Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, Index: A-C

INDEX A - C

Vowel Sounds:-- as in palm; ā, as in late; ăalmost like uin fur; e, like ain fate; ē, as in he; i, as ein me; ī, as in sigh; ō, as in shore; as in pull; u, as in sun; ȳ, as in dye.

Ā , Sumerian names of moon, 301 ; Ea as, 31 .

, the goddess, consort of Shamash, 57 , 100 .

A, Egyptian name of moon, 301 .

Abijah (a-bījah), King of Judah, 402 , 403 .

Abraham, 12 ; the Isaac sacrifice, 50 ; period of migration from Ur, 131 , 245 ; association of with Amorites, 246 ; conflict with Amraphel (Hammurabi) and his allies, 246 , 247 ; Babylonian monotheism in age of, 160 ; Nimrod and in Koran, 166 , 167 , 349 , 350 .

Achns (a-kēans), the Celts and, 377 ; in Crete and Egypt, 378 ; Pelasgians and, 393 ; the Cyprian and Assyria, 484 .

Achenian (a-ke-menian), Cyrus called an, 493 ; Darius I claims to be an, 496 . See Akhamanish.

Adad (), deities that link with, 35 , 57 , 261 , 395 ; in demon war, 76 .

Adad-nirari I (-ni-ri), of Assyria, 362 , 363 .

Adad-nirari III, 396 .

Adad-nirari IV, King of Assyria, Babylonian influence in court of, 419 ; as "husband of his mother", 420 ; innovations of, 421 ; Kalkhi library, 422 ; "synchronistic history", 423 ; Nebo worship, 435 ,436 ; as "saviour" of Israel, 438 , 439 ; Urartu problem, 439 , 440 .

Adad-nirari V, 442 .

Adad-shum-utsur (ad-sh-sur), King of Babylonia, as overlord of Assyria. 270 .

Adam, "first wife" of a demon, 67 ; the shining jewel of, 185 .

Adapa (p, the Babylonian Thor, 72 , 73 .

Addu (d, as form of Merodach, 160 .

Adonis (dōnis), Tammuz and myth of, 83 , 84 ; antiquity of myth of, 84 ; blood of in river, 85 ; the boat or chest of, 90 , 103 ; "the Garden of", 171 , 172 ; slain by boar, 294 , 304 .

Afghans, skull forms of, 8 .

Ages, the mythical, Tammuz as ruler of one of the, 83 , 84 ; Greek flood legend and, 195 , 196 ; the Indian and Celtic, 196 ; in American myths, 198 ; Babylonian and Indian links, 199 ; in Persian and Germanic mythologies, 202 , 203 ; various systems compared, 310 et seq.

Agni (ăgnee), Indian fire and fertility god, 49 ; Nusku and, 50 ; links with Tammuz, 94 ; eagle as, 168 , 169 ; Nergal and, 304 ; the goat and, 333 ; Melkarth and, 346 .

Agriculture, mother worship and, xxix , xxx ; cults of Osiris-Isis and Tammuz- Ishtar, xxxi; early Sumerians and, 2 ; in Turkestan and Egypt, 6 ; early civilizations and, 14 ; Herodotus on Babylonian, 21 , 22 ; irrigation and river floods, 23 , 24 , 26 ; deities and water supply, 33 ; Tammuz-Adonis myth, 85 ; weeping ceremonies, 82 et seq.; Nimrod myth, 170 ; demand for harvesters in Babylonia, 256 .

Agum (), Kassite kings named, 272 et seq.

Agum the Great, Kassite king, recovers from Mitanni Merodach and his spouse, 272 .

Ahab, King of Israel, 405 -407 , 408 , 473 . Ahaz, King of Judah, fire ceremony practised by, 50 ; sundial of and eclipse record, 323 , 450 ; relations with Assyria, 452 , 453 , 459 .

Ahaziah (a-ha-zīah), King of Israel, 408 -410 .

AhMăzda, eagle and ring symbol of, 347 ; Ashur and, 355 ; Cambyses and, 495 ; identified with Merodach, 496 ; reform of cult of, 497 .

Air of Life, Breath and spirit as, 48 , 49 .

Akhamanish (a-khmănish), the Persian Patriarch, 493 ; Germanic Mannus and Indian Manu and, 493 ; eagle and, 493 .

Akhenaton (a-khen-on), foreign correspondence of, 280 et seq.; Assyrian King's relations with, 285 ; Aton cult of, 338 , 422 ; attitude of to mother worship, 418 , 419 .

Akkad (akkad). Its racial and geographical significance, 1 ; early name of Uri or Kiuri, 2 ; early history of; 109 et seq.

Akkad, City of, Sargon of, 125 et seq.; Naram-Sin and, 128 , 129 ; in Hammurabi Age, 256 ; observatory at, 321 . Also rendered Agad

Akkadians, characteristics of, 2 ; culture of Sumerian, 2 , 3 , 13 ; the conquerors of Sumerians, 12 .

u, moon as the "measurer" 301 .

