship of, 44 .
Westminster Abbey, Long Meg and, 156 .
Wheel of Life, the, Ashur, 334 et seq.;
Ezekiel's references to, 344 et seq.;
in Babylonian, Indian, Persian, and Hittite mythologies,
346 -348 ; in
Indian mythology, 346 ,
347 ; the sun and the,
348 ; "dot within the circle" and egg thorn,
352 ; Ahura Mazda's,
355 .
Wife of Merodach, 221 ; Amon's wife,
221 .
Wild Huntsmen, the, Asiatic gods as, 35 ,
64 .
"Will-o-the-wisp", the Babylonian and European,
66 , 67 .
Winckler, Dr. Hugo, Semitic migrations, 10 ;
on Mitannian origins, 268 ,
269 ; Boghaz-K tablets found by,
280 , 367 .
Wind, the south-west, demon of in Babylonia and Europe,
72 , 73 .
Wind gods, Vayu, Enlil, Ramman, &c., as, 35 .
Wind hags, Babylonia Shutu, Scottish Annie, English Annis, Irish Anu,
73 ; Icelandic Angerboda,
73 ; Tyrolese "wind brewers",
74 ; Artemis as one of the,
104 .
Winds, the seven, as servants of Merodach, 145 .
Wine seller who became queen, 114 ,
115 ; the female,
229 .
Wolf, Nergal-Mars as the, 303 . Women, as
rulers in Egypt and Babylonia, 16 ,
17 ; treatment of in early times,
15 ; Nomads oppressors of,
16 ; exalted by Mediterranean peoples,
16 ; Sumerian laws regarding,
16 , 17 ; the
Sumerian language of, 17 ; in goddess worship,
106 -108 ; social
status of, 108 ; position of in Hammurabi Code,
224 et seq.; the marriage market,
224 , 225 ;
drink traffic monopolized by, 229 .
World hill, in Babylonian, Indian, and Egyptian mythologies,
332 .
World serpent, in Eur-Asian Mythologies, 151 .
World Soul, the Brahmanic, 304 ,
328 , 329 .
"World spike", star called, 332 .
"World spine", the, 332 ; the "world tree"
and, 334 ; Ashur standard as,
335 .
World tree, symbol of "world spine", 334
Worm, the, dragon as, 151 ; the legend of
the, 234 , 235 .
Wryneck, goddess and the, 427 n.
Xerxes, Merodach's temple pillaged by, 497 .
Y the Hebrew, Ea as, 31 .
Yama (yămă), Osiris and Gilgamesh and, xxxii ;
Mitra and, 56 ; eagle as,
169 ; Gilgamesh and,
200 ; the Paradise of,
209 .
Yngve, the Germanic patriarch, 93 .
Yăs, the Indian doctrine of, Babylonian origin of,
310 et seq.
Zabium (zabi-um), king in Hammurabi Age, 242 .
Zachariah, King of Israel, 449 .
Zamama (zma), god of Kish, Tammuz traits of,
126 ; identified with Merodach,
241 .
Zambia (zbi-a), King of Isin, 133 . Zedekiah,
King of Judah, conspiracy against Babylonia, 490 ;
punishment of, 491 ; the captivity,
491 .
Zerpanitum(zār-pnit-um), mother goddess,
100 ; as "Lady of the Abyss",
160 ; as Aruru,
160 ; Persian goddess and, 496 .
Zeus (to rhyme with mouse), the god, as sea-god's brother,
33 ; in Adonis myth,
90 ; an imported god,
105 ; in father and son myth,
158 ; eagle of,
168 ; deities that link with, 261 ; the "Great
Bear" myth and, 296 .
Zi (zee), the Sumerian manifestation of life,
291 ; "Sige the mother" as Ziku,
328 n.
Zimri, revolt of in Israel, 405 .
Zodiac, Signs of the, 147 ,
301 , 305 ;
Babylonian origin of, 306 ; Hittites, Phnicians,
and Greeks and, 306 ; stars of as "Divinities
of Council", 309 ; division of,
307 ; the fields of Ea, Anu, and Bel,
307 ; three stars for each month,
307 -309 ; the
lunar in various countries, 309 ; when signs
of were fixed, 322 .
Zbird, Garuda eagle and, xxvi ; myth of,
74 .
Zuzu (z, King of Opis, captured by Eannatum of Lagash,
119 .