Akurgal (kgal), King of Lagash, son of Ur-Nina, 118 .

Alban, the British ancestral giant, 42 .

Aleppo (a-leppo), Hadad worshipped at, 411 .

Alexander the Great, Southern Babylonia in age of, 22 , 23 ; his vision of Tiamat, 151 ; myths of, 164 ; the eagle and, 167 ; Gilgamesh and, 172 ; water of life, 185 , 186 ; Brahmans and, 207 , 208 ; welcomed in Babylon, 497 ; Pantheon of, 497 ; death of, 498 .

Algebra, Brahmans formulated, 289 .

Allatu (allt. See Eresh-ki-gal.

Alu (, the, tempest and nightmare demon, 65 , 68 , 69 .

Alytes, King of Lydia, war against Medes, 494 ; Median marriage alliance, 494 .

Ĵm the mother goddess, 57 , 100 .

Amaziah, King of Judah, 448 , 449 .

Amel-marduk (el-mduk), "Evil Merodach", King of Babylon, 492 .

Amenhotep III (men-hōtep) of Egypt, 280 ; Tushratta's appeals to, 282 .

Amon, wife of, 221 ; the "world soul" belief and, 329 .

Amorites, Land of. See Amurru.

Amorites, Sargon of Akkad and, 125 -127 ; in pre-Hammurabi Age, 217 ; Sun cult favoured by in Babylon, 240 ; Moon cult of in Kish, 241 ; blend of in Jerusalem, 246 ; raids of, 256 ; as allies of Hittites, 284 , 363 , 364 ; Philistines and, 380 ; "mother right" amongst, 418 .

Amphitrite, the sea goddess, 33 . Amraphel (ra-phel), the Biblical, identified with Hammurabi, 131 , 246 , 247 .

Amurru (am-r, land of Amorites, 127 ; Sargon and Naram Sin in, 127 -129 ; Gudea of Lagash trades with, 130 ; Elamite overlordship of, 248 .

Amurru, the god called, Merodach and Adad-Ramman and, 316 .

Anahita (ana-hita), Persian goddess, identified with Nina-Ishtar, 496 .

Anakim, "sons of Anak", the Hittites and, 11 , 12 .

Anatu (an-, consort of Anu, 138 . Anau, Turkestan, civilization of and the Sumerian, 5 ; votive statuettes found at, 5 .

Ancestral totems, annual sacrifice of, 294 ; in Babylonia and China, 295 .

Andromeda (an-drome-da), legend of, 152 .

Angus, the Irish love god, 90 , 238 .

Animal forms of gods, 134 , 135 .

Animism, xxxiii ; spirit groups and gods, 35 , 294 et seq.; fairies and elves relics of, 79 , 80 ; stars and planets as ghosts, 295 , 304 ; star worship, 317 ; Pelasgian gods as Fates, 317 .

"Annie, Gentle", the Scottish wind hag, 73 .

Annis, Black, Leicester wind hag, 73 , 101 .

Anshan, Province of, Sargon of Akkad conquers, 127 ; Cyrus, King of, 493

Anshar, the god, in group of elder deities, 37 ; Anu becomes like, 124 ; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; Ashur a form of, 326 , 354 ; as "Assoros", 328 ; as night sky god, 328 ; identified with Polar star, 330 , 331 ; as astral Satyr (goat-man), 333 ; Tammuz and, 333 ; his six divinities of council, 334 .

Anthat (that), goddesses that link with, 268 .

Anthropomorphic gods, the Sumerian, 134 -136 .

Anu (, god of the sky, demons as messengers of, 34 , 77 ; in early triad, 35 , 36 ; among early gods, 37 ; Brahma and, 38 ; links with Mithra, 55 ; other gods and, 53 , 57 ; as father of demons, 63 ; solar and lunar attributes of, 53 , 55 ; wind spirits and, 72 , 73 , 74 ; in demon war, 76 ; as father of Isis, 100 ; Ur-Nina and, 116 ; as father of Enlil, 124 ; as form of Anshar, 125 , 328 ; high priest of and moon god, 130 ; during Isin Dynasty, 132 ; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; Merodach directs decrees of, 149 ; Etana and eagle in heaven of, 166 ; in Gilgamesh legend, 173 et seq.; in Deluge legend, 190 et seq.; planetary gods and, 304 ; zodiacal "field of", 307 ; the star spirits and, 318 ; as Anos, 328 ; as the "high head", 334 ; Sargon II and, 463 .

Anzan. See Anshan.

Apep (ep), the Egyptian serpent demon, 46 , 156 .

Aphrodite (af-rō-dītē), boar lover of slays Adonis, 87 ; lovers of, 103 ; the "bearded" form of, 267 , 301 ; birds and plants sacred to, 427 ; as a fate, 427 , 433 ; legends attached to, 437 .

Apil-Sin (il-sin), King, grandfather of Hammurabi, 242 .

Apis bull (pis), inspiration from breath of, 49 ; Cambyses sacrifices to Mithra, 495 .

Apsu-Rishtu (apsrisht, god of the deep, like Egyptian Nu, 37 , 64 ; as enemy of the gods, 38 ; Tiamat and, 106 ; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; reference to by Damascius, 328 .

Apuatu (p-t (Osiris) as the Patriarch, xxxii .

Arabia, moon worship in, 52 ; owl a mother ghost in, 70 ; in Zu bird myth, 74 , 75 ; invaded by Naram Sin, 129 ; Etana myth in, 166 , 167 ; water of life myth, 186 ; Sargon 11 and kings of, 458 ; Sennacherib in, 466 .

Arabians, the, of Mediterranean race, 7 ; Semites of Jewish type and, 7 , 10 ; prehistoric migrations of, 11 , 12 .

Arad Ea (-ad-e, "ferryman" of Hades water, 34 ; Gilgamesh crosses sea of death with, 180 et seq.

Aramns, migrations of, 359 ; called "Suti", "Achlame", "Arimi" "Khabiri", and "Syrians", 360 ; Assyria and the, 367 ; as allies of Hittites, 377 , 378 ; state of Damascus founded by, 390 ; Ashur-natsir-pal III and, 398 , 399 ; "mother worship" and, 434 ; as opponents of sun worship, 445 ; settled in Asia Minor, 461 .

Archer, the Astral, Ashur, Gilgamesh, and Hercules as, 336 , 337 ; robed with feathers, 344 ; Ashur and San-dan as, 352 .

Ardat Lili (ardat li-li), a demon lover, 68 .

Ardys, King of Lydia, Assyria helps, 486 .

Ares, Greek war god, as boar slayer of Adonis, 87 , 304 .

Argistis I (argist-is), King of Urartu, campaigns of, 441 , 442 , or, Argistes.

Argistis II of Urartu, raids of Cimmerians and Scythians, 461 .

Arioch (i-ok), the Biblical, Warad-Sin as, 247 , 248 .

Arithmetic, finger counting in Babylonia and India, 310 ; development of, 312 . Ark, in flood legend, 191 et seq.

Arles money, Babylonian farm labourers received, 256 .

Armenia, Thunder god of, 261 , 395 ; goddess Anaitis in, 267 . See Urartu.

Armenians, the use of cradle board by, 4 , 5 ; ancestors of, 283 .

Armenoid Race, the, in Semitic blend, 10 ; in Asia Minor, Syria, and Europe, 11 , 262 ; traces of in prehistoric Egypt, 11 , 263 , 264 ; in Palestine, 12 ; culture of, 315 .

Arnold, Edwin, xxii .

Arpad (pad) in reign of Tiglath-pileser IV, 446 , 447 .

Arrow, a symbol of lightning and fertility, 337 ; Ashur's and the goddess Neith's, 337 n. See Archer, the Astral.

Art, magical origin of, 288 .

Artaxerxes, 497 .

Artemis (te-mis), the goddess, lovers slain by, 104 ; as wind hag, 104 ; the "Great Bear" myth and, 296 .

Artisan gods, Ea, Ptah, Khnumu, and Indra as, 30 .

Aruru (arr, the mother goddess, 100 , 160 , 420 ; assists Merodach to create mankind, 148 ; in Gilgamesh legend, 172 et seq.

Aryans (āri-ans), Mitannians as, 269 , 270 ; Kassites and, 270 .

Asa, King of Judah, burning at grave of, 350 ; images destroyed by, 403 ; appeal for aid to Damascus, 404 ; death of, 407 .

Asari (si), Merodach as, and Osiris, 159 .

Ashdod, Cyprian King of, 458 , 459 .

Ashtoreth (h-tōreth), Ishtar and, 100 ; lovers of, 103 ; goddesses that link with, 267 ; worship of at Samaria, 439 ; also rendered Ashta-roth.

Ashur (hur), Asura theory, 278 ; as Aushar, "water field", the "Holy One", and Anshar, 326 ; the Biblical patriarch, 327 ; "Ashir" and Cappadocia, 327 ; Brahma and, 328 ; as Creator, 329 ; bull, eagle, and lion identified with, 330 ; connected with sun, Regulus, Arcturus, and Orion, 331 ; King and, 331 ; Isaiah's parable, 331 ; as bull of heaven, 334 ; winged disk or "wheel" of, 334 , 335 ; standard of as "world spine", 335 ; the archer in "wheel", 335 ; despiritualization theory, 335 , 336 ; the solar archer as Merodach, Hercules, and Gilgamesh, 336 ; the arrow of, 337 ; Babylonian deities and, 337 ; Babylonian and Persian influences, 338 ; as god of fertility, &c., 339 ; Assyrian civilization reflected by, 340 ; as corn god and war god, 340 ; the Biblical Nisroch, 341 ; the eagle and, 343 ; Ezekiel's references to life wheel, 344 et seq.; fire cult and, 346 ; Indian wheel symbol, 346 , 347 ; Persian wheel or disk, 347 ; wheels of Shamash and Ishtar, 347 ; the Egyptian Ankh, 347 ; Hittite winged disk, 347 , 348 ; Sandan and, 347 , 348 ; Attis and, 348 ; son of Ea like Merodach, 348 ; aided by fires and sacrifices, 351 ; disk a symbol of life, fertility, &c., 351 ; the lightning arrow, 352 ; temples of and worship of, 352 ; close association of with kings, 352 , 353 ; association of with moon god, 353 ; astral phase of, 354 ; Jastrow's view, 354 ; Pinches on Merodach and Osiris links, 354 ; as patriarch, corn god, &c., 354 , 355 ; spouse of, 355 ; a Baal, 355 ; earthquake destroys temple of, 363 ; Shalmaneser I obtains treasure for, 366 ; Esarhaddon builds temple to, 476 ; Sennacherib murdered in temple of, 470 ; Ahura Mazda and, 496 . See Asshur, the Biblical Patriarch.

Ashur-bani-pal (hur-bi-pal), discovery of library of, xxii , xxiii ; doctors and, 231 , 232 ; worship of Ashur and Sin, 353 ; Merodach restored to Babylon by, 48 r, 482 ; Egyptian campaign, 482 ; sack of Thebes, 483 ; emissaries from Gyges of Lydia visit, 483 ; Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt against, 484 ; suicide of Shamash-shum-ukin, 485 ; Lydia aided by, 486 ; Sardanapalus legend, 486 ; the Biblical "Asnapper", 487 ; palace of, 487 .

Ashur-dan I, of Assyria, 370 .

Ashur-dan III, reign of, 442 .

Ashur-danin-apli (ashur-dan-inapli), revolt of in Assyria, 414 , 415 .

Ashur-elit-ilani (ashur-elit-il-a ni), King of Assyria, 487 , 488 .

Ashur-natsir-pal I (ashur-natsir-pal) of Assyria, 369 .

Ashur-natsir-pal III, his "reign of terror", 396 ; conquests and atrocities of, 397 , 398 ; Babylonians over-awed by, 399 ; death of, 401 .

Ashur-nirari IV (ashur-ni-ri), last king of Assyria's "Middle Empire", 442 , 443 .

Ashur-uballit (ashur-u-b-lit), King of Assyria, Egypt and, 28 ,, 282 , 285 ; conquests of, 284 ; grandson of as King of Babylon, 284 ; Arabian desert trade route, 360 .

Asia Minor, hill god of, 136 ; prehistoric alien pottery in, 263 .

Ass, the sun god as, 329 ; in Lagash chariot, 330 .

"Ass of the East", horse called in Babylonia, 270 .

shur, City of, Ashur the god of, 277 ; Mitanni king plunders, 280 ; imported beliefs in, 327 ; Biblical reference to, 339 ; development of god of, 355 ; Merodach's statue deported to, 469 .

shur, the Biblical Patriarch of Assyria, 276 , 277 , 327 . See Ashur.

Assyria, excavations in, xix et seq.; Amorite migration to, 217 ; Hammurabi kings as overlords of, 419 ; Thothmes III corresponds with king of, 276 ; Biblical reference to rise of, 276 , 277 ; Aryan names of early kings of, 278 ; Mitanni kings as overlords of, 279 , 280 ; Semitized by Amorites, 279 ; in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 281 , 282 ; rise of after fall of Mitanni, 284 ; struggles with Babylonia for Mesopotamia, 284 -286 ; 361 et seq.; the national god, Ashur, 326 et seq.; Isaiah's reference to, 340 ; Egyptians and Hittites allied against, 366 , 368 ; Old Empire Kings, 366 et seq.; Babylonia controls, 370 ; character of, 372 -375 ; periods of history of, 375 ; at close of Kassite period, 380 ; end of Old Empire, 386 ; Second Empire of, 391 et seq.; sculpture of and Sumerian, 401 ; mother worship in, 420 et seq.; Urartu's struggle with, 440 -442 ; end of Second Empire, 443 ; Third Empire, 444 et seq.; Egypt becomes a province of, 475 et seq.; last king of, 487 ; fall of Nineveh, 488 ; Cyaxares rules over, 493 .

Astarte (as-tte), lovers of, 103 ; animals of on Lagash vase, 120 ; goddesses that link with, 267 ; Semiramis and, 425 .

Astrology, basal idea in Babylonian, 317 ; Babylonian and Grecian, 318 et seq.; literary references to, 325 .

Astrology and astronomy, 287 et seq. See Stars, Planets, and Constellations.

Astronomers, eclipses foretold by in late Assyrian period, 321 , 322 .

Astronomy, Merodach fixes stars, &c., in Creation legend, 147 , 148 ; discovery that moon is lit by sun, 148 n.; Mythical Ages and, 310 et seq.; theory of Greek origin of, 319 et seq.; precession of the equinoxes, 320 , 320 n.; Assyro-Babylonian observatories, 320 -322 ; Hittites pass Babylonian discoveries to Europe, 316 ; in late Assyrian and neo-Babylonian period, 479 , 480 .

Astyages (as-tya-jēz), King of the Medes, Cyrus displaces, 493 ; wife of a Lydian princess, 494 .

Asura fire (ă-shoora), in the sea, 50 , 51 .

Atargatis (--gis), the goddess, legend of origin of, 28 ; as a bi-sexual deity, 267 ; Derceto and, 277 , 426 , 427 ; Nina and, 277 , 278 .

Ate (e), mother goddess of Cilicia, 267 .

Athaliah (ath-a-līah), Queen, of Judah, 409 ; reign of, 413 ; Joash crowned, 413 ; soldiers slay, 413 , 414 .

Athena (hena), indigenous goddess of Athens, 105 ; goat and, 337 .

Athens, imported gods in, 105 .

Atmospheric deities, Enlil, Indra, Ram-man, &c., as, 35 ; "air of life" from, 48 , 49 .

Aton, Akhenaton's god, the goddess Mut and, 419 , 422 .

Attis (tis), the Phrygian god, Tammuz and, 84 ; death of, 87 ; as lover of Cybele, 103 , 104 ; deities that link with, 267 ; as Jupiter, 305 ; Ashur and, 354 -355 ; symbols of, 348 .

-A Jah as Ea, 31 .

Australia, star myths in, 296 , 300 .

Axe, the double, symbol of god, 348 .

Azag-Bau (ag b), legendary queen of Kish, 114 ; humble origin of, 115 .

Azariah (az-a-rīah), King of Judah, 449 .

Baal, the moon god as, 51 ; shadowy spouse of, 100 ; Ashur as, 355 ; worship of the Phnician in Israel, 406 .

Baal-dagon, the god, symbols of, 32 .

Bsha, King of Israel, 403 ; Damascus aids Judah against, 404 , 405 .

B- the Phnician mother goddess, 150 .

Babbar (bbar), sun god, 125 ; Nin Girsu and, 132 ; of Sippar, 240 . See Shamash.

Babylon, in early Christian literature, xvii; German excavations at, xxiv; Isaiah foretells doom of, 113 , 114 , 478 ; sack of by Gutium, 129 ; political rise of, 217 et seq.; early history of, 218 ; Greek descriptions of late city of, 219 et seq.; "hanging gardens" of, 220 ; date of existing ruins of, 222 ; marriage market of, 224 , 225 ; sun worship in, 240 ; the London of Western Asia, 253 ; return of Merodach from Mitanni to, 272 ; observatory at, 321 ; destruction of by Sennacherib, 468 , 469 ; restored by Esarhaddon, 471 ; Ashur-bani-pal restores Merodach to, 481 , 482 ; Shamash-sum-ukin's revolt in, 484 , 485 ; Belshazzar's feast in, 494 , 495 ; under the Persians, 496 ; Xerxes pillages Merodach's temple in, 497 ; Alexander the Great in, 497 , 498 ; under empire of Seleucid 498 ; slow death of, 498 , 499 .

Babylonia, excavations in, xix et seq.; religion of, xxviii , xxxi ; debt of modern world to, xxxv ; early divisions of, 1 et seq.; harvests of, 21 , 22 ; the two seasons of, 23 , 24 ; rise of empire of; 133 ; Amorite migration into, 217 ; Golden Age of, 253 ; Hittite invasion of, 259 ; Tell-el-Amarna letters and, 281 ; early struggles with Assyria, 284 -286 ; star myths of, 290 et seq.; ancestor worship in, 295 ; beginning of arithmetic in, 310 et seq.; Kassites and Mesopotamia, 358 , 359 , 361 et seq.; Arabian desert route, 360 ; influence of Hittites in, 364 , 366 , 368 ; Assyria controlled by, 370 ; Kassite dynasty ends, 370 -371 ; compared with Assyria, 371 -375 ; Tiglath-pileser I and, 385 ; Ashur-natsir-pal III overawes, 399 ; Shamshi-Adad VII subdues, 414 , 415 ; Tiglath-pileser IV, the "Pulu" of, 444 -446 ; Esarhaddon and, 471 -476 ; Neo-Babylonian Age, 478 et seq.; Alexander the Great and, 497 .

Baghdad railway, following ancient trade route, 357 , 357 n.

Balder, the Germanic god, Gilgamesh and, 184 ; new age of, 202 , 203 .

Bneb-tettu, Egyptian god, 29 .

Barley, husks of in Egyptian pre-Dynastic bodies, 6 .

Barleycorn, John, Nimrod and Icelandic god Barleycorn and, 170 , 171 .

Barque of Ra, sun as and the Babylonian "boat", 56 , 57 .

Basques, the, language of and the Sumerian, 3 ; shaving customs of, 4 .

Bt, the Egyptian serpent mother, 76 .

Ba, the Egyptian tale of, 85 .

Bats, ghosts as, 65 .

Battle, the Everlasting, 65 .

Bau (b), mother goddess, 100 ; Gula and Ishtar and, 116 ; in Kish, 114 , 126 , 127 ; associated with Nin-Girsu, 115 , 116 ; Tiamat and, 150 ; doves and, 428 ; creatrix and, 437 .

Bear, as a clan totem, 164 .

Bearded gods, the Sumerian, 135 , 136 , 137 ; Egyptian customs, 136 .

"Beare, the Old Woman of", as the eternal goddess, 101 , 102 .

Behistun, rock inscription at, xx .

Bel, the, Merodach as, 34 ; Enlil as the "elder", 35 ; demons as "beloved sons" of, 63 ; Zu bird strives to he, 74 ; in demon war, 77 ; as son of Ea, 139 ; decapitated to create mankind, 148 ; Etana visits heaven of, 166 ; in Gilgamesh legend, 172 ; in flood legend, 190 et seq.; Zodiacal "field" of; 307 ; Sargon II and the "elder", 463 .

Bel-Kap-K King of Babylonia, as overlord of Assyria, 419 .

Bel-nirari (bel-ni-ri), King of Assyria, 285 , 286 .

Bel-shum-iddin, last Kassite king, 371 .

Beli (bāle), "the Howler", enemy of Germanic corn god, 95 .

Belit-sheri (bel-it-sheri), sister of Tammuz, in Hades, 98 , 117 .

Belshazzar, King of Babylon, over-throw of, 494 , 495 .

Beltane Day, fire ceremony of, 50 .

Beltu (bālt, the goddess, 36 , 100 .

Ben-hadad I, King of Damascus, as overlord of Judah and Israel, 404 . Ben-hadad II, Ahab defeats twice, 406 , 407 ; murder of by Hazael, 410 . Ben-hadad III, Assyrians overcome, 438 , 439 .

Beowulf(bā-ō-wf), brood of Cain in, 80 ; Scyld myth, 92 , 93 ; sea monsters, 152 ; mother-monster in like Sumerian and Scottish, 154 , 155 .

Ber, "lord of the wild boar", Ninip as, 302 .

Berosus, 27 , 30 , 83 , 148 , 164 , 170 , 198 , 466 , 470 , 492 .

Bhima (bheema), the Indian, like Gilgamesh and Hercules, 187 .

Birds, as ghosts and fates, 65 ; owl as mother's ghost, 70 ; demons enter the, 71 ; Sumerian Zu bird and Indian Garuda, 74 , 75 , 168 , 169 ; in Germanic legends, 147 n.; as symbols of fertility, 169 ; birth eagle, 168 , 169 , 171 ; imitation of and musical culture, 238 ; associated with goddesses, 423 et seq.; fairies as, 429 . See Doves, Eagle, Raven, Swan, Vulture, Wry-neck.

Birth, magical aid for, 165 ; straw girdles, serpent skins, eagle stones, and magi-cal plant, 165 .

Bi-sexual deities, Nannar, moon god; Ishtar, Isis, and Hapi as, 161 , Nina and Atargatis as, 277 , 278 ; Merodach and Ishtar change forms, 299 ; Venus both male and female, 299 ; mother body of moon father, 299 ; Isis as a male, 299 .

Bitumen, Mesopotamian wells of, 25 . Blake, W., double vision, 336 .

Blood, as vehicle of life, 45 , 47 , 48 ; inspiration from, 48 ; corn stalks as, 55 ; sap of trees as, 47 .

Boann (bō), Irish river and corn goddess, 33 .

Boar, offered to sea god, 33 ; demon Set as, 85 ; Babylonian Ninshach as, 86 ; Adonis slayer as, 86 , 87 ; Attis slain by, 87 ; Diarmid slain by, 87 ; the Irish "green boar", 87 ; the Totemic theory, 293 , 294 ; Ninip-Ber as lord of the wild, 302 ; Nergal as, 304 ; Ares as, 304 ; Ninip and Set as, 315 ; the Gaulish boar god and Mercury, 316 , 317 .

Boghaz-K (bog-h-ke), prehistoric pottery at, 5 ; Hittite capital, 262 ; mythological sculptures near, 268 ; Winckler cuneiform tablets from, 280 , 367 .

Bones, why taken from graves, 214 ; Shakespeare's curse, 215 .

Borsippa (borsip-pa), observatory at, 321 .

Botta, P. C., excavations of, xix , xx .

Bracelet, the wedding, Ishtar's, 98 ; the Hindu, 98 n.

Brahm the Indian god, like Ea, 27 ; Anu and, 38 ; wife of, 101 ; eagle as, 169 ; Ashur and, 328 .

Brmans, algebra formulated by, 289 ; Assyrian teachers and, 352 .

Breath of Apis bull, inspiration from, 49 .

Britain, the ancestral giant of, 42 ; Tammuz myth in, 85 ; birth girdles in, 165 ; "Island of the Blessed" of, 203 ; in Egypt and Persia, 357 .

Brood of Tiamat, in Creation legend, 141 .

Brown, Robert, on Babylonian culture in India, 199 , 200 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 318 , 322 .

Brown Race, the. See Mediterranean Race.

Buddha (bhă), Babylonian teachers like, 42 .

Budge, E. Wallis, on oldest companies of Babylonian and Egyptian gods, 36 , 37 .

Bull, offered to sea god, 33 ; Ninip as the, 53 , 302 , 334 ; of Mithra, 55 ; the winged, 41 , 65 ; Osiris as, 85 , 89 , 99 ; Tammuz as, 85 ; Attis and the, 89 ; Enlil as, 159 ; of Ishtar in Gilgamesh myth, 176 ; seers wrapped in skin of, 213 ; Horus as, 301 , 302 ; as sky god, 329 ; Ashur as, 334 ; the lunar, 135 , 334 .

Burial customs, cremation ceremony, 49 , 50 , 350 ; "house of clay", 56 ; "houses" and charms for dead, 206 , 207 , 212 ; Pallithic and Neolithic, 207 ; the Egyptian, 209 ; religious need for ceremonies, 208 , 209 ; Sumerian like early Egyptian, 211 , 214 ; priestly fees, 210 , 211 ; food, fish-hooks and weapons in graves, 212 ; why dead were clothed, 213 ; honey in coffins, 214 ; disturbance of bones, 214 , 215 ; burnings at Hebrew graves, 350 , 351 .

Buriats, the, "calling back" of ghosts by, 69 , 70 ; earth and air elves of, 105 .

Burkans (boorkans), "the masters", spirits or elves of Siberians, 105 .

Burnaburiash I (bna-bi-ash), Kassite king, 274 .

Burns, Robert, 72 ; the John Barleycorn myth, 170 .

Burrows, Professor, Cretan snake and dove goddess, 430 .

Byron, star lore, 325 .

Cailleach (kyăk), the Gaelic, a wind hag, 73 ; as eternal goddess, 101 .

Calah (kah), the Biblical. See Kalkhi.

Calendar, the early Egyptian, 14 ; the Babylonian, 305 .

Cambyses (kam-bīsēz), as King of Babylon, 495 ; sacrifice of Apis bull to Mithra by, 495 ; wife of a Semiramis, 496 .

Canaan, Abraham arrives in, 245 ; tribes in, 245 , 246 ; Elamite conquest of, 247 , 248 , 249 ; first reference to Israelites in, 379 .

Canaanites, Hittites identified with, 266 .

Canals of Ancient Babylonia, 22 , 23 .

Cappadocia, Cimmerians in, 472 .

Captivity, the Hebrew, Chebar river (Kheber canal) at Nippur, 344 .

Carchemish (kke-mish), German railway bridge and Hittite wall at, 357 n.; Hittite city state of, 395 ; revolt of, 461 ; Nebuchadrezzar defeats Pharaoh Necho at, 489 .

Caria (ki-, assists Lydia against Cimmerians, 484 ; mercenaries from in Egypt, 486 .

Cat, sun god as, 329 .

Caucasus, the, skull forms in, 8 .

Cave dwellers, the Palestinian, 10 .

Celtic goddesses, of Iberian origin, 105 .

Celtic water demon myths, 28 .

Celts, Achns and, 377 .

Ceres (sē-rēz), 103 .

Chaldns, Babylonian priests called, 222 , 497 ; in Hammurabi Age, 257 ; history of, 390 ; Aramns and, 390 ; Judah's relations with, 408 ; Merodach Baladan King of, 457 et seq.; revolt of against Esarhaddon, 471 ; revolt of against Ashur-bani-pal, 484 ; Nabo-polassar King of Babylon, 487 .

Charms, the burial, 206 ; ornaments as, 211 ; the metrical and poetic development, 237 --9 .

Chedor-laomer (chedor-l-mer), the Biblical, 247 , 248 .

Chellean (shelle-an) flints, in Palestine, 10 .

Cherubs, the four-faced, 344 .

Child god, Tammuz and Osiris as the, 89 , 90 ; Sargon of Akkad as, 91 ; Germanic Scyld or Sceaf as, 92 , 93 .

Children, stolen by hags and fairies, 68 ; in mother worship, 107 , 108 .

China, spitting customs in, 47 ; dragons of, 152 ; ancestor worship in, 295 .

Chinese, language of and the Sumerian, 3 .

Chronology, inflated dating and Berlin system, xxiv , xxv .

Cilicia, thunder god of, 261 ; Ate, goddess of, 267 ; Hittite Kingdom of, 395 ; Ionians in, 464 ; in anti-Assyrian league, 473 ; Ashur-bani-pal expels Cimmerians from, 484 , 486 .

Cimmerians, raids of in Asia Minor, 461 , 464 ; Esarhaddon and, 472 ; Gyges of Lydia and, 483 , 484 , 486 ; Lydians break power of, 486 .

Clans, Totemic names and symbols of, 293 .

Clepsydra, a Babylonian invention, 323 .

Clothing, magical significance of, 212 ; the reed mats and sheepskins in graves, 213 ; the bull skin, 213 ; the ephod and prophet's mantle, 213 , 214 .

Comana (kō-ma), Hittite city of, 395 .

Constellations, the Zu bird, 74 ; why animal forms were adopted, 289 ; the "Great Bear" in various mythologies, 295 , 296 , 309 ; the Pleiades, 296 , 297 ; Pisces as "fish of Ea", 296 ; the "sevenfold one", 298 , 300 : Merodach's forms, 299 ; Castor and Pollux myths in Australia, Africa, and Greece, 300 ; Tammuz and Orion, 301 ; months controlled by, 305 ; signs of Zodiac, 305 ; Babylonian and modern signs, 308 ; the central, northern, and southern, 309 ; "Fish of the Canal" and "the Horse", 309 ; the "Milky Way", 309 ; identified before planets, 318 ; Biblical and literary references to, 324 , 325 ; the "Arrow", "Eagle", "Vulture", "Swan", and "Lyra", 336 , 337 .

Copper, Age of in Palestine, 11 ; first use of, 12 ; in Northern Mesopotamia, 25 ; Gudea of Lagash takes from Elam, 130 .

Corn child god, Tammuz and Osiris as, 89 , 90 ; Sargon as, 91 ; the Germanic Scyld or Scef, 92 , 93 , 94 ; Frey and Heimdal as, 94 .

Corn Deities, as river and fish gods and goddesses, 29 , 32 , 33 .

Corn god, moon god as, 52 ; Mithra as, 55 ; the thunder god as, 57 , 340 ; Tammuz and Osiris as, 81 et seq.; Khonsu as, go; Frey and Agni as, 94 ; fed with sacrificed children, 171 .

Corn goddess, Isis as, 90 ; fish goddess as, 117 .

Cow goddesses, Isis, Nepthys, and Hathor as, 99 , 329 .

Creation, local character of Babylonian conception, xxix; of mankind at Eridu, 38 ; legend of, 134 , 138 et seq.; night as parent of day, 330 .

Creative tears, 45 et seq.

Creator gods, Ea and Ptah as, 30 ; eagle god as, 169 .

Creatress, the goddess Mania as, 57 ; Aruru as, 100 , 148 ; forms of, 437 .

Cremation, traces of in Gezer caves, 11 ; the ceremony of, 49 ; not Persian or Sumerian, 50 ; in European Bronze Age, 316 ; Saul burned, 350 ; Sardanapalus legend, 350 .

Crete, chronology of, xv , 114 ; no temples, xxxi ; women's s high social status in, 16 ; Dagon's connection with, 33 ; prehistoric pottery in, 263 Hyksos trade with, 273 ; Achns invade, 376 , 377 ; Philistine raiders from, 379 ; dove and snake sacred in, 430 ; dove goddess not Babylonian, 433 , 434 .

Crocodile god of Egypt, 29 ; sun god as, 329 .

Crsus of Lydia, Cyrus defeats, 494 .

Cromarty, the south-west wind hag or, 73 .

Cronos, as the Destroyer, 64 ; Ninip and Set and, 315 .

Cuneiform writing, earliest use of, 7 .

Cushites, Biblical reference to, 276 .

Cuthah (khah), Nergal, god of, 54 ; annual fires at, 170 ; the Underworld city of, 205 ; demon legend of, 215 , 216 ; men of in Samaria, 455 , 456 .

"Cuthean Legend of Creation", 215 , 216 .

Cyaxares (sy-ax-es), Median King, Nineveh captured by, 488 ; ally of Nabopolassar, 493 .

Cybele (ky-bele), Attis lover of, 103 , 104 , 267 .

Cyprus, dove goddess not Babylonian, 433 , 434 ; dove goddess of, 426 , 427 , 433 , 434 ; Ashur-bani-pal and, 484 .

Cyrus, Merodach calls, 493 ; the Patriarch of, 493 ; the eagle tribe of, 493 ; Astyages defeated by, 493 ; Egypto-Lydian alliance against, 494 ; Nabonidus and, 494 ; Crsus of Lydia overthrown by, 494 ; fall of Babylon, 494 , 495 ; the King of Babylonia, 495 ; welcomed by Jews, 495 ; rebuilding of Jerusalem temple, 496 .

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